G1-Urban Planning Introduction PDF

HISTORY, EVOLUTION & TERMINOLOGIES OF URBAN PLANNING A PRESENTATION OF GROUP 1 OBJECTIVES: 01 To understand the historical development of urban planning 02 To analyze the evolution of urban planning principles and practices 03 To familiarize with essential...

HISTORY, EVOLUTION & TERMINOLOGIES OF URBAN PLANNING A PRESENTATION OF GROUP 1 OBJECTIVES: 01 To understand the historical development of urban planning 02 To analyze the evolution of urban planning principles and practices 03 To familiarize with essential terminologies in urban planning URBAN PLANNING Urban planning, also known as city or town planning, is the process of designing and regulating the use of spaces within urban areas to create more efficient, sustainable, and livable environments. The history of urban planning is long and complex, reflecting changes in societal needs, technology, and cultural values over time. HISTORY: URBAN PLANNING - WORLD WIDE Urban planning has evolved from ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, which developed early city layouts, to the Greek and Roman innovations of grid systems and public infrastructure. The Medieval period saw organic growth centered around defense, while the Renaissance and Baroque eras emphasized order and grandeur. HISTORY: URBAN PLANNING - WORLD WIDE The Industrial Revolution's rapid urbanization led to crowded, poorly planned cities, sparking reform movements like the Garden City. Modernist planning in the 20th century prioritized functionality and zoning, but contemporary planning now focuses on sustainability, technology, and creating inclusive, resilient urban spaces. HISTORY: URBAN PLANNING - PHILIPPINES Urban planning in the Philippines has been influenced by indigenous practices and colonial rule, evolving significantly over time. Spanish colonization introduced the "plaza complex" as the center of town life, while American rule brought modernist planning principles and beautification efforts, especially in Manila. HISTORY: URBAN PLANNING - PHILIPPINES After independence, rapid urbanization posed challenges like informal settlements and environmental issues. Today, there is a focus on sustainable development, disaster resilience, and inclusive planning to meet the needs of a growing urban population. HISTORY: URBAN PLANNING - ESSENCE Urban planning is crucial for creating sustainable, functional, and inclusive cities. It balances social, economic, and environmental needs by designing and regulating land use, transportation, public spaces, and infrastructure. Effective urban planning promotes economic growth, accessibility, public health, and resilience to future challenges, ensuring that cities remain livable and adaptable to change. The Evolution of Urban Planning  ANCIENT URBAN PLANNING Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and Greece (circa 3000 BCE - 500 BCE): Early cities were planned around essential resources like water. Cities like Babylon and Mohenjo-Daro featured grid systems, public spaces, and advanced drainage systems. Greek city-states introduced the polis concept, emphasizing public spaces like the agora (marketplace) and acropolis (fortified center).  Ancient Drainage System Ancient drainage systems were built to manage rainwater, prevent flooding, and carry away waste, helping to maintain public health and sanitation in cities.  Agora (Marketplace) Acropolis (Fortified City)  Mohenjo - Daro An ancient city of the Indus Valley The site is renowned for its advanced Civilization, located in present-day Sindh, Pakistan. urban planning, including sophisticated drainage systems and well-planned streets.  ROMAN URBAN PLANNING (circa 500 BCE - 500 CE) Romans expanded on They emphasized road Infrastructure, like sewers Greek ideas, standardizing networks, connecting cities and aqueducts, played a the grid plan in their through a vast and crucial role in urban colonies with a central forum organized system of streets. planning. (public space), baths, amphitheaters, and aqueducts. Roman urban planning is remarkable for its grid layout with key streets intersecting at right angles, facilitating organization and movement. Their cities featured advanced infrastructure like aqueducts and sewer systems, as well as designated zones for residential, commercial, and public use. Acqueduct ACQUEDUCTS in Roman urbanization were used to transport fresh water to cities for drinking, bathing, irrigation, and sanitation.  MEDIEVAL URBAN PLANNING (circa 500 CE - 1500 CE) Europe: Cities were often unplanned, growing organically around feudal castles, churches, or trade routes. Streets were narrow and winding, with a focus on defense rather than aesthetics or hygiene. Walled cities were common, reflecting the period's insecurity. Medieval Street (Western Europe) RENAISSANCE & BAROQUE (circa 1500 CE - 1800 CE) Italy and France: The Renaissance brought a revival of classical ideas, with emphasis on symmetry, perspective, and the human scale. Urban planning became more formalized, with grand boulevards, squares, and monumental architecture, as seen in cities like Florence and Paris. The Baroque period introduced more elaborate city plans with diagonal avenues and focal points, often showcasing royal power. FLORENCE, ITALY PARIS, FRANCE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (circa 1800 CE - 1900 CE) Urban planning began to address