GECSEL Midterm Notes - Chapter 2 - PDF

College of Business Management and Accountancy Midterm Notes for GECSEL Chapter 2 Unpacking the Self Lesson 1. Physical Self What is BE...

College of Business Management and Accountancy Midterm Notes for GECSEL Chapter 2 Unpacking the Self Lesson 1. Physical Self What is BEAUTY? The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched-they must be felt by the heart.” – Hellen Keller Beauty is defined as HAPPINESS. Every person is unique. Our individual experiences and memories tie together to form our versions of beauty. No culture, company, or concept could ever truly define beauty. What philosophers think about beauty The Standford Encyclopedia Philosophy, 2016: The nature of beauty is one of the most enduring and controversial themes in western philosophy. Beauty, traditionally, was among the ultimate values along with goodness, truth, and justice. It was the primary theme among the ancient Greek, Hellenistic, and Medieval philosophers; it was central to 18th-19th century thought. By the beginning of the 20th century, beauty was declined as a subject of philosophical inquiry. The two most debated views about beauty are: ✓ Beauty is objective ✓ Beauty is subjective WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS Beauty was treated as an objective quality. St. Augustine Things were beautiful because it gave delight or whether it gave delight because it was beautiful. Plato Beauty is a response to love and desire. It is considered beautiful if it reflected the idea of beauty in the realm forms. Aristotle Beauty is order, symmetry, and definiteness that can be demonstrated by mathematical sciences 18th Century Beauty is associated with pleasure as a personal preference. David Hume “Beauty is no quality in things themselves. It exists merely in the mind which contemplates them, and each mind perceives a different beauty; and every individual ought to acquiesce in his own sentiment, without pretending to regulate those of others.” Immanuel Kant “The judgment of taste is therefore not a judgment of cognition and is consequently not logical but aesthetical, by which we understand that whose determining ground can be no other than subjective.” Francis Hutcheson “The perception of beauty does depend on the external sense of sight; however the internal sense of beauty operates as an internal or reflex sense. The same is the case with hearing; hearing muscle does not necessarily give a perception of harmony as it is distinct from hearing.” PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Cognitive Bias A cognitive bias is an error in reasoning, evaluating remembering, or any other mental process that is often a result of holding onto one’s preferences and beliefs regardless of contrary information. The Halo Effect Also known as the Physical Attractiveness Stereotype and the “what is beautiful is good” principle. This refers to the tendency of people to rate attractive individuals more favorably for their personality traits or characteristics as compared to those who are less attractive. We are programmed to be drawn to strong indicators of maleness (for women) and femaleness (for men) partly because they reflect an individual’s health. How does cultural tradition shape body image? Cultural Traditions Can either be a positive or a negative influence on body image and on self-esteem. Body image is generally defined as how one thinks and feels toward one’s body. People see cultural group membership as an integral part of who they are. When culture is experienced as a personally meaningful activity, it is difficult for a person to resist the conscious and unconscious way that culture influences a person’s life. Self-Esteem Coined by William James in 1800. James presented self-esteem as the number of successes a person achieves in the domain of life that are important to him/her, divided by the number of failures that occurred in those areas. Self-esteem is about how you value yourself and how you feel others value you. Physical Beauty “Do not judge a book by its cover: - conscious mind Subconscious mind – contradict the conscious mind. Beauty is the degree to which a person’s physical traits are considered pleasing or beautiful. Self-image Problem: YOUR LOOKS DO NOT MATCH YOUR BEAUTY STANDARDS. Lesson 2. The Sexual Self FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Dr. Sigmund Freud (1905) - father of modern psychology Freud proposed that there were 5 stages of development. He believed that few people successfully completed all 5 of the stages. Instead, he felt that most people tied up their libido at one of the stages, which prevented them from using that energy at a later stage. Libido means sex drive Freud proposed that psychological development in childhood takes place in a series of fixed stages. These are called psychosexual stages because each stage represents the fixation of libido (roughly translated as sexual drives or instincts) on a different area of the body. As a person grows physically certain areas of their body, it becomes important sources of potential frustration (erogenous zones), pleasure or both. What makes your personality different from others? Freud’s search for the answers to this led him to the discovery that the clues to understanding the uniqueness of an individual’s personality are found in infancy and childhood. The personality that you live with today, the one that charms in order to get you dates, makes lists and never gets anything done, makes sure that your locker is not a mess was molded in your earliest days. According to Freud you were a final product by the time you hit puberty. Your unique character and quirks are the products of how your personality develops during childhood He believed that life was built round tension and pleasure. Freud also believed that all tension was due to the build-up of libido (sexual energy) and that all pleasure came from its discharge. As a child and even as a teenager, as a young adult, you go through a series of stages in which you grow and mature. