G10 Q2 Unit 3 Learning Package 1: Electricity PDF

ASSUMPTION COLLEGE, SLV BASIC EDUCATION DIVISION SY 2024-2025 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 10 Second Quarter...

ASSUMPTION COLLEGE, SLV BASIC EDUCATION DIVISION SY 2024-2025 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 10 Second Quarter Learning Package 1 Electricity: Voltage, Current, Electrical Power, and Resistance (Components: Conductors and Insulators, Resistor, Capacitors, Power Source, Wire, Switch) Name: __________________________________________ Date: ________________ Section: 1 2 3 4 5 6 ELECTRICITY Electricity is the movement of charge, specifically negatively charged electrons. Opposite or unlike charges attract while same or like charges repel each other. In most solid materials, the atoms, which contain the nucleus and electrons, are not freely moving. On the other hand, in metals like copper, electrons have the ability to move around. The positively charged nuclei stay in place, keeping the structure of the metal but for the negatively charged electrons, they can move around from atom to atom. Since electrons repel each other, when one electron moves from atom to atom, other electrons will also move. ELECTRIC CIRCUIT An electric circuit is a closed loop where electric current can flow around. Electric circuits consist of an electrical energy source that drives the electric current through the connecting wires and other electrical components. Electric current flows in a circuit when there is a continuous path in the circuit. (A) (B) A circuit with a continuous path is called a closed circuit (B). On the other hand, if there is a break in a circuit, no current will flow and this is called an open circuit (A). A switch is used to close or open a circuit. © Copyright October 2024 by Assumption College, Metro Manila, Philippines. All rights reserved. No part of this material/work can be reproduced, copied, and/or distributed without the express permission of the copyright owner. VOLTAGE, CURRENT, ELECTRICAL POWER, AND RESISTANCE An electric current (I) is the rate at which electric charges flow in a conductor or circuit. To measure electric current, a device called an ammeter is used. An ammeter should be connected in series to the component in the circuit. Conventional current flow assumes that the flow of current is from the positive to negative end of the electrical cell. Electron flow states that electrons flow through the circuit from the negative to the positive end of the electrical cell. Image source: https://www.agweb.com/news/machinery/new-machinery/weird-science-which-way-does-electricity-flow-through-vehicles-electrical-system Voltage (V) is the difference in the electrical potential energy between points. It is always measured between two points. The SI unit for it is volts (V) and the device used to measure volts is the voltmeter. The voltmeter should be connected in parallel to the electrical component. Resistors are included in electric circuits to regulate or control the current in the circuits. Electrical resistance (R) refers to a measure of how much an electrical component opposes or resists the flow of current. The SI unit for resistance is ohm (Ω). Resistance can be measured by a device called a digital multimeter or Volt-Ohm meter. All electrical components including bulbs, switches, and connecting wires have electrical resistance. To measure resistance with a multimeter, you connect it directly across the component. Do remember that the circuit must be off to get an accurate measurement. In circuits, electrical power (P) refers to the rate at which electrical energy is absorbed or produced. In simpler terms, it is how fast electrical energy is used or produced. Components like light bulbs absorb electrical power and convert it to heat and light. The higher the watt rating, the more electrical power the device will need. The SI unit for power is Watt (W). Power can be measured by a device called a wattmeter. This device would be connected to the circuit like how an ammeter and voltmeter would. Its current coil would be connected in series while the voltage coil in parallel with the load. © Copyright October 2024 by Assumption College, Metro Manila, Philippines. All rights reserved. No part of this material/work can be reproduced, copied, and/or distributed without the express permission of the copyright owner. OTHER ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS Electrical insulators are materials where electric charges do not move freely. Materials such as glass, silk, wool, plastic, and rubber are examples of this. Electrical insulators have very high resistance to current flow. Electrical conductors are materials where electric charges are able to move freely. They contain electrons that move from atom to atom within the metal. Metals such as iron, copper, and silver are examples of conductors. Electrical conductors have low resistance. Image source: https://www.alamy.com/electrical-conductor-and-insulator-difference-and-comparison-conductor-is-material-that-allows-the-flow-of-electrical-current-image450460246.html Capacitors are devices capable of storing energy in the form of electric charge. It smooths out interruptions to the supply. Wires are flexible strands of metal used for establishing electrical conductivity between two devices of an electrical circuit. ELECTRICAL COMPONENT IMAGE Electric cell (Power source) © Copyright October 2024 by Assumption College, Metro Manila, Philippines. All rights reserved. No part of this material/work can be reproduced, copied, and/or distributed without the express permission of the copyright owner.  Light bulb (Load) Wire Switch Ammeter © Copyright October 2024 by Assumption College, Metro Manila, Philippines. All rights reserved. No part of this material/work can be reproduced, copied, and/or distributed without the express permission of the copyright owner.  Voltmeter Multimeter © Copyright October 2024 by Assumption College, Metro Manila, Philippines. All rights reserved. No part of this material/work can be reproduced, copied, and/or distributed without the express permission of the copyright owner.  Wattmeter Capacitor Resistor ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference/s: Ho, P. L. (2020). Science ahead (Vol. 3). Marshall Cavendish Education. Afrotechmods. (2011, October 24). Basic Electricity - What is an amp? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gvJzrjwjds The Engineering Mindset. (2022, December 22). What is a capacitor? Basics [Video]. YouTube. What is a capacitor? Basics Storr, W. (2024, September 2). Electrical energy, power and charge in an electrical circuit. Basic Electronics Tutorials. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/electrical-energy.html Science laboratory materials © Copyright October 2024 by Assumption College, Metro Manila, Philippines. All rights reserved. No part of this material/work can be reproduced, copied, and/or distributed without the express permission of the copyright owner.