G-9 Diamond Unit One: The Discipline of History and Human Evolution PDF

**UNIT ONE** **The discipline of history and human evolution** 1. **Meaning of History and Pre-history** **\*History is the systematic study of recorded human past.** **\*Pre-history is the study of distant past** **\*Archaeology is the study of fossils** **\*Fossils are remain of human, anim...

**UNIT ONE** **The discipline of history and human evolution** 1. **Meaning of History and Pre-history** **\*History is the systematic study of recorded human past.** **\*Pre-history is the study of distant past** **\*Archaeology is the study of fossils** **\*Fossils are remain of human, animal and plants** **1.2.1 The importance of history** **©to know the past,understand the present and to forcast the future.** **©tounderstand national and international issues and nationalism.** **©to develop research skill and critical skill.** **1.2.2 Historiography and historical interpretation** **Historiography is the study of how knowledge of the past is attained and transmitted.** **the oldest written record come from China i.e. 1000 BC** **-Herodotus(c.484-425) was the father of history.** **-Thucydides wrote critically and accurately.** **-Leopold von ranke (1795-1886) father of modern historiography.** **\*Ethiopia had an indigenous tradition of history writing called chronicles.** **Historical interpretation** **\*is the process by which we describe,analyse,evluate,and create an explanation of past events.** **\# historians are expected to avoid bias.** **Sources of History** 1. **Primary Sources** 2. **Secondary sources** **-Primary sources are more reliable than secondary sources.** **General Sources of Ethiopian history** **-[primary sources]:-fossils, inscription, code of law, ruins, chronicles and letter** **-they were written in Sabean, Ge'ez, Amharic, Arabic and Greek.** **-Oral traditions are information transmitted by word of mouth.** **[Dating in History]** **[Dating is figures or numerical statements that express the time of historical events or process]** **[It determine the exact time when events occurred ]** **[Example battle of Adwa took place on march 1,1896]** **[Ethiopia Renaissance dam on April 2,2011]** **\*Unit measurement of time** **-Decade-10 year** **-Century-100 year** **-Millenium-1000 year** **\*sequence of event in time is called chronology** **The two widely used calanders are:-** **1. [Gregorian Calendar]** **-counts the time before and after the birth of Jesus Christ** **-BC-Before Christ** **-AD-Anno Domini** **2. [Islamic Calendar]** **-counts the time before and after Hejira** **-BH-Before Hejira** **-AH-After Hejira** **\*Hejira was the flight of Prophet Mohammed from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD.** **-BP-includes both BC & AD and BH & AH Steps in Writing History** **-select the topic** **-gather different sources** **-interpret the source** **-write true history** **The Evolution of Human Beings** 1. **Creationist View** **-human beings were created by God** **2. Scientific View** **-Human being were evolved from lower being through slow and gradual process naturally** **-this theory was described by English Charles Drawin /1809-1882/** **[Hominids]** **-were the ancestor of human beings** **-appeared 25-40 million years ago** **-One group of hominids are called australopithecine** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | +------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+ | | | | **Australo | **Age** | **Years | **Place | | | | | pithecine* | | of** | of** | | | | | * | | | | | | | | | | **Discover | **Discover | | | | | | | y** | y** | | | +------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+ | | | **1** | **Sahelan | **6-7 M** | **2001** | **North | | | | | Tchadnsis* | | | Chad** | | | | | * | | | | | | +------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+ | | | **2** | **Ramidus* | **4.7 M** | **1994** | **Afar** | | | | | * | | | | | | +------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+ | | | **3** | **Afarensi | **3.18 M** | **1974** | **Afar(Had | | | | | s(Lucy)** | | | ar)** | | | +------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+ | | | **4** | **Africanu | **2.5 M** | **1924** | **Taung(RS | | | | | s** | | | A)** | | | +------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+ | | | | **Genus Homo** | | | | **1. Homo Habiles** | | | | **-Handy human being** | | | | **-appeared 2 million years ago** | | | | **-found in --Olduvai Gorge-Tanzania** | | | | **-Lake Lurkana-Kenya** | | | | **-Omo Valley- Ethiopia** | | | | **2. Homo Erectus** | | | | **-up right human being** | | | | **-1 million years ago** | | | | **-Found in- Omo Basin** | | | | **- Melka --Kunture** | | | | **- Konso-Gadual** | | | | **- Middle-Awash** | | | | **- Java-Indonesia** | | | | **- Peking-China** | | | | **3. Homo sapiens** | | | | **-wise human being** | | | | **-100,000 years ago** | | | | **-found in- Awash Valley** | | | | **- Omo Valley** | | | | **- Dire Dawa** | | | | - **Modern human being** | | | | **-appeared 40,000 years ago** | | | | **-Had - large brain** | | | | **-bipedal** | | | | **- small jaw** | | | | **- use language and culture** | | | | **-The East African Rift valley seems to have been the home of human | | evolution.** | | | | **-Hominids moved to Africa Asia Europe America** | | | | **[The Neolithic Revolution]** | | | | **-the life of human being passed through two periods** | | | | **1. period of hunting and gathering and** | | | | **2. period of civilization** | | | | **-in the 2^nd^ period people begun** | | | | **- farming** | | | | **-permanent settlement** | | | | **-division of labor** | | | | **-urbanization** | | | | **[Stone Age]** | | | | **-this period lies between the period of hunting and gathering and | | civilization.** | | | | **1. Neolithic Age** | | | | **-until 9000BC** | | | | **-People used -language** | | | | **- crude stone tool** | | | | **-discovered fire** | | | | **-lived in cave** | | | | **2. Mesolithic Age /9000BC-8000BC/** | | | | **-nothing indeed** | | | | **3. Neolithic Age /8000BC-4000BC/** | | | | **-beginning of domestication of plant and animal** | | | | **-people built -stone house** | | | | **-religious house** | | | | **-granaries** | | | | **\*6000 years ago domestication of plants begun in Ethiopia in Axum | | and Lalibela** | | | | **Ex. teff, dagussa, nug and enset** | | | | **\*archaeological sites outside Ethiopia** | | | | **-Palestine, Mesepotamia, Egypt, China India and America** | | | | **Emergence of States** | | | | **-Before state emerged, human beings exist in some form of | | organization** | | | | **-But state differ from these states in that it had** | | | | **\*definite territory** | | | | **\*large group of people** | | | | **\*chief /government/** | | | | **\*military force** | | | | **-One of the theories about the emergence of state is related with | | the concept of religion.** | | | | **-As religion developed priests appeared** | | | | **-The role of priests** | | | | **\*priests play spiritual and administrative role** | | | | **\*performing fertility prayer** | | | | **\*healing sick people** | | | | **\*supervised the construction of canals** | | | | **\* predicted the rise and fall of water levels** | | | | **\*devised calendars** | | | | **\*collected tribute in the name of temple** | | | | **-As early society divided economically in to higher and lower | | classes, priests occupied key position.** | | | | **-States ruled by priests were known as Theocratic States** | | | | **-However, with the emergence of markets village chiefs replaced | | priests.** | | | | **-these chiefs had the power of collecting tribute and keeping the | | security of the villages and markets around them.