Urban Planning Movements

01 URBAN PLANNING MOVEMENTS AR 433 PLANNING 2 FUND. OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHI. AR. FERDNANDO NAGAYO JR. MARIELLE CALARANAN MARIEL JOAN CAUSO  02...

01 URBAN PLANNING MOVEMENTS AR 433 PLANNING 2 FUND. OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHI. AR. FERDNANDO NAGAYO JR. MARIELLE CALARANAN MARIEL JOAN CAUSO  02 INTRODUCTION URBAN PLANNING MOVEMENTS URBAN PLANNING MOVEMENTS REFER TO DISTINCT APPROACHES OR PHILOSOPHIES IN URBAN PLANNING THAT EMERGE IN RESPONSE TO THE NEEDS, CHALLENGES, AND VALUES OF DIFFERENT HISTORICAL PERIODS. THESE MOVEMENTS REFLECT SHIFTS IN HOW PLANNERS AND DESIGNERS THINK ABOUT AND ADDRESS ISSUES RELATED TO CITY DEVELOPMENT, LAND USE, AND COMMUNITY WELL-BEING.  03 What ‘causes’ or ‘triggers’ the development of a new ‘Movement’? Urban planning movements often arise in response to specific challenges, needs, or opportunities within cities and societies. The catalysts for these movements can vary widely, but they generally emerge from a combination of social, economic, environmental, and technological factors. Here are some key causes that have historically driven the start of urban planning movements: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION SOCIAL REFORM AND PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS ECONOMIC SHIFTS AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND SUSTAINABILITY SOCIAL EQUITY AND INCLUSION TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND SMART CITIES CULTURAL SHIFTS AND AESTHETIC PREFERENCES POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES AND GOVERNANCE GLOBALIZATION AND ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS  04 LIST OF URBAN PLANNING MOVEMENTS CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT MODERNISM NEW URBANISM MORE INFORMATION TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT PARTICIPATORY PLANNING  05 City Beautiful Movement The City Beautiful Movement was an influential urban design and architectural reform movement in the United States that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It sought to introduce beautification and monumental grandeur to cities, with the belief that these improvements would promote moral and civic virtue among urban populations.  06 Industrialization and Urbanization in the United States, 1880–1929  07 The World's Columbian Exposition, also known as the Chicago World's Fair, 1893  08 Daniel Hudson Burnhan (September 4, 1846 – June 1, 1912) was an American architect and urban designer.  09 City Beautiful Movement KEY FEATURES AND GOALS: Aesthetic Design: The movement emphasized the importance of harmonious, visually pleasing urban landscapes, with wide boulevards, grand public buildings, parks, and public art. The idea was to create a visually appealing environment that would inspire civic pride and improve the quality of life. Monumental Architecture: City Beautiful proponents often advocated for construction of monumen- tal public buildings and spaces, such as libraries, museums, government buildings, and plazas, typically designed in classical or Beaux-Arts architectural styles. Urban Planning: This movement also emphasized the importance of comprehensive urban planning, including orderly street grids, public spaces, and zoning laws, to create more efficient and beautiful cities. Social Reform: Beyond aesthetics, the City Beautiful Movement was motivated by a desire to address the social ills of rapidly growing industrial cities, such as overcrowding, poverty, and crime. Proponents believed that a more beautiful environment would lead to a more orderly and moral society.  10 Chicago Plan of 1909  11 Lakefront Development Railway and Harbor Improvements Grand Avenues and Boulevards Civic Center Parks and Green Spaces  12 Garden City Movement The Garden City Movement was an urban planning and development philosophy founded in the late 19th century by British urban planner Ebenezer Howard. It was conceived as a response to the over-crowded and unhealthy living conditions in industrial cities and sought to combine the benefits of both urban and rural living. The movement aimed to create self-contained, balanced communities surrounded by greenbelts, with a harmonious relationship between residential areas, industry, and agriculture.  13 Sir Ebenezer Howard To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to (29 January 1850 – 1 May Real Reform 1928) (1989)  14 Garden City Movement KEY FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES: Self Contained Communities: Garden cities were designed to be self-sufficient, with their own resi- dential areas, industry, and agriculture. Greenbelt and Open Spaces: A defining feature of garden cities was the incorporation of greenbelts- large areas of open land surrounding the urban area. Mixed of Urban and Rural Life: Garden city would offer the social and economic opportunities of a city, such as jobs, education, and cultural activities, while also providing the health benefits, fresh air, and open spaces associated with rural living. Planned Growth: As a garden city approached its population limit, a new city would be developed nearby, creating a network of small, interconnected towns rather than allowing one city to grow indefinitely. Economic Self-sufficiency: The garden cities were to be economically independent, with industries providing jobs for the residents and local agriculture supplying food.  15 Garden City Model  16 Letchworth Garden City  17 Urban Planning Architectural Style Mixed Land Use Greenbelts and Open Spaces Social Infrastructure  18 Modernism Modernism in Urban Planning refers to a movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a break from traditional urban design principles in favor of new ideas that emphasized functionality, efficiency, and the use of new materials and technologies. The movement sought to address the challenges of rapid urbanization, industrialization, and population growth by rethinking how cities were planned and built.  19 Modernism KEY FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES: 1. Zoning and Land Use Segregation: Separation of different land uses, such as residential, commercial, and industrial areas, to create more organized and efficient urban environments. 2. Emphasis on Functionality: Design focused on the practical needs of urban living, such as transportation, housing, and infrastructure, rather than purely aesthetic considerations. 3. Use of New Materials and Technologies: Incorporation of materials like steel, glass, and concrete, and the adoption of new construction methods that allowed for taller buildings and more expansive urban layouts. 