General Biology 1: Introduction, Cell Theory & Microscopy PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Introduction, Cell Theory & Microscopy  LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, we should be able to: Appreciate the importance of studying Biology; 01...

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Introduction, Cell Theory & Microscopy  LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, we should be able to: Appreciate the importance of studying Biology; 01 02 Explain the postulates of the cell theory; Recall the essential and functional parts of 03 a Compound Light Microscope. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Introduction, Cell Theory & Microscopy GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 This subject is designed to enhance the understanding of the principles and concepts in the study of biology, particularly life processes of the cellular and molecular levels. It also covers the transformation of energy in organisms. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 bios logos  is a branch of BIOLOGY SCIENCE is the study of that is both animals plants microorganisms Discovery-based Hypothesis-based which are all via scientific method living things used in made possible with the by proper investigations help of processing life features such as gathering and using energy for survival attitudes tools adapting and evolving on Earth reproducing and continuing the circle of life that result in living and interacting with the environment technology  Basic Characteristics of Living Things Basic Characteristics of Living Things 1. Definite Organization Cell is the basic structural of all living things. Cell is functional Unit of Life Basic Characteristics of Living Things 2. Metabolism It is the sum of all chemical reactions that take place inside the living things/cells. Types of Metabolism a. Anabolism b. Catabolism a. Anabolism “CONTRUCTIVE” or the “BUILDING” of complex molecules from numerous simple ones. b. Catabolism “DESTRUCTIVE” or is the “BREAKDOWN” of complex molecules into numerous simple ones. Basic Characteristics of Living Things 3. Growth and Development All organism manifest development by growing in size and shape. Non-living things increase in size by external addition, hence called accretion Basic Characteristics of Living Things 4. Responsiveness All organisms can respond to a stimuli in their environment. This attribute is termed as irritability. What is the stimulus and what is response? Basic Characteristics of Living Things 5. Movement All organisms are capable of movement. Thus transferring from one place to another. Plant shows little movement called tropism. Basic Characteristics of Living Things 6. Genetic Control All organisms have units of information packaged in their cells termed as genetic material (DNA) that life processes. Traditional branches of Biology Microbiology study of microorganisms Botany study of plants Zoology study of animals Taxonomy study of naming and classifying organisms Cytology study of structures and functions of cells Embryology study of formation and development of organisms Anatomy study of structures and parts of organisms Physiology study of functions of living organisms and their parts Biochemistry study of biochemical compositions and processed of living things Genetics study of heredity and variation Evolution study of origin and differentiation of various organisms Ecology study of relationships of organisms with each other and their environment  WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF Studying biology helps you understand the functions and reactions in your body. It explains your similarities and differences with other organisms. It helps in explaining how organisms survive, respond and interact with the environment. GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Introduction, Cell Theory & Microscopy DEVELOPMENT OF CELL THEORY Robert Hooke - he used a crude microscope to examine a piece of cork and found little structures in it which he compared to cellulae. (Latin for “little rooms”). - later he called it cells and discovered that the cells he had found in the cork were actually outer walls of a former plant cells. ANTON VAN LEEUWEENHOEK - he was a Dutch scientist who used a more advance microscope to examine different subjects or specimen. - Leeuwenhoek found moving protist, which he had then referred to as “Animalcules”. Spontaneous Generation It supposes that living things may arise from non living matter. Ex. –Maggots and flies exists from rotting meat.. Louis Pasteur What did Louis Pasteur invent and why was it important? Pasteurization Process Felix Dujardin -discovered the internal substances of living cells and gave it the name “sarcode”. Jan Evangelista Purkinje -coined the word “protoplasm” describing the substance found inside the cell. - “Purkinje Cells” Robert Brown - discovered the nucleus and established it as the fundamental and constant component of the cell. Matthias Schleiden -German botanist who made his investigation about plants and established the theory that plants are made up of cells. Theodor Schwann -German zoologist and physiologist who theorized that animals are made up of cells. Rudolf Virchow -theorized that living cells came from pre-existing cells.  The CELL THEORY  CELL THEORY The cell theory, developed in the mid- 1800s as a result of the various discoveries about cells, is one of the basic principles of biology. The CELL THEORY 1.The cell is the basic unit of life. 2.All living organisms are composed of cells. 3.New cells are created from pre- existing cells.  MICROSCOPY: FOUNDATION OF CELL THEORY MICROSCOPE Microscope is a scientific tool used to magnify objects that cannot be seen by the naked eye. It is an essential tool in the study of the fine structure of an organism, especially cells. History Microscopy started in 14th century in Italy. The team Hans Jansen, his son Zacharias Jansen, and Hans Lippershey assembled an apparatus by placing two lenses in one tube.  Parts of the Microscope a. Mechanical Parts b. Illuminating Parts c. Magnifying Parts Parts of a Microscope A. MECHANICAL PARTS – refers to the parts that serves as the framework of the apparatus. Draw tube – is where the eyepiece is inserted Body tube - is a connection between the ocular eyepiece and the objectives. Revolving nosepiece – facilitates the shifting of the objectives. Fine adjustment knob – is used to focus finer detail of the object. Arm – is used for carrying the microscope Inclination joint – is used to tilt the microscope Parts of a Microscope Pillar – is a connection between the base and the rest of the microscope Base – supports the entire microscope Coarse adjustment knob – is used to focus the object with low power objective Stage – is where the glass slide is placed Stage clip – is used to hold the slide in place Parts of a Microscope B. ILLUMINATING OR OPTICAL PARTS -produces light entering the microscope Mirror – collects the light and directs it towards the object. Iris diaphragm – regulates the amount of light entering the microscope Condenser – is used to concentrate the light towards the specimen Parts of a Microscope C. MAGNIFYING PARTS – enlarge or magnify the object Ocular eyepiece – contains lenses, magnifies object up to 5-10x Objectives – Low Power Objective (LPO) – 10x High Power Objective (HPO) – 40x to 45x Oil Immersion Objective (OIO) – 100x Cell Staining Cell staining is a technique that can be used to better visualize cells and cell components under a microscope. Cell staining Iodine solution is used to stain the cells of the plants. It reacts with starch and turns blue-black, because it is a starch indicator. Cell staining Methylene blue is used to stain animal cells t o make nuclei more visible under a microscope. Methylene blue stains the nucleic acids. Its a basic dye and bind well to DNA.