** | | | | **-Hence, the factors for the emergence of state were** | | | | - **religion** | | | | - **agriculture** | | | | - **trade** | | | | - **division of labour** | | | | **Early States in Ethiopia and the Horn** | | | | 1. **Punt:-emerged in the 3^rd^ millennium BC** | | | | **-the exact location is not clearly known** | | | | **-but scholars suggest as it was founded South Egypt** | | | | **-or today of Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia** | | | | **2. D'amat:-emerged in the 5^th^ century BC** | | | | **-founded South of Axum** | | | | **-rulers used South Arabian religious and political title known as | | *Mukarib*** | | | | **-they also used Adulis as port** | | | | **Peoples and Languages of Ethiopia and Africa** | | | | **UNIT TWO** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Ancient and Classical World Civilization** **III. Europe** **1. Greece** **-Founded in 1250BC** **-Greek city states were known as Polis** **-Famous city states-Athens and Sparta** **-The Greeks called for themselves-Hellen and their land as Hellas** **-They made great deeds in Philosophy, Architecture, Drama, Democracy, Psychology and Olympic Marathon.** **2. Rome** **-Founded in 753BC** **-By Latin people** **-The Latin Language was the basis of Italy, French and Spanish and a little English.** **-Up to 509BC, Rome was ruled by series of kings** **-But in this period it becomes a Republic** **-The gov't was headed by two organs Senate & Consul.** **-The Senate served for life and the Consul served for a year.** **-In 27BC, Rome becomes an Empire and it fell down in 476AD.** **The Rise and Spread of Christianity** **-Christianity was begun in Palestine in the 1^st^ century AD.** **-It was based on the teaching of Jesus Christ** **-At first Christianity was seen as a threat for development and unity as well as a religion of the Jewish people by the Roman Emperors.** **-This was because of the belief that the Roman Emperors were seen as a Lord and now Jesus Christ began to be seen as Lord.** **-As a result for about 300 years, the Christians were persecuted.** **-The persecution was very sever during the reign of two Roman Emperors Nero (54-68AD) & Diocletian (245-313AD)** **-Many people were attracted by the ideas of "Equality of Men before God"** **-In the 4^th^ century, Emperor Constantine ordered religious toleration in what was called "Edict of Milan"** **-In 392AD, Emperor Theodosius (374-395) proclaimed Christianity as official state religion.** **-During the Middle Age Christianity replaced Roman Empire as a unifying force in Western Europe.** **-Also, the Catholic Church under took many unreligious functions beyond the weak feudal governments.** **-During the early Christian era Rome and Constantinople compete for religious domination.** **-They had conflicting views on church language and rituals.** **-In 1054, the church split in to two** **.Roman Catholic Church-Rome** **.Greek Orthodox Church-Constantinople** **-In 1517, a movement called Reformation was begun and the Western Christianity was divided in to Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism.** **The Axumite State** **-Pre-Axumite States: - Punt, D'amat, Yeha, Coloe, Matara, Hawalti, Malazo, Adi-Saglaman etc.** **-The exact date when Axum was emerged as a state is not clearly known.** **-But, according to the document known as "Periplus of Erythrean Sea" which was written by unanimous Greek merchant, Axum was founded between the 1^st^ Century BC & the 1^st^ Century AD.** **-King Zoskalas was the King of Axum who could communicate with Greek.** **-The Axumite economy was based on agriculture and trade.** **-The Axumite kings issued coins which bear their image.** **-Axum earned high income from the internal & external trade** **-With this income, they built magnificent stelae, palace and church which are the sign of advanced technology of Axum.** **-Axum had strong army and used** **-to protect the trade route from rival** **-to expand their territory** **-Axumite territorial limit was up to** **-North-North tip of Eritrea** **-South-North Shewa** **-East-Red Sea** **-West-Abay River** **-A book entitled "*The Christian Topography*" written by Greek traveler called Cosmos Indicoplustus stated that the Axumite merchants visited Abay River to buy gold for the ruling class.** **-Axum was exposed to the Greeco-Roman World.** **-In the 4^th^ Century AD, Christianity was introduced during the reign of Ezana by Abuna Selama/Fremnatos/** **-Following this Nine Saints come to Axum.** **.to preach the society** **.Built churches & Monasteries** **.translate the Bible in to Ge'ez** **-The introduction of Christianity in to Axum brought a long lasting relationship with Egypt.