4. High-Density Housing: Development of large-scale housing projects and apartment blocks to accommodate growing urban populations. 5. Focus on Transportation: Planning that prioritized the movement of people and goods, often leading to the development of wide roads, highways, and public transportation systems.  20 Modernism EXAMPLE Quezon City (1939) Background Modernist Features Legacy  21 Modernism EXAMPLE The Burnham Plan for Manila Background Modernist Features Legacy  22 N New Urbanism New Urbanism is an urban planning movement that emerged in the late 20th E century as a response to the problems associated with urban sprawl and car- dependent communities. It advocates for the creation of walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods that prioritize human-scale W development, sustainability, and community interaction. New Urbanism seeks to revive traditional urban design principles that promote social interaction, environmental responsibility, and a sense of place.  23 New Urbanism KEY FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES: 1. Walkability: Neighborhoods are designed so that most daily needs are within a 5-10 minute walk from homes, reducing the need for cars. 2. Mixed-Use Development: A blend of residential, commercial, and recreational spaces within close proximity, allowing for diverse and vibrant communities. 3. Community-Oriented Spaces: Public spaces, parks, and squares are integral to neighborhood design, encouraging social interaction and community activities. 4. Sustainability: Emphasis on green building practices, energy efficiency, and minimizing environmental impact. 5. Diverse Housing Options: A variety of housing types and price levels to accommodate people of different ages and income levels, fostering an inclusive community. 6. Human-Scale Architecture: Buildings and streetscapes are designed to be pedestrian- friendly, with a focus on aesthetics, safety, and accessibility.  24 New Urbanism Bonifacio Global City EXAMPLE (BGC), Taguig  25 New Urbanism EXAMPLE Nuvali, Laguna  26 Transit-Oriented Development Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is an urban planning and design strategy that focuses on creating compact, walkable, and mixed-use communities centered around high-quality public transportation systems. The primary goal of TOD is to reduce reliance on cars, promote sustainable living, and enhance access to amenities, jobs, and services through well-integrated transportation networks.  27 Peter Calthorpe The Next American Metropolis (born 1949) (1993)  28 Transit-Oriented Development KEY FEATURES AND GOALS: Proximity to Transit: TOD projects are typically located within a short walking distance (usually halfmile or less) from a transit station, such as a bus stop, train station, or light rail station. Mixed-Use Development: TOD mixes residential, commercial, and recreational uses within same area. Pedestrian-Friendly Design: TOD emphasizes walkability with well-designed pedestrian pathways, safe street crossings, wide sidewalks, and attractive public spaces. Density and Compactness: TOD areas are often characterized by higher density development, meaning more housing units, offices, and amenities are packed into a smaller area. Reduced Parking Requirements: To discourage car use and make more efficient use of land. Sustainability and Environmental Benefits: By encouraging the use of public transportation and redu-cing car dependency, TOD helps lower greenhouse gas emissions.  29 Arlington County, Virginia  30 High-Density, Mixed-Use Development Economic and Community Benefits Sustainable Urban Growth Walkability and Urban Design Public Transit Accessibility  31 Participatory Planning Participatory Planning in urban planning is a movement that emphasizes the involvement of community members in the planning and decision- making processes of urban development. Unlike traditional top-down approaches, participatory planning seeks to empower local residents, stakeholders, and other affected parties by giving them a voice in shaping the environments in which they live, work, and play. This approach ensures that urban development reflects the needs, desires, and aspirations of the community, leading to more inclusive and sustainable outcomes.  32 Participatory Planning KEY FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES: 1. Community Involvement: Engaging local residents and stakeholders in every stage of the planning process, from initial design to implementation and evaluation. 2. Transparency: Ensuring that the planning process is open and transparent, with clear communication and access to information for all participants. 3. Collaboration: Fostering collaboration between government agencies, private developers, NGOs, and the community to create plans that reflect diverse perspectives. 4. Empowerment: Building the capacity of community members to participate effectively, through education, training, and support. 5. Equity: Addressing the needs of marginalized or vulnerable groups within the community, ensuring that their voices are heard and their needs are met.  33 Participatory Planning Paghilom Project, EXAMPLE Paco, Manila  34 CONCLUSIONS Why is ‘Urban Planning Movements’ important? Urban planning movements are crucial because they shape how cities evolve, addressing various social, economic, and environmental challenges. They guide the design and organization of urban spaces to enhance livability, manage growth, and improve quality of life. By introducing innovative solutions and adapting to changing needs, these movements help create sustainable, efficient, and equitable cities. They also influence policy, infrastructure, and community well-being, making them essential for managing urban development and addressing issues like congestion, pollution, and social inequality. How can ‘Urban Planning Movements’ help us in the future of Urban Development? These movements influence the way cities are designed, how people live, work, and interact, and how urban areas can respond to challenges such as population growth, climate change, and technological advancements. The importance of urban planning movements on the future lies in their ability to guide the development of cities in ways that are sustainable, resilient, and inclusive. As urban areas continue to grow and evolve, the principles and ideas from these movements will be critical in addressing the challenges of the 21st century and beyond, ensuring that cities remain vibrant, livable, and capable of supporting the needs of their inhabitants.  35 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!