issues like public health, sanitation, and housing. This led to the development of sewers, parks, and zoning laws. The Garden City movement, initiated by Ebenezer Howard, proposed self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts, influencing suburban development. MODERNIST MOVEMENT (CIRCA 1900 CE - 1970 CE) Worldwide: Modernist urban planning, influenced by architects like Le Corbusier, emphasized functionality, efficiency, and the separation of different land uses (e.g., residential, commercial, industrial). Cities were often redesigned to accommodate automobiles, leading to the development of highways and suburban sprawl. The focus was on large-scale, often rigid, top- down planning, with less emphasis on human- scale or social considerations. Contemporary Urban Planning Global (CIRCA 1970 CE - PRESENT) Concepts like smart cities integrate technology for more efficient city management. New Urbanism advocates for walkable neighborhoods, mixed- use developments, and a return to traditional urban forms. Environmental concerns have led to the incorporation of green spaces, public transit, and eco- friendly architecture. Participatory planning involves local communities in the decision-making process, reflecting a more democratic approach to urban development. HISTORY OF URBAN PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES  PRE- SPANISH ERA Barangay Communities: Filipino communities were small, kinship- based groups called barangays  Colonial Influence: The Spanish introduced the gridiron layout for towns, centered around a plaza complex with a church and town hall. SPANISH ERA AMERICAN ERA Urban Planning: The Americans focused on planning major cities Post-War Reconstruction: After World War II POST- INDEPENDENCE AND MARCOS ERA NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: POST- INDEPENDENCE AQUINO AND RAMOS ADMINISTRATIONS DEMOCRATIC RESTORATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT LEGACY OF PLANNING INFLUENCES OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES ON PLANNING IN THE PHILIPPINES, INCLUDING THE FRENCH, GERMANS, AND AMERICANS  URBAN PLANNING TERMINOLOGIES ZONING - dividing a municipality into different zones to regulate land use. LAND USE - refers to the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environments such as settlements and semi-natural habitats. MIXED USED DEVELOPMENT - a type of urban development that blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or industrial uses. These functions are physically and functionally integrated. GREENBELT - a zone of open land surrounding a city, where development is restricted to preserve nature, prevent urban sprawl, and provide recreation spaces. URBAN SPRAWL - the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land, leading to low-density, car- dependent communities. SMART GROWTH - an urban planning theory that promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods with a range of housing and job types. TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT (TOD) - a type of urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business, and leisure space within walking distance of public transport. DENSITY - refers to the number of people or dwelling units per unit of land, usually per acre or hectare. Higher density often means more efficient use of resources. SUSTAINABILITY - the practice of developing urban spaces in a way that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to URBAN REGENERATION - the revitalization of urban areas that have fallen into decay, often through redevelopment, infrastructure improvements, and community-based initiatives. PUBLIC REALM - the physical spaces in a city that are accessible to the public, including streets, parks, and public squares. INFILL DEVELOPMENT - the development of vacant or underutilized land within existing urban areas, rather than expanding outward. WALKABILITY - a measure of how friendly an area is to walking, considering factors like safety, convenience, and accessibility of amenities. INFRASTRUCTURE - the fundamental facilities and systems that support the functionality of a city, including transportation, water supply, sewage, and electricity. GENTRIFICATION - the process by which wealthier people move into, renovate, and rejuvenate an area, often leading to the displacement of lower-income residents. AFFORDABLE HOUSING - housing that is affordable to those with a median household income, typically costing no more than 30% of their income. URBAN HEAT ISLAND - an urban area significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. PLACEMAKING - a collaborative process by which public spaces are planned, designed, and managed to create spaces that promote people's health, happiness, and well-being. EMINENT DOMAIN - the power of the government to take private property for public use, with compensation provided to the owner. URBAN MORPHOLOGY -the study of the form and structure of urban spaces, and how they develop and change over time. REFERENCES: https://www.britannica.com/topic/urban-planning https://urbandesignlab.in/history-of-urban-design-from-ancient-to-modern-cities/ https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/history-cities/ https://primumnilnocerefiles.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/03_plan-201-history.pdf https://urbandesignlab.in/urban-planning-terminology/ THANK YOU