GE 1 Understanding The Self Exam Reviewer PDF

PRELIM EXAM REVIEWER IN GE 1 – UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Freud's theory of personality includes the ego, superego, and id as interacting systems. John Locke proposes that consciousness and memory are the basis of personal identity. Socrates emphasizes that the beginning of all wisdom is knowing onese...

PRELIM EXAM REVIEWER IN GE 1 – UNDERSTANDING THE SELF Freud's theory of personality includes the ego, superego, and id as interacting systems. John Locke proposes that consciousness and memory are the basis of personal identity. Socrates emphasizes that the beginning of all wisdom is knowing oneself. David Hume views the self as constantly changing and unreliable. Plato believes that self-knowledge is primarily about gaining awareness of one's actions and values. Sigmund Freud suggests that the unconscious mind influences decision-making without our awareness. Gilbert Ryle criticized Cartesian Dualism for creating conceptual confusion by separating mind and body. Descartes argues that the mind is separate from the body and the external world. St. Augustine ties self-development to spiritual growth. Immanuel Kant believes that transcendental apperception connects sensations to form meaningful perceptions. Freud's concept of the id is primarily associated with unconscious impulses. Paul M. Churchland's Identity Theory suggests that the mind is identical to a particular brain state. Maurice Merleau-Ponty opposed dualism by emphasizing the unity of mind and body. Descartes' "Cogito, Ergo Sum" implies that rational thought proves one's existence. Maurice Merleau-Ponty's concept of the embodied self emphasizes the unity of mind, body, and soul. Plato's Charmides equates self-knowledge with understanding the real value of one's actions. Paul M. Churchland's Identity Theory suggests that the mind and brain are identical. Freud's concept of the id is primarily associated with unconscious impulses. The philosopher who believed that the self is a pattern of behavior is Ryle. St. Augustine believes self-development is united with spiritual development. John Locke proposed the "memory theory of personal identity." According to George Herbert Mead, the two sides of the self are the "I" and the "Me." Foucault suggests that human power leads to increased discipline within oneself. In modern society, lifestyle shapes behavior, values, and views of the individual or group. Mead’s play stage involves role-playing and role-taking. The term "generalized others" describes an individual's recognition of other important people existing in the world. Sociology is primarily concerned with society and its dynamics. The etymology of the word "sociology" is from the Latin "socius" (companion) and the Greek "logos" (study). Globalization has exposed individuals to diverse social life and identities. Reflexivity in modernization refers to critical self-awareness and adaptation to societal changes. Social construction challenges established norms and values in shaping self-identity. Anthropology primarily focuses on understanding human beings. Franz Boas, known as the "Father of Modern Cultural Anthropology," emphasized cultural diversity as the primary factor influencing differences in human behavior. Claude Levi-Strauss contributed to anthropology with the concept of structuralism. Margaret Mead proposed that gender roles are shaped by cultural influences. Clifford Geertz's symbolic anthropology focuses on the study of symbolic meanings in culture. Marcel Mauss proposed that the concept of self evolves depending on time and space. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is concerned with the relationship between culture and language. In anthropology, personhood refers to the fulfillment of societal norms and expectations. Psychology differs from anthropology by focusing on the egocentric self, whereas anthropology focuses on the socio-centric self. Anthropology and psychology both explore the concept of self, but psychology tends to see the self as separate from society, while anthropology views them as intertwined. Wealth influences empathy, with wealthier individuals tending to become less empathic (Dacher Keltner, 2011). Social class correlates with cultural orientation, affecting an individual's tendency toward interdependence or independence. Individualism in cultural orientation is defined as assertiveness and independence, contrasting with conformity to group norms. Contemporary Western cultures encourage the development of an independent self-system, emphasizing personal achievement (Markus and Kitayama, 1991). Psychological anthropologists study the self in the context of cultural concepts and societal norms, rather than in isolation. Higher social status individuals are often less likely to connect with others and experience greater happiness due to socialization. Cultural differences reveal that various groups worldwide exhibit both independent and interdependent self- perceptions (Vignoles et al., 2016). Clifford Geertz focused on the symbolic meanings of cultural objects within his symbolic anthropology framework. The research titled "Beyond the East-West Dichotomy" was published in the Journal of Cultural Anthropology. In Western cultures, individualism is characterized by assertiveness and independence, rather than dependency on the group.