** **Factors for the Decline of Axum** **-The Arab competition in the Red Sea Trade** **-The rise of Islam in the 7^th^ century** **-The rebellion of Agaw and Bejja people** **The Legacy of Axum** **-Unlike the pre-Axumite states, Axumite state was revived.** **-This can be attested from the ruins of** **. Temple. Iron tools. Coins. Tombs** **Oblisk. Pottery. Ornament. Bricks** **-Ship building was famous in Axum.** **-Inscriptions in Ge'ez, Sabean & Greek.** **The Rise and Expansion of Islam** **-Islam rose in the 7^th^ century AD by Arab.** **-Titular head of the Arabs was called Shiekh** **-Early Arabs were Polytheists** **-The founder of Islam was Prophet Mohammed.** **-He was born in 570 AD in Mecca from the Quarysh.** **-He was married to a widow woman called Khedija.** **-In 610, he began to preach Islam at the age of 40.** **-Islam means "surrender or submission to the will of Allah"** **-Arabic name of God is Allah.** **-According to Islam Prophet Mohammed is the messenger.** **-All Muslim belong to community called Umma.** **-Islamic holy book-Quran** **-Mohammed attacked the Idolatry.** **-But, he faced an opposition from the Quarysh. Why** **-In 622, he emigrated from Mecca to Yatrib/Medina: means city of prophet/.** **-This flight is called Hejira which is designed as the beginning of Islamic calander.** **-At Medina he got acceptance and later returned to Mecca to destroy the Idols but retained the black stone called Ka'aba.** **-Mohammed died in 632 and succeeded by four Caliphs.** **.Abu Bakr (632-634)** **.Umar (634-644)** **.Othman (644-656)** **.Ali (656-661)** **-Islamic Holy War -- Jihad** **-With in 100 year after the death of Mohammed; Islam expanded to** **.636-Byzantine and Syria** **.642-Egypt** **.650-Persia** **.8^th^ c to North Africa (Berber) and Spain** **-But, they were defeated in 732 AD in France at the Battle of Tour.** **[The CHCK (Central Highland Christian Kingdom) Under Yekuno Amlak]** **-the legend of Queen Sheba and King Solomon was not a major for the success of Yekuno Amlak.** **-he had strong military force.** **-this helped him to control the trade route of Zeila.** **-the church-state relationship reached its peak.** **-large scale territorial expansion was the key development of this period.** **-in order to effectively administer this vast territory, the CHCK has consolidated a feudal administration known as "Gult System"** **\*Gult Right- a right given for officials to collect tribute** **\*Bale Gult-Officials who has this right** **\*Rest-claim to the hereditary ownership of land** **-birth right to land** **\*Peasants-paid tribute in kind** **-work as corvee labour** **-In return the Bale Gult maintain law and order** **-Gult right was not hereditary** **-During this period, the CHCK had no permanent capital like Axum and Lalibela** **-they ruled from mobile capital for centuries** **-** **Examples Hayq, Tegulet, Yerer, Menz, Bulga, Ziquala etc** **-why they rule from mobile mobile capital?** **1. to check rebellion** **2. to control security** **3. to get daily food and fire woods** **-during this period the CHCK's relation was expanded to** **\*Egypt \*Persia \*Vatican** **\*Syria \*Italy \* and mainly to Spain & Portugal** **[Peoples and States in the Ethiopian Region and Horn of Africa up to 1529]** I. **[The Muslim Sultanates ]** A. **Dahlak** **-emerged in the beginning of 10^th^ century** **B. Shewa** **-emerged in 896 and was the earliest of all** **-the founder was claimed a descent to Makhzumite clan of South Arabia. Hence, has Makhzumite Dynasty.** **-founded left of Awash River** **-declined due to internal power struggle and destroyed by Ifat in 1285.** **C. Ifat** **-founded south of Shewa by Umar Walasma** **-Hence, has Walasma dynasty** **-controlled Zeila trade route** **-become strong rival of the CHCK** **-1270, the CHCK regain and controlled Zeila** **-so, the need to control Zeila was the main source of conflict between Ifat and CHCK.** **-lastly, CHCK under Made Tsion (r.1314-1344) defeated Ifat in 1332.