FROM STEM TO STEAM: Toward a Human-Centered Education PDF

From STEM to STEAM: Toward a Human-Centered Education GuyA.Boy Florida Institute T ecbnology NASA Kennedy Space Center 150 West University Bouleva...

From STEM to STEAM: Toward a Human-Centered Education GuyA.Boy Florida Institute T ecbnology NASA Kennedy Space Center 150 West University Boulevard Mail Code IT -Cl Melbourne, Florida 32901, U.S.A Kennedy Space Center, Florida 32899, U.S.A gboy@fitedu [email protected] Ergoomics. J.4. [Social and Behavioral Sciences] ABSTRACT 111 Sociology- organization sciences. K.3. [Computers and The 20 century was based on local linear engineering of Education]. K.4. [Computers and Society]. complicated systems. We made cars, airplanes and chemical plants for example. The 21ot century has INTRODUCnON opened a new basis for holistic non-linear design of Our world has changed tremendously during the last complex systems, such as the Internet, air traffic twenty years. Nowadays, we cannot think without management and nanotechnologies. Complexity, referring to an external device. Our memory is no longer interconnectivity, interaction and communication are limited to our brain; it is now augmented outside by our major attributes of our evolving society. But, more computer devices that are themselves connected to the interestingly, we have started to understand that chaos "cloud". Wow! Whenever we need information, we use theories may be more important than reductionism, to our smart phone or tablet and get it immediately. What a better understand and thrive on our planet. Systems need fabulous improvement in our lives! Montaigne said: we to be investigated and tested as wholes, which requires a are better to have a "well-made rather than a well-filled cross-disciplinary approach and new conceptual head." It is interesting to note that this statement was principles and tools. Consequently, schools cannot addressed to a large audience, such as what we find continue to teach isolated disciplines based on simple today on the Internet. Does this statement oppose reductionism. Science; Technology, Engineering, and knowing and understanding. Indeed, knowledge is Mathematics (STEM) should be integrated together with useful, but only when adapting it to real -world situations. the Arts 1 to promote creativity together with We need to cultivate these adaptation cognitive rationalization, and move to STEAM (with an "A" for fimctions 2 that make knowledge vivid, useful and usable. Arts). This new concept emphasizes the possibility of Today, since knowledge is both inside and outside our longer-term socio-technical futures instead of short-term brains, it is time to rethink education and consider financial predictions that currently lead to uncontrolled intelligence as adaptation. There was a time when the economies. Human-centered design (HCD) can m~in goal of education was to prepare for societal life, to contribute to improving STEAM education technologies, bemg contributors within society. Consuming television systems and practices. HCD not only provides tools and has turned us into spectators rather than contributors. techniques to build useful and usable things, but also an Education of the twenty-fl.rst century should bring back integrated approach to learning by doing, expressing and this necessary capacity of knowing how, when and what critiquing, exploring possible futures, and understanding to do to perform the ideal fimction in a given situation complex systems. including communicating the right information to th; Keywords right person at the right time. This is the ultimate Education, Creativity, Complexity, STEM. STEAM, proof of intelligence. This is not new, Roger Shank Human-Centered Design, Cross-Disciplinary Approach, already formulated this in the early eighties in his work Orchestra Model. on what he called "dynamic memory" (Shank, 1983). This paper discusses understanding rather than knowing. ACM Classification Keywords Understanding is about utilizing skills and competence, H.l.2. (User/Machine Systems] Human Factors. H.5.2.d. and contextualizing deeper knowledge. It requires action [Information Interfaces and Representation (HCI)] to assimilate the right concepts, to put them in situation. This is why the notions of situation and context are so 1 important. Young people must actively participate in The polysemy of the term "Am" may induce IXlllfusion. I use it he~. to denote disciplines that are mostly characterized by cceallVIty such as graphical arts, music, dance, and 2 humanities in general. Am and Engineering are typically The IXlllcept of cognitive function is defined in the IXllltext of opposed, but it takes technical competence to be an artist human-computer interaction and automation as role, context and artistic skills to be a great technician. ' and resources (Boy, 1998). doing things, in order to assimilate and accommodate information technology. We will then review the role of information (Piaget, 1957). The adaptation cognitive technology, focusing on the connectivity issue. The fact processes that Piaget described are very useful. Piaget's that our world is more interconnected increases the theory is based on the concept of the schema, a cognitive emergence