Cultural Globalization Handout PDF

CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION (Part I) INSTRUCTOR: MS. MINAMI O. IWAYAMA, MA CONTEMPORARY WORLD CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION Refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. Creation and expan...

CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION (Part I) INSTRUCTOR: MS. MINAMI O. IWAYAMA, MA CONTEMPORARY WORLD CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION Refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. Creation and expansion of such social relations is not merely observed on a material level. Cultural globalization involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities. It brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures. Pride March around the World Asian Kids around the World MCDO customers around the World  PHASES OF CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION PRE-MODERN PHASE Early human migration (facilitation of trade and creation of social networks amongst other nations). Emergence of world religions. Development of trans-regional trade networks (long-distance trade, many centered in China and India. Early forms of globalization, especially with the Silk Road). The Silk Road did not only promote commodity exchange but also cultural. For example, Buddhism as one of the religions of the Kushan kingdom reached China. Together with merchant caravans Buddhist monks went from India to Central Asia and China, preaching the new religion. Trade relations in the Silk Road resulted in further expansion of Islam to the Indian Subcontinent, China, or in the more distant South-eastern islands of modern Indonesia or Philippines. It is believed that Islam first arrived in these South-eastern regions by the 7th century. Muslim merchants from the Arabian Peninsula had to pass through these islands of the south via the maritime Silk Roads to reach China's ports. PHASES OF CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION MODERN PHASE European imperialism (and spread of Christianity) Industrialization (demand for raw materials to supply industries. Science grew immensely with electronic shipping, railways, and new forms of communication, such as cable technology) Emerging international economy International migration Development of freedom movements Rise of Nation-States  This is the 2nd painting of San Cristobal, also inside our church. It is also painted by Jose Luciano Dans. This work was painted on 12 planks of wood joined together to form a single panel. According to sources, and if you look closely, this St. Christopher painting is actually crossing Laguna de Bay. San Cristobal by Jose Luciano Dans in 1850  This painting was hidden behind the 2nd painting of San Cristobal. It has been reputed as the original painting. Some say that the church officials disliked the look of this painting, and so commissioned a second painting, which is now a European-looking San Cristobal. The paint is applied directly on the adobe walls of the church. San Cristobal by Jose Luciano Dans in 1850 The Spanish colonization of the Philippines influenced our culture not only with their religion, but also with their tastes (e.g. White skin = beautiful; Dark skin = ugly). The “thickening” of trade relations (as compared to the “thin” trade relations in the earlier times) paved way for the development of industrialization. Industrialization later on influenced the emergence of international economy, international (labor) migration, and further exchanges of ideas such as the idea of “freedom” which served as an impetus for the development of the different freedom movements (African-American Freedom movements, Women’s rights movements, and call for independence from colonizers), which made possible the rise of Nation-States. PHASES OF CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION CONTEMPORARY PHASE (1945-Present) Struggle after the cold war led to a slow but steady increase in cultural flows with the immigration of peoples, ideas, goods, symbols, and images. Represented global cultural interconnectedness, which eventually led to developments in transport and transport infrastructures such as jet airlines, construction of road and rail networks. Ideas are transmitted around the world through the Internet, popular culture media, and international travel. PHASES OF CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION CONTEMPORARY PHASE (1945-Present) Marshall McLuhan introduced the term “GLOBAL VILLAGE” in the 1960’s. The term “globalization” became popular in the 1980s.  GLOBAL VILLAGE “GLOBAL VILLAGE” describes the phenomenon of the entire world becoming more interconnected as the result of the propagation of media technologies throughout the world. – Since mass media began, it has called for the westernization of the world, hence the global village. Without the mass media in effect, other countries wouldn't be having the knowledge of what the acquisitions of the other nations of the world constitute. – Since most of the developing countries acquired the news and entertainment from developed nations like the U.S, the information received is biased in favor of developed nations which connects the world in similarities within the media.  CULTURAL IMPERIALISM Cultural imperialism comprises the cultural aspects of imperialism. Imperialism here refers to the creation and maintenance of unequal relationships between civilizations, favoring the more powerful civilization. EXAMPLE: Fast foods and beverage brands like McDonals, Coca-Cola and Starbucks. When we look at their commercials in different countries, we can all see that they bring “American Way of Living” to other nations and traditions.  CULTURAL HEGEMONY The domination or rule maintained through ideological or cultural means. It is usually achieved through social institutions, which allow those in power to strongly influence the values, norms, ideas, expectations, worldview, and behavior of the rest of society.  CULTURAL HEGEMONY This kind of power is distinct from rule by force, as in a military dictatorship, because it allows the ruling class to exercise authority using the "peaceful" means of ideology and culture.  OTHER EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON CULTURE Brought changes in: – Language – Clothing – The way we eat – The way we communicate Introduced new: – Products – Religion – Values and Traditions Perspectives of Culture  ETHNOCENTRISM - The idea that one’s own culture is the main standard by which other cultures may be measured. - An “Ethnocentric” is concerned with how similar others’ cultural practices, symbols, and beliefs are to their own. - Ethnocentrism often leads to pride, vanity, belief in one’s own group’s superiority, and contempt of outsiders. EXAMPLES: -Yaeba or multi-layered tooth may be absurd for Filipinos who spend thousands of Pesos for braces. -Filipinas injecting or using whitening products may be absurd for Americans who spend thousands of Dollars for tanning.  CULTURAL RELATIVISM -The idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another. -Cultural Relativism often leads to tolerance or understanding and acceptance. EXAMPLES: - Yaeba or multi-layered tooth is considered beautiful among the Yaeba or multi-layered tooth Japanese - The whiter/fairer the skin color, the more beautiful the woman is for Filipinos  READINGS: Body Ritual Among the Nacirema Desert Flower END OF PART I