** **D. Fatagar** **-founded south of Bulga around Shenkora** **E. Dawro** **-founded between Middle Awash River and Upper Wabi Shebelle.** **F. Bali** **-founded south of Wabi Shebelle** **G. Dara** **-founded between Bali and Dawro** **H. Arbabini** **-founded Dawro and Hadya (Near Arsi)** **I. Hadya** **-founded west of Dawro and Bali** **\*the economy of these Muslim Sultanates was based agriculture and trade.** **-more or less, they had similar administrative system with the CHCK.** **-rulers exercised both religious and political power.** **-1332 Made Tsion defeated all of the above sultanates and turned them in to tributary states.** **-however, beginning from the late 14^th^ century Muslim resistance to CHCK become strong** **-this was created with the emergence of Adal Sultanate.** **-ADAL- established on Harar plateau by Walasma ruling family.** **-it was headed by Ahmed Gragn** **-Christian kings married Muslim princes to win the loyality of Muslim** **-Example Zara Ya'eqob married a Hadya prince.** **[II. Southern States]** A. **Damot** **-earliest of Axum** **-its famous ruler Motalami** **-he was converted in to Christianity by Abuna Tekle Haymanot** **-Made Tsion annexed it in 1316** **B. Bizamo** **-information about Bizamo is scant** **C. Enarya** **-founded north of Gojeb River** **-built several churches** **D. Kaffa** **-founded south of Enarya** **-emerged at the end of 14^th^ century** **-it was not mentioned in any Christian document. Why?** **-Because, it was independent from CHCK.** **E. Walayta** **-has Walayta Malla dynasty** **-its first king was Motalami** **-pay tribute to king Yeshaq (r.1413-1430)** **[III. Central States]** A. **Kamabata** **-we have little information about this state** **B. Gurage** **-founded west of Lake Zeway and Dawaro** **-rulers used the title of Azmach, Abegaz and Nigus** **C. Agaw** **-founded south of Lake Tana** **-Though Amde Tsion incorporate it, local rulers maintain the title of "King of Gojjam"** **-Christianity was introduced since the conquest** **\*the economy of the southern and central states was based on agriculture and trade** **-among the trade items were-slaves, ivory, civet cat etc** **-slaves were demanded in Arabia, Persia, and India** **-the Muslims were the main conductor of slave trade** **-slaves were collected as captive of war** **[IV. Unorganized States]** A. **Peoples found along the Red Sea Coast and South East Ethiopia** **-led pastoral way of life** **-spoke Cushitic language** **Example- Afar & Somali** **B. Peoples found along the Ethio-Kenya border** **-led pastoral way of life** **- spoke Cushitic language** **-Example- Oromo** **C. Peoples found along the Ethio-Sudan border** **-were hunter and gatherer** **-spoke Nilo-Saharan language** **-Example- Benishangul Gumuz, Gambella, Kunama** **[The Dominance of the CHCK over the Ethiopian Region and the Horn of Africa]** **-between 1270-1529, the CHCK conquered many places** **-this was done particularly during the period of *Amde Tsion*** **-the church also played a great role in promoting Christianity** **-but, only Shewa and Gojjam were deeply Christianized** **-especially the Walasma rulers did not accept the Christian domination** **-beginning from the last quarter of 14^th^ century the center of resistance was shifted from Ifat to Harar** **-this was led by Haqadin II & Sa'adadin** **-they used guerrilla warfare** **-Adal coordinated the whole Muslim against the CHCK** **-King Dawit (1380-1412) made unsuccessful campaign against these Muslim States.** **-His successor King Yeshaq (1413-1430) lost his life while fighting** **-Zara Ya'eqob (1434-1468) defeated and killed Adal ruler Sultan Ahmed Badlay in 1445** **-During this period the CHCK took the upper hand** **-CHCK dominance continued up to Emperor Libne Dingil (1508-1540)** **-Libne Dingil was defeated by Ahmed Ibn-Ibrahim Aligaz (Ahmed Gragn) in 1529 at the Battle of Shimbra Kure** **-By then the balance of power was shifted in favour of the Muslim States.