of new patterns, properties and socio- entity that can be used to solve a problem and act on the cognitive attractors, in the chaos theory sense (Thllllll, environment Assimilation is a process that uses an 1998). We are in this paradoxical situation where we live existing schema to deal with a new object or situation. in a global society supported by the Internet, complex Accommodation is the process of discovering a new transportation systems and a worldwide economy, but we object or situation that challenges an existing schema, also have a need for humanist re-localization of social which needs to be modified and sometimes drastically practices. We need to better understand what this means changed. Of course, Piaget concentrated his work on for education purposes. We also struggle to understand cognitive development and biological maturation; he did how best to teach and what information is best Is the not explore cultw-e and social influence on child traditional classroom setup valid anymore? Could development We then need to refer to Vygotsky' s work everyone learn from home? What is the role of society in (1978) on the role of social interaction in the education in our tremendously interconnected socio- development of cognition to better learn how cognition is technical world? We are all different, and this variability incrementally situated (or contextualized) toward needs to be addressed. We cannot and will not have a understanding. Today, quest for meaning is the key. We single model of learning where variations could be have more technology than we can afford to use or have considered as noise. Leaning models should be context- time to understand at depth. It is time to make sense of dependent Each of us should be able to build his or her this technology. What is it useful for? A good question is own model. but the foundation for those learning models for example: how can we use the Internet in schools? needs to be further identified. Learning by doing is not a new concept. This paper THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY AND AUTOMATION claims that situated knowledge is designed. A designer During the twentieth century, technology-centered creates and refines a new object in the same way the engineering enabled the development of systems such as artist returns to improve a painting or piece of music washing machines, cars, airplanes, nuclear power plants, after new experiences have enriched the artist's computers and the Web. These objects were made using perspective. Further an artist' s body of work evolves over the same model, from science to engineering to their lifetime. Their social environment influences them, customization, i.e., from means to purposes. These and in turn they influence this environment. Learning is objects improved our way of life and changed our a multi-agent activity. Today, our learning includes societal principles. We can no longer imagine today what we might call artificial agents, some new kinds of washing clothes in cold water outside during the winter; composite entities of people and systems. For example, something I experienced not so long ago. Automation writing this paper, I used my connection to the real has prevailed and this is a good thing. It eliminated lots world through the Internet; I watched movies, read of repetitive and tedious tasks, freeing people to do more journal articles, and even recent newspapers related to interesting things. Of course, it is not as simple as that. the topic of this paper in real time. It was like composing Automation also contributed to the obsolescence and a new object, constantly supported by a virtual creation of jobs. However, it enabled the creation of new community of people. The challenge is always to types of jobs and practices. It has transformed the way maintain good critical thinking, not to be lost in a non- we design and develop products. I will take two linear maze of hyper links, to keep focused on the points I examples, the automobile industry and 3D printing. wanted to make, selecting the right concepts, and so on. I imagined a student in the same situation, using this The manufactw-e of vehicles began in the early twentieth fantastic technology to make his or her mind up on century. Mechanical engineering, based on physics and something important This person is experiencing mathematics, was an emerging discipline. Engines and situated knowledge design. Of course, this kind of body structures of cars were the most important pieces of cognitive design process will only lead to successful work. Drivers were also mechanics. They needed to results if experienced people in related field(s) of understand how to repair things on their cars. It took: a expertise evaluate it. Experience is not knowledge. long time for the emergence of drivers with no Situated knowledge is that knowledge, which has been knowledge and understanding of car engine and body used long enough and effectively to mean something in mechanics. Today, we can drive a car without (almost) context. Experience is about meaning and action over any understanding of mechanics. This is because the car time. It provides the foundation for understanding and it has reached a reasonable level of