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Oral Stage: Birth to 18 Months Anal Stage: 18 months to three years Phallic stage: 3 years to 7-8 years Latency Stage: 7-8 years to puberty Genital Stage- Puberty to Adulthood It's like having 5 miniature personalities, each lasting a couple years until you reach maturity. Each stage presents you with a unique challenge, and if you successfully overcome that challenge, you acquire a fully mature personality. But if you somehow fail to overcome a challenge of one of the stages you become stuck or fixated there. This is where a lot of your personal uniqueness comes from, your “stuckness” or fixation at a particular stage of personality development. The Oral Stage During the first year of life, the mouth is site of sexual and aggressive gratification. An infant’s life centers on his mouth. One of the first objects out there that provides and infant with oral satisfaction is his mother’s breast. The mother’s breast is a main source of connection and satisfaction. Eventually all infants have to be weaned from their mother’s breast. Weaning presents the infant with his first conflict between his desire and reality. If the infant fails to wean, or is weaned harshly or incompletely, he will become fixated at the oral stage. He will develop an oral character in which he will feel dominated by feelings of dependency and hopelessness. As we successfully overcome the challenge of weaning and gaining control over our ability to satisfy our oral desires, we move to the next stage of development. For those who get stuck in the oral stage….You may find yourself preoccupied with oral things, like talking, eating, smoking, and drinking. You’ll never outgrow the need for constant oral stimulation. The Anal Stage All babies have to grow up some time, and when they do they graduate to the erogenous focus of the anal stage. The question at this age is poop…. To Poop or not to poop?  Freud emphasized the control over defecating as the pleasure center from 18 months to 3 years old. The central conflict for toddlers is CONTROL. Kids in this stage want the ability to poop whenever they want and wherever they want. Like in their pants! But the reality they have to hold it in. Some of your adult characteristics may be the consequence of how your parents handled your toilet training. Your creativity and productivity are indicators of how well you’ve successfully navigated the anal stage. If your messy, sloppy or careless, it speaks of an expulsive rebellion against parental control. If your withholding, obstinate, and obsessed with neatness, you’ve learned control in reaction to your toilet training experience. Maturity and success in the anal stage result in your ability to control yourself. So let go, but make sure you’re in the right place and the right time. The Phallic Stage Begins during the third year of life and may last until child is 6. The child, in this stage is focused on the stimulation of the genitals. Gratification begins with autoeroticism. That means masturbation. But our need for satisfaction soon turns to our parents, typically the parent of the opposite sex. As this happens, we find ourselves in one of Freud’s most controversial and strange contributions to the study of personality, the Oedipus complex. Freud observed that children in the phallic stage of personality shifted from self- gratification to seeking gratification from their opposite sex parent. There is one problem the parent of the same sex and a resentment or childhood hate sometimes grows towards that parent of the same sex. Oedipus Rex The basic story is about a king who has a male child who prophets predict will one day kill the king and marry the queen. To prevent this the king takes the child into the woods and leaves him to die. The child is saved and raised by a peasant family. Boys For the male child the attraction to the mother continues to develop into what Freud called the Oedipus Complex. The Male Childs father blocks him from his mother. This gets frustrating for the boy. So frustrating that it sometimes grows into a full-blown hatred for his father. Boys find themselves afraid of their fathers. Freud called this castration anxiety.The male child is afraid that the father will cut off his genitals. Because of this fear the male takes another way out. Basically if you can’t beat ‘em join ‘em. Junior learns to identify with dad, adopting his masculinity and seeking his own “mother” of sorts. Girls Freud was often criticized for his neglect of female sexuality. So he consulted the Greeks again, finding a similar Oedipal tale about a woman named Electra. Electra gets someone to kill her mother to avenge her father’s death. For girls, their attraction shifts to their fathers because they come to resent their mothers for a strange reason, penis envy. According to Freud little girls stop desiring their mothers because they realize that they lack a penis like their fathers. So what about that can’t beat em join em theory? Like little boys, little girls can’t identify with their father cause they lack a penis. So what to do? They spend the rest of their lives looking for a penis. Essentially, they spend the rest of their lives looking for a man to make them complete. Failure to Graduate If a man finds himself fixated because he fails to join forces with dad, he’s been successfully emasculated. He becomes a failure at life, unable to strive for