** **[UNIT FOUR]** **Medieval Europe and Development of Capitalism** **4.1 Medieval Europe** **-also called Middle Age** **-covers from 500-1500 AD** **\*500-was the fall of Western Roman Empire** **-the rise of Feudalism** **\*1500-the rise of Capitalism** **[The Dark Age]** **-Covers from 500-1000 AD. Why dark?** **-Because, civilization in Western Europe declined.** **-Western Roman Empire was destroyed by** **1. Internal factor** **-internal division and decay** **2. External factor** **-invasion of the Anglo-Saxons and Franks from the Germanic tribes & the Huns and Magyars from the Asiatic tribes** **\*The Invasion Brought** **\#Negative Changes** **-Greco-Roman civilization declined** **-societies become rural** **-decline in population and wealth of cities** **-emergence of feudalism** **\#Positive changes** **-church men kept old record and learning** **-churches, castles and palaces were built** **-chivalry was practiced by knights** **\*Two large empires were created** **1. Carolingian Empire (481-882)** **-centered on France** **2. Holy Roman Empire (962-1806)** **-centered on Germany and Italy** **-founded by German Emperor Otto the Great (912-973)** **\*During the Dark Age the only unifying institution in Western Europe was Roman Catholic Church** **-the church had authority over the rulers and commons** **-West Europe was invaded by Arab from North Africa in the direction of Spain in 711.** **-In Spain the Arab established Omayyad Caliphate of Cordova.** **-But, the Arab were defeated at the Battle of Tours in 732 by the Carolingian Empire** **[Feudal Society]** **-Feudalism was the political, economic, and social system of Western Europe from 500-1500 AD** **\*Social classes** **1. Ruling class-kings, nobles, knights and higher clergy** **-they owned the land** **-the relationship between higher and lower lords was called Vassalage** **\*feud-land** **\*knight-soldier** **\*manor-village** **\*serf-peasant** **-real power was exercised by the lowest lords called *[Manorial Lords]*** **2. Masses-peasant, craft men, trader** **\*the serfs-rented a land** **-pay tribute** **-gave free labor services** **-couldn't leave the land** **[Manorial System]** **-basis of life for the Western feudal society** **-West European feudal system was oppressive** **-the Roman Catholic Church also owned lands** **[The Byzantine Empire]** **-also called Eastern Roman Empire** **-its capital was Constantinople since 330** **-after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Eastern Roman Empire continued to exist for another 1000 years** **-the name Byzantine come from Byzantium (old name of Constantinople)** **-Byzantine Orthodox Church was separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1054** **\*Byzantine was** **-Greco-Roman and Christian in character** **-use Greek language** **-good at architecture [EX. Church of St. Sophia]** **-headed by emperor** **-plots and murder of emperors were common** **-its economy was based-agriculture, craft & trade** **-since 1071, the Byzantine was attacked by Normans and Seljuk Turks.** **-Byzantine asked Western Europe for military assistance** **-the help come in the form of Crusades** **[Crusade]** **-was the war of Christian Europe against Muslim Seljuk Turks who occupied the Christian holy lands.** **-begun in 1096 and lasted for 200 years** **-of the seven wars, the 1^st^ and 3^rd^ were most important** **[Consequences of the Crusades]** **-saved Byzantine from the hand of the Muslim up to 1453** **-introduced new crops like sugar, rice and apricot** **-encourage commerce** **-weaken the nobility** **-strengthen the Catholic Church** ***[European States and the Ottoman Turkish Empire]*** **-the Seljuk Turks come to power in Asia Minor, Palestine and Arabia before the Ottomans** **-they were nomadic people** **-come from the desert of Turkistan** **-they control-Persia in 1040** **-Asia Minor and Syria in 1071** **-the Ottomans were another Muslim rose at the end of 13^th^ century** **-they were named after their chief known as Osman or Othman** **-they centered on Turkey** **-1453, an Ottoman army of 150,000 troops led by Mohammad II captured Constantinople.