mechanical maturity the grounding within which situated knowledge is that enables us to ignore it. Then, electronics and applied. computers invaded the car, to the point that it is now impossible to repair a car without sophisticated This paper also provides an analysis of the potential diagnostic software. Electrical engineering and computer influence of new technology in schools, mainly 2 science took the lead over mechanical engineering. This rock) from planet :Mars to planet Earth! This technology shift in disciplines has necessary consequences on could obviously improve the way geological practices education. could be done, but many other disciplines as well. Certainly 3D printing will also have repercussions on It is interesting to notice that driving has become a topic education content and practices. of interest in the information technology industry. The Google self-driving car, for example, was recently For any designed material (including our example of developed. One of the most important issues is software automobiles), once a computing model is developed and reliability. Today, drivers ensure redundancy when tested, pieces can be 3D-printed at the full scale, something goes wrong, when they are well trained and assembled and physically tested. Consequently, experienced. Computer science is now taking the technology enables us to be contributing instead of challenge. Simulation is a great resource to test safety, conswning (Stiegler & Arthur, 2012). This idea of efficiency and comfort. For that matter, human-centered shifting from knowledge consumption to socio-tecbnical design (HCD) is replacing technology-centered contribution is not only possible, but is also extremely engineering. People are now able to test technology in motivating for young people (Pink, 2011). We must simulation before anything is built. New kinds of begin using the technological tools of the 21.1 century methods are emerging such as storyboarding, now at the primary levels every day and in age- participatory design, scenario-based design, and appropriate and challenging ways to effectively prime formative usability evaluation. These expressive art students for increasingly complex use as they develop as forms existed before television, the digital age of students. They must use these tools to contribute to team animation and the technical age, as we currently know it and community projects that are meaningful and to be. Human and social sciences are now combined purposeful. with engineering techniques. HCD is about creativity, Therefore, technology can be used to empower people innovation and critical thinking. As Montaigne posited, instead of diminishing their physical and intellectual these assets should be cultivated early on. This is why capabilities. Automation contributes positively to societal schools need to address cross-disciplinary approaches advancement, and ~ need to make a distinction between and practices at a very young age. Technology enables us mature versus evolving technology, more specifically to address this challenge. Visualization of complex transient states that ~ have known during the twentieth shapes and processes are now possible. Technology century (see the discussion on maturity of technology and enables to combine abstractions and concrete visual maturity of practice in Boy, 2012a). During the twentieth representations of real world objects and phenomena. century, ~ were building the means and looking for Computer-aided design (CAD) made tremendous purpose. Now, we have identified purpose and must progress during the last three decades, to the point that integrate the means because it is currently we can model a full virtual airplane, simulate it and use technologically possible. it (in simulation) to test it Flight tests can be done before the airplane is built, isn' t that fabulous? Why? This is THE CONNECTlVITY ISSUE because we understood fluid mechanics in detail, We are infinitely more (technologically) connected than structural mechanics in detail, flight mechanics in detail, we have ever been. We are connected in space and time. and electronics in detail. We have developed accurate Both the Web and transportation systems have simulation pieces of software that can now be combined drastically modified the concept of distance. We can be to simulate the whole airplane. The design of the Falcon almost anywhere virtually in a few seconds, and 7X by Dassault is a great example of the virtual concept physically there in a matter of minutes or hours. We can revolution (Coze et al. , 2009). Of course, simulation does explore spaces that our ancestors could not even dream not negate real-world flight tests. In a similar way, the of reaching. This is due to automation. In a few minutes, Google self-driving car still must be tested in real road I can book a trip on the Internet and go. In a few seconds and street traffic conditions. using a computer application, I can interact live via video call with my daughter who lives in New Zealand, We are now beginning to understand why and how the which is more than 13,000 kilometers away from shift from mechanical engineering to information Florida, where I live. I can fly to France in a few hours. technology will