achievement because of his disabling guilt generated from competing with his father for his mother’s attention.With successful resolution of the Electra complex, a girl finds herself equipped to deal with her adult sexual and intimate relationships. She turns her penis envy into a healthy search for a “fatherly” husband. But if she fails, she becomes fixated and may be overly seductive and flirtatious. The Latency Stage During this stage, no new significant conflicts or impulses are assumed to arise. This lasts from about 7 years to puberty. The primary personality development during this time is that of the superego. Things cool down, so to speak. There’s no rivalry with the opposite sex parent. There’s no battle for control over satisfaction. It’s a time for a basic social exploration like making friends and forming little social cliques. The Genital Stage During this time the person directs sexual impulses toward someone of the opposite sex. Adolescence brings about a reawakening of Oedipal or Electra conflicts and a reworking of earlier childhood identifications. The child is now open to learning how to engage in mutually satisfying sexual relationships. Keep In mind that Freud never stated that all people reach this point of full maturity. This point is more like an ideal, something to strive for, a lifelong project. But if somebody doesn't make it he could easily fall back into selfish phallicism. This seems to conjure up images of the selfish lover who doesn't care about the pleasure of the other partner. As long as he gets what he wants he’s fine. If you make it You’ll be attentive and actually car if the other person in the interaction is enjoying his or herself. UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE and ATTACHMENT The 3 stages of love: Stage 1: Lust Stage 2: Attraction Stage 3: Attachment Stage 1: Lust This is the first stage of love and is driven by the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen – in both men and women. Estrogen and Testosterone are the two basic types of hormones present equally in men and women’s body that excites the feeling of lust within the brain. Stage 2: Attraction This phase is said to be one of the beautiful moments of life. This is the phase when a person actually starts to feel the love. This is the amazing time when you are truly love-struck and can think of little else. Scientists think that three main neurotransmitters are involved in this stage; adrenaline, dopamine and serotonin. Adrenaline The initial stages of falling for someone activates your stress response, increasing your blood levels of adrenalin and cortisol. This has the charming effect that when you unexpectedly bump into your love one, you start to sweat, your heart races and your mouth goes dry. Dopamine Helen Fisher asked newly ‘love struck’ couples to have their brains examined and discovered they have high levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. This chemical stimulates ‘desire and reward’ by triggering an intense rush of pleasure. Fisher suggests “couples often show the signs of surging dopamine: increased energy, less need for sleep or food, focused attention and exquisite delight in smallest details of this novel relationship”. Serotonin And finally, serotonin. One of love's most important chemicals that may explain why when you’re falling in love, your new lover keeps popping into your thoughts. This includes brain cells related to mood, sexual desire and function, appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, and some social behavior. In terms of our body function, serotonin can also affect the functioning of our cardiovascular system, muscles, and various elements in the endocrine system Does love need to be blind? Newly smitten lovers often idealise their partner, magnifying their virtues and explaining away their flaws says Ellen Berscheid, a leading researcher on the psychology of love. New couples also exalt the relationship itself. “It's very common to think they have a relationship that's closer and more special than anyone else's”. Psychologists think we need this rose-tinted view. It makes us want to stay together to enter the next stage of love – attachment. Stage 3: Attachment When a couple passes through the above two stages of love successfully, the time of bonding with each other becomes powerful. Attachment is a bond helping the couple to take their relationship to advanced levels. It instigates the feeling of bearing children and falling in love with them wholeheartedly. Scientists think there might be two major hormones involved in this feeling of attachment; oxytocin and vasopressin. Oxytocin – The cuddle hormone Oxytocin is a powerful hormone released by men and women during orgasm. It probably deepens the feelings of attachment and makes couples feel much closer to one another after they have had sex. The theory goes that the more sex a couple has, the deeper their bond becomes. Oxytocin also seems to help cement the strong bond between mum and baby and is released during childbirth. It is also responsible for a mum’s breast automatically releasing milk at the mere sight or sound of her young baby. Oxytocin is a hormone that acts on organs in the body (including the breast and uterus) and as a chemical messenger in the brain, controlling key aspects of the reproductive system, including childbirth and lactation, and aspects of human behavior. Vasopressin Vasopressin is another important hormone in the long-term commitment stage and is released after sex.Vasopressin (also called anti- diuretic hormone) works with your kidneys to control thirst. Its potential role in long-term relationships was discovered when scientists looked at the prairie vole. Prairie voles indulge in far more