G11 1st Semester Midterm - English Reviewer PDF

**History of English** **Old English (Anglo-Saxons) - 450-1150 AD** - - - - - [Characteristics:] - - - [Example:] Original Text: \"Fæder ure bu be eart on heofonum, si pin nama gehalgod.\" Modern Translation: \"Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name.\" **Middle...

**History of English** **Old English (Anglo-Saxons) - 450-1150 AD** - - - - - [Characteristics:] - - - [Example:] Original Text: \"Fæder ure bu be eart on heofonum, si pin nama gehalgod.\" Modern Translation: \"Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name.\" **Middle English (1150-1500 AD)** - - - - [Characteristics:] - - - [Example:] Original Text: \"Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote / The droghte of March hath perced to the roote.\" Modern Translation: \"When April with its sweet showers has pierced the drought of March to the root.\" **Modern English (1500-Present)** - - - - - - - - - [Characteristics:] - - - **Word Formation Processes** **Morphology** → a study of how words are created. **→ Noah Webster** spent **27 years** researching and compiling his American Dictionary of the English Language; he learned **26 languages**. The final published work contained **12,000 words**. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Etymology | Study about the | Avocado → from | | | origin and history of | Spanish aguacate | | | certain words; | | | | knowing where words | | | | come from. | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Compounding | Combination of 2 | hot + cake → hotcake | | | words or more in | | | | forming new words | note + book → | | | | notebook | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Blending | Process of merging | spoon + fork → sfork | | | parts of words in | | | | order to create words | motor + hotel → motel | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Affixation | When a derivational | pre + plan + ing → | | | suffix or prefix is | preplanning | | | attached to a word or | | | | a bound morpheme | bi + lingual → | | | | bilingual | | | | | | | | mis + treat → | | | | mistreat | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Clipping | A process of | motorbike → bike | | | shortening existing | | | | words by deleting one | gymnasium → gym | | | or more syllables. | | | | | refrigerator → fridge | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Reduplication | A process that refers | bling-bling | | | to a process that | | | | plays with sounds | ding-dong | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Acronym | Formed from initial | LASER → Light | | | letters of the words | Amplification by | | | or phrases and it is | Stimulated Emission | | | pronounced as a | of Radiation | | | single word. | | | | | | | | → **initialism** - | | | | pronounced separately | | | | each letter | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Onomatopoeia | Words sound like the | Meow | | | noise being described | | | | | Oink | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Coinage | Process where new | aqua | | | words are totally | | | | invented; used in | aspirin | | | naming products | | | | | vaseline | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Eponym | A word that comes | Stockholm syndrome | | | from the name of a | | | | person or place. | Erlenmeyer flask | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **Context, Audience and Purpose** - - - - - - - - - **Letter Writing** **Letter** → a type of [written communication] between 2 people. The purpose and audience of your letter will determine how formal or informal your letter is. **Formal** → written officially, using respectful greetings and structured formats, often for important or professional purposes. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- **Informal** → more relaxed and friendly, using casual greetings and friendly language for personal communication.  **[Purposes:]** 1. 2. 3. 4. **Understanding Form and Structure** **Form** → the [shape and overall presentation] of the text. **Structure** → the way a text is [organized and ordered]. 1. 2. 3. **Types of Writing** → distinct ways in which readers express their ideas. 1. - - - - 2. - - - 3. - - - - 4. - - - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | plot | sequence of events that make up | | | the story; "roadmap" of the | | | story. | +===================================+===================================+ | characters | people, animals or even objects | | | that are involved in the story. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | setting | where and when the story takes | | | place | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | theme | central idea and message (morals) | | | of the story | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | conflict | problems that drive the story. It | | | can be internals and externals. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | POV | perspective from which the story | | | is told: | | | | | | 1. 2. 3. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | tone and mood | Tone → author\'s attitude toward | | | the audience | | | | | | Mood → feeling you get after | | | reading the story | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | dialogue | conversation between characters | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | style | the way the author uses language | | | to tell the story (choice of | | | words, literary devices) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | symbolism | object, person or event | | | represents a deeper meaning or | | | idea in the story. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - - - - - **Figurative Languages** -- a language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words to get a message or point across. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Figurative | **Description** | **Example** | | language** | | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | simile | comparing 2 unlikely | The poster is as | | | things using [as or | pretty as a bouquet | | | like.] | of flowers. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | metaphor | comparing 2 unlikely | This room is an oven. | | | things without using | | | | as or like | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | personification | giving human | The sun sings every | | | qualities to | morning. | | | non-human things | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | hyperbole | show extreme | I'm so hungry that I | | | exaggeration | could eat a horse. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | understatement | expressing something | When an athlete after | | | less strongly than | winning the | | | would be expected | championship says, | | | | "We didn't play too | | | | bad." | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | idiom | the meaning is | It's raining cats and | | | different from the | dogs. | | | meaning of each word | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | alliteration | when words in a | Mary read a magazine | | | phrase start with the | last Monday with his | | | same letter or sound | Mom at the mall. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | assonance | repetition of the | The rain in Spain | | | vowel sounds in | falls mainly in the | | | neighboring words | plain. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | onomatopoeia | a word that sounds | The jet zoomed across | | | like the noise or | the sky. | | | action it is | | | | describing | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | oxymoron | a description using | My father's | | | two opposite ideas to | thoughtless idea | | | create an effective | landed him in the | | | description | middle of the lake | | | | without a life | | | | jacket. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | symbolism | combining a lot of | "Peace" → white dove | | | ideas presented in | | | | metaphor and imagery | "Love" → red rose | | | | | | | | "Conformity" → sheep | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | euphemism | substituting a mild | Died → passed away | | | or indirect | | | | expression for one | Fired → let go | | | that might be | | | | considered harsh or | Ugly → unique looking | | | blunt | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | irony | Describing something | The triple bacon | | | by using opposite | cheeseburger | | | language | glistened with health | | | | and good choices. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | pun | a literary device | The bicycle couldn't | | | that plays with the | stand up because it | | | sounds and meanings | was | | | of each words to | **[two-tired]{.underl | | | produce new, often | ine}**. | | | humorous ideas | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | foreshadowing | giving hint of what | If a character | | | is to come later in | mentions offhandedly | | | the story | that bad things | | | | always happen to them | | | | in the autumn, then | | | | the observant reader | | | | will be alert when | | | | the leaves in the | | | | story begin to fall. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | allusion | indirect reference to | I'm Juliet to your | | | a person, event or | Romeo → alludes to | | | thing or to a part of | William Shakespeare | | | another text | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **Literary term** 1. 2. 3. **Sentence Structures** **Sentence** → group of words that expresses a complete thought and contains a subject and a verb. +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Sentence | **Explanation + | **Example** | | Structure** | Formula** | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Compound sentence | two complete | Mia likes cooking | | | sentences are | dinner for the | | | connected by a comma | family, but she | | | and a conjunction. | doesn't clean. | | | Common conjunctions | | | | include: and, but, | | | | nor, so yet. | | | | | | | | **complete sentence + | | | | comma + conjunction + | | | | complete sentence.** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Complex sentence | sentence that starts | After school, I have | | | with a dependent | to go to soccer | | | clause followed by a | practice. | | | comma and a complete | | | | sentence. Some | | | | sentence starters | | | | include: After, As, | | | | Before, If, Since and | | | | When. | | | | | | | | **dependent clause + | | | | comma + complete | | | | sentence.** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Sentence beginning | A gerund is a verb | Dancing can be a fun | | with a Gerund | that functions as a | form of exercise for | | | noun. A sentence | many. | | | beginning with a | | | | gerund is a statement | | | | about an activity in | | | | the "-ing" form. | | | | | | | | **"-ing" word + a | | | | statement about that | | | | activity**. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Sentence beginning | This type of sentence | Walking down the | | with a Participial | has a dependent | street, she waved at | | Phrase | clause | the child. | | | | | | | that starts with an | | | | "-ing" | | | | | | | | word followed by a | | | | comma and a complete | | | | sentence. | | | | | | | | **"-ing" word + comma | | | | + complete sentence** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Sentence beginning | This type of sentence | She forgot her | | with an Adverbial | is similar to a | homework; | | Conjunction | regular compound | consequently, she | | | sentence, except it | received a zero. | | | uses an adverbial | | | | conjunction and | | | | requires a semicolon | | | | and a comma. | | | | | | | | **complete sentence + | | | | semicolon + an | | | | adverbial conjunction | | | | + a comma + complete | | | | sentence** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **Word Classes/ Parts of Speech** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | nouns | Name of a thing, a person, an | | | animal, a place, or an idea. | | | | | | → London, table, hope, pen | +===================================+===================================+ | pronouns | A pronoun is used in place of a | | | noun or noun phrase to avoid | | | repetition. | | | | | | → I, you, it, we, us, them | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | adjectives | Describes, modifies or gives more | | | information about a noun or | | | pronoun | | | | | | → cold, happy, young, fun | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | adverbs | Modifies a verb, an adjective or | | | another adverb. It tells how | | | (often), where, and when. | | | | | | → slowly, very, always, too | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | auxiliary verb | Help the main verb to describe | | | action. | | | | | | → am, is, are, been, be, have, | | | has, does | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | verbs | Shows an action or a state of | | | being. It can show what someone | | | is doing or did. | | | | | | → go, speaking, lived, been, is | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | gerund | Verbal noun (verb + ing) that | | | functions as a noun within the | | | sentence. | | | | | | → **Reading** is a great way to | | | relax. (subject) | | | | | | → I enjoy **swimming** in the | | | pool. (direct object) | | | | | | → Her hobby is **painting**. | | | (compliment) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | prepositions | Shows the relationship of a noun, | | | noun phrase or pronoun to another | | | word. | | | | | | → at, on, in, from, with, about | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | interjections | A word or phrase that expresses a | | | strong emotion. It is a short | | | exclamation. | | | | | | → Ouch!, Hey!, Wow! Oh!, Ugh! | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | conjunctions | Joins two words, ideas, phrases | | | together and shows how they are | | | connected. | | | | | | → and, or, but, because, until | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | determiner | Determiners tell you whether the | | | noun is known or unknown or about | | | the quantity. | | | | | | → a, the, some | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+