** **-they Turks renamed the city *[Istanbul]*** **-Sulieman I (the magnificent) ruled Ottoman Empire from 1520-1566** **-Europeans defended Vienna the capital of Austria in 1529** **-1571, the Europeans defeated the Turkish at the *[Battle of Lepanto]* near Greece.** **-Ottoman soldiers were called Janissaries** **-they controlled the trade route from Europe to Asia** **[Development of Early Capitalism]** **-transitional period from medieval to modern period** **-took place in Western Europe** **-covers the period from 1500-1700** **1. [New Developments]** **1. Exploration and Discoveries** **-during the Middle Age the Geographical knowledge of Europeans was limited to** **-Europe** **-North Africa** **-West Asia** **-But in the 15^th^ C, they discovered new regions in** **-Africa** **-Far East** **-America** **-the factors for the beginning of exploration and discoveries was European:-** **-interest in long distance trade** **-taste for luxury goods of the Far East** **\*Since the old route to Far East was blocked by Ottoman Turks, Europeans looked for new sea route** **-they were also interested in geographical knowledge** **-new inventions like --compass** **-better ships** **-maps** **\*all these made the voyages possible** **-Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal and Queen Isabella of Spain supported the explorers** **-in the 15^th^ & 16^th^ C, Spain and Portugal were leaders of the exploration** **-Portuguese, Vasco Dagama discovered the new sea route to India in 1498.** **-Italian explorer Christopher Colombus discovered America in 1492. But, he was died without knowing that he had found new lands.** **-this new land comes to be known as America from the Italian map maker Amerigo Vespucci** **-the new land also known as "New World"** **-Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the world between 1519 and 1522. But he has died in the Philippines before he finished the journey.** **1. Spain and Portugal lead in building colonies in the 15^th^ and 16^th^ C** **2. British, France and Holland followed in the 17^th^ C** **3. British and France in the 18^th^ C** **-Spain and Portugal destroyed the old American Indian Empire in America in the 16^th^ C.** **-Spain took Mexico and Peru** **-Portugal took Brazil and other territories in Asia** **-Holland -1623 trading colony of Amsterdam Manhattan Island in North East America.** **-British took the colony from Holland and renamed it New York and established totally 13 colonies** **-France established colonies along the Lawrence River, Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi river.** **-Britain and France fought "Seven Years War" (1756-1763) due to colonial rivalries.** **-1637, Russia occupied Alaska** **-But later sold to USA for \$7,200, 000 in 1867** **-USA found gold and recently oil in Alaska** **[2. The Long Distance Trade]** **\*One result of the Crusade was** **-revival of economic life in West Europe** **-Italians hired their vessels to the Crusaders succeed to control trade in Eastern Mediterranean Coast.** **-Merchants brought silk and spice from China and India to Europe.** **[3. The Beginning of Early Capitalist Relations ]** **\*elements of early capitalism** **-long distance trade** **-urbanization** **-Genoa, Florence, Venice, Milan, Barcelona, Paris and London were center of long distance trade** **-Bank of St. George in Genoa and Municipal Bank of Barcelona were founded in the 15^th^ C** **-workshops worked by hand produced textile and metal** **-society was divided in to social classes** **A. Bourgeoisie** **-factory owner** **-merchant** **-manufacturers employed wage laborers** **-urban population had increased** **-Paris, Florence, Genoa had the population of 100,000** **-the used of money, manufacturing and banking transformed the old feudalism in to new capitalism** **[4. The Renaissance]** **-intellectual movement** **-Rebirth of learning lasted from 14^th^ -17^th^ C** **-begun in Italy and expanded the whole Europe** **-had the following characters** **\*study of ancient Greece and Rome Empire** **\*support freedom of thought** **\*use of reason and questioning of mind** **\*use of vernacular like Italian or English rather than Latin in writing**