sex than is strictly necessary for the purposes of reproduction. They also – like humans - form fairly stable pair-bonds. Factors influencing Sexual Self ✓ Family influences ✓ Urban setting ✓ History of sexual abuse Family Influences Children’s interests, preferences, and overall self-concept are strongly influenced by parental and authority figure teachings regarding sexual stereotypes. Urban Setting The correlation between homosexuality and urbanization is more substantial in men than in women. Large cities seem to provide a friendlier environment for same-gender interest to develop and be expressed than in rural areas. (Laumann, et al, 1994) On the other hand, existing literature highlighted the following are the challenges faced by the LGBTQ+ in rural living: ✓ High level of intolerance ✓ Limited social and institutional support; and ✓ Higher incidence of social isolation Some findings suggested no significant relationship between child abuse and sexual orientation in adulthood (Wilson and Wisdom, 2009). History of Sexual Abuse Previous studies claimed that abused adolescents, particularly those victimized by males, are more likely to become homosexual or bisexual in adulthood. Some findings suggested no significant relationship between child abuse and sexual orientation in adulthood (Wilson and Wisdom, 2009). SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE Also known as Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI), STD is generally a disease or infection acquired through sexual contact where the organisms that caused STD are passed on from person to person in blood, semen, vaginal, or any other bodily fluids. STD can also be transmitted non-sexually such as: ✓ mother to infant during pregnancy ✓ blood transfusion ✓ people sharing needles for inspection STDs do not always cause symptoms, which is one of the reasons experts prefer “sexually transmitted infections” to “sexually transmitted diseases”. Republic Act No. 10354 Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 “An act providing for a national policy on Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health” Goals, objectives, and strategies of RH Law Specific objectives: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the naturally mortality ratio Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate To have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse, the spread of HIV/AIDS Regional objectives: Improve access to the full range of affordable, equitable, and high-quality family planning and reproductive health services to increase contraceptive use rate and reduce pregnancies Improve the health and nutrition status of women of all ages, especially pregnant and nursing women Integrate gender and rights considerations into health policy programs, especially into reproductive health and maternal health Improve the health and nutrition status of women all ages Advantages and Disadvantages of Family Planning Benefits of using Family Planning according to DOH: Mother ✓ Enables her to regain her health after delivery ✓ Gives enough time and opportunity to love and provide attention to her husband and children ✓ Gives more time for her family and own personal advancement ✓ When suffering from illness, gives enough for treatment and recovery Father ✓ Lightens the burden and responsibility in supporting his family ✓ Enables him to give his children their basic needs ✓ Gives him time for his family and own personal advancement ✓ When suffering from illness, gives enough for treatment and recovery Children ✓ Healthy mothers produce healthy children ✓ Will get all attention, security, love and care they deserve ✓ Disadvantages ✓ Birth control health risks ✓ Possibility of pregnancy ✓ Pregnancy after birth control The Natural Family Planning Method The Natural Family Planning (NFP) is the method that uses the body’s natural physiological changes and symptoms to identify the fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle. Such methods are also known as fertility-based awareness methods. Types of NFP Methods 1. Periodic abstinence method (Fertility awareness) 2. Use of breastfeeding or Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM) 3. Coitus interruptus method (withdrawal or pulling out) Periodic Abstinence Method During menstrual cycle, the female hormones estrogen and progesterone cause some observable effects. These changes provide basis for this method. Three common techniques: ✓ Rhythm (Calendar) Method ✓ Basal Body Temperature (BBT) monitoring ✓ Cervical Mucus (Ovulation) Method or Billing Method Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM) Through exclusive breastfeeding, the woman is able to suppress ovulation. However, if the infant were not exclusively breastfed, this method would not be effective. Generally, after three months of exclusively breastfeeding, the woman must choose another method of contraception. Coitus Interruptus Oldest method of contraception. The couple proceeds with coitus; however, the man must release his sperm outside of the vagina.This is only 75% effective because pre-ejaculation fluid that contains a few spermatozoa may cause fertilization. Hormonal Contraception/ Artificial Family Planning Effective family planning method that manipulates the hormones that directly affect the normal menstrual cycle so that ovulation will not occur. Methods of Artificial Family Planning Oral Contraceptives Transdermal Contraceptive Patch Vaginal Ring Subdermal Implants Hormonal Injections Intrauterine Device Chemical Barriers Diaphragm Cervical Cap Male Condoms Female Condoms Surgical Methods One of the most effective birth control methods. This method ensures conception is inhibited permanently. Vasectomy Tubal Ligation dfd2024