modify the way we learn, work and live. All these connectivity possibilities have become cheaper 3D printing is another concrete example of this shift. because of automation. Compared to a century ago, many CAD and software-based simulation opened the way, 3D people today can choose how they want to live. printing now enables us to manufacture each piece of Automation has freed them from basic tasks (technology CAD-made equipment. Anyone can use a 3D printer. A as tools, e.g., washing clothes), and has enabled them to few months ago, I received data from the Mars Science do things that were not possible before (technology as Laboratory (the now famous NASA Curiosity rover) that prostheses, i.e., flying). displayed a pyramidal rock, and I had this peculiar idea to 3D print it It was like transmuting an object (the 3 Connectivity has increased the speed of our business. We Coonectivity enables the creation of ooline-delivered accomplished more things than before. However, education. The online format enables a democratic sometimes we also do things that are not necessary, dissemination of knowledge around the globe. We now mostly because technology is not mature enough. We can have the privilege of following a class at Harvard, MIT become slaves of technology, where instead technology or Stanford How do online and classroom instructioo should be our slave. To accomplish this, critical thinking differ? Online learners can be self-paced, learning the is required, and consequently every student should instructional material at a rate that is appropriate to their engage in and be adept at critical thinking. Awareness of ability. Online material can be reviewed as many times technology limitations and capabilities is crucial in this as needed In many cases, the instructor is available for constantly evolving socio-tecbnical world. In schools can assistance and dialogue. This is an excellent style of we explore new uses of commoo technologies as a group, learning for cognitive learners who prefer concrete, thus integrating human-centered design as a primary logical and sequential information! Further, online pwpose and not an artifact? What can we do? What is learning provides immediate feedback. Problems usually necessary that we do and not do? These are practical and arise in the manner of evaluation. It is easy and ethical questions that arise in our everyday life. Young profitable to use multiple choice questions (MCQ) elU1IDS people must be part of the discussion. For example, using canputer networks, and this is what is typically Skype, email and texting are very useful tools that enable done. MCQ test knowledge but not understanding, and us to connect wherever and whenever we want on this this is where the problem lies. From this issue arises the planet today. Should we use them to connect with most effective business model of online education. someone in the next room? I would like to think that this CWTently, organizations that produce online curriculum is a natural issue of maturity of practice that should be using the MCQ model generate money, but they are not resolved in the near futwe. More generally, we have an engaging students in critical thinking, holistic thinking, abundant set of technological resources, and we need to or the process of building relatiooal learning that learn how to use them. This is part of the challenge that develops long-term memory needed to solve problems or human-centered education has to address. be entrepreneurial. They enable well-filled heads, but not necessarily well-made heads. What does it mean to be connected? Why is social connectivity so important? In the old Southwestern THE COMPLEXITY ISSUE France countryside of my childhood, people were very There is a specific connectivity issue that also needs to be interconnected. They had neither telephone, nor addressed, the connection between education and television, nor the Internet, but they had a remarkable industry. For a long time, education and industry were network that could propagate meaningful information disconnected, and they are still not well connected in unbelievably fast. They were meeting outside on the many places of the world. Early American education was fields, and inside by the fireside in the evening. They predicated upon the notion that school was a place to were telling stories. Old people were transferring socialize groups of people to similar norms so that they knowledge to young ones, for example, where and when could perform well in an organized or industrialized they could forage for mushrooms. They were not work environment. Education was not about enrichment scholarly educated, but they were transferring all kinds of one' s mental abilities. of meaningful information. Where are we today with this sort of heritage? Connectivity has two important parts, Perhaps the term "industry" may no longer be access and meaning. We undoubtedly have the first part appropriate as it generally implies production. As with the Internet and social networks, but do we have the communication makes the world a more accessible place second part? Social networks are great connectors for all, it might make more sense to talk about and plan between people. for the creation and management of technology. Production will soon become an exclusively Most people develop online social networks with people technological process. For example, 3D printing will whom they have face-to-face interactions with. In fact, soon bring the manufacture of products to the home! The new research shows that the online interactions support concept of schools is also evolving. People can learn at and enhance the physical relationship - helping to home, at a park, when they travel and in almost any strengthen the bonds between people (Ellison, Steinfield location where they can be electronically connected. & Lampe, 2007; Watkins, 2009). However, when people Soon people will connect virtually to places around the do not know each other in the real life, interaction are world via a Holodeck-like immersive display experience. mostly cognitive and cannot address embodied Microsoft recently patented the first of such virtual life- interaction that face-to-face communication provides. like environments. Therefore, the notion of the When the power goes out and all the batteries are dead, classroom becomes almost obsolete. As already is there anything to remember? It takes more than discussed, evaluation and practice remain major issues. beautiful pictures or movies to Wlderstand something. It School-as-factory is evolving toward a complex concept takes a well-made head, in Montaigne's sense. This is a that may be unreliant on timetables and location. People crucial domain where education must focus today. 4 already learn all of the time and everywhere~ our brains appreciate complexity. Complexity is not the oppooite of are experiencing and learning at each moment When we simplici~ the opposite of simple is complicated. We are interested in a topic, we learn extremely well because manage to do simple things in our complex world every we are motivated. The education system that relies upon day, because we adapt to this world. Adaptation is a convenient timetables and locations goes against the crucial mechanism that everybody has, and needs to brains natural learning process. An educational system further develop. Success is not only a matter of unreliant on timetables and locatioo. will introduce individual adaptation, but also collective adaptation. complexity in terms of nodes and connectioo.s among Everybody brings his or her contribution. Youth lring these nodes, but at the level of people it could be very the excitement, bold ideas and energy, while seasoned simple and highly effective. It is the total oppooite of a folks bring the experience and specializatioo.. simple systemic concept of the school-as-factory, which Adaptation is crucial especially now in our constantly often leads to enormous challenges at the individual evolving socio-technical society. The non-linear systems level, which we are currently experiencing as society that are emerging promise to engage us in non-linearity changes and the education system fails to meet the needs and force us to address critical new concepts such as of the new society. bifurcation. singularity and chaos. We have, until now, The second half of the twentieth century was based on been protected by linear procedures and simplified reductionist local linear engineering of complicated input/output parameters organized on a user interface. It systems. Scientists and engineers learned to solve is time now to examine and understand these concepts problems by reducing the world into pieces, often by and gain appropriate awareness of the kinds of emerging linear approximations. Then they assembled these pieces properties that current systems are demonstrating and to make cars, airplanes and other complicated systems. future systems are expected to demonstrate. This Cartesian approach led to very successful results. But today, we are in a different world because now ORCHESTRATING AUTONOMY AND COMPETENCE everything is interconnected and we must think If education is expected to be more integrated into our holistically. The number of elements interacting in every working society, it is also crucial that educators are given system within our global non-linear wocld has increased greater autonomy to manage the complexity of this exponentially. It is more difficult to think locally because growing socio-technical network. We can talk about everything is intercoo.nected. Biologists would say that organizational learning (wherein organization learns) separability is at stake, i.e., we cannot sq>arate a specific and learning organizations (wherein the organization part without breaking the whole. This is why we need to teaches). I already advocated the fact that organizations emphasize the entire world and its systems in a more are moving from the Old Army model to an Orchestra- holistic manner. like framework, i.e., from pyramidal structure to networked functions (Boy, 2012a). This shift transforms Complexity science is becoming a critical need in linear tree-like connections into non-linear network-like education to enable us to holistically understand our connections. It does not remove leadership. Networks evolving socio-technical world. We learned linear need to be composed and orchestrated. Contributors, like algebra at school because it was needed in the musicians in the Orchestra framework, are more technology-centered engineering world of the twentieth autonomous than twentieth-century workers, like soldiers century. However, we now need to learn different in the Old Army model. But this autonomy requires new concepts such as singularities, attractors, bifurcations · constraints such as competence, motivation and team and catastrophes in addition to those traditional spirit. Autonomy also requires also coordination at the concepts. Understanding dynamic non-linear and chaotic composition stage and at the performance stage. systems requires the acquisition of this information. Underlying mathematics is very difficult and requires a The Finnish school system 3 is an example of flexibility in solid theoretical backgrmmd, but we can make it coordination and performance. The system is based on accessible to young people using information technology, centralized steering and local implementation. Education such as visualization and 3D printing. We now have the steering is managed through "legislation and norms, core means to make many abstractions more concrete, curricula, government planning and information visually and/or physically meaningful. steering." Towns are responsible for the provision of education and the implementation. Schools and teachers Further, instead of dividing disciplines, we need to have large autonomy. They are highly qualified and combine them. No longer can we be eitlu!r poet or committed. Being a teacher is very popular in Finland; engineer. We must be both. We must combine the most motivated and talented university students are humanities and technology, even if specialized selected. Schools are highly connected with the socio- knowledge is still necessary. Complexity is our economical world. In addition. learning focuses on constituency. Biology is complex; environment is complex; we are complex! Life is wonderfully dynamic and is always in flux. We need to understand and 3 http://www.oph.fi/english/educatioo 5 students' activity and interaction with teachers, other where our civilizations are evolving faster than before, students and the learning environment Learning due to information technology integration in our lives. environments are developed and work in a human- We then need to better understand where we are going centered way. Consequently, it is not surprising that and invent our future on Earth in the same way as we are Finland scores amoog the best countries in education. exploring how we would be able to live on the Moon or Mars. Since technology provides people with more autonomy, it is then important to develop more coordination among The Apollo program showed us how we could actors. This is precisely what the Finnish education deconstruct complexity, go to the Moon and come back system is about. It requires people and organizations that safely. It was a very successful cross-disciplinary are able to "compose" norms and core curricula, like a endeavor, one of a kind during the 20th century. It composer would do for a symphony. It also requires combined creativity and analysis. Apollo "composers, people and organizations that "conduct" the conductors and musicians" made "going to the Moon" a implementation locally, like a conductor in a theater. magnificent "symphony! " Creativity is about human People and organizations involved have to be competent needs, out of the box thinking, and breaking the in their roles, like musicians are in an orchestra. The standards; it is about purposes. Analysis is making these Orchestra framework was already proven to be useful for needs possible; it is about means. Today, we are almost analyzing socio-technical systems such as aerospace always constrained by standards, evaluation, regulations systems, and more generally life-critical systems (LCSs) and procedures. The precautionary principle seems to (Boy, 2009). LCSs are typically characterized by three prevail. However, systematic procedures lead to passive main attributes that are safety, efficiency and comfort. In behavior. How will we be able to build new things then? this paper, we extend the use of this framework to I strongly believe that we cannot live well if we are not educational systems. The Orchestra model will have to active contributors, if we are not creating. It is fim to be extended, modified and adapted. More generally, create! It is healthy to create! Creativity is a critical models are good conceptual tools to better understand element in the nurturing of curiosity and our love of life. how the world works. Modeling goes with understanding This is what young people need to learn and experience. and vice versa. This is why people should be familiarized Creativity should be the 'c ' in communication, or talk with modeling from a very young age. will be only empty words. This is why motivation declines. Humans thrive to participate in life, in some FROM STEM TO STEAM: THE ISSUE OF CREAllVITY way. It appears that in many countries worldwide, young The current state of risk aversion (especially prevalent in people are less interested in science and engineering many learning institutions) does not facilitate creativity. careers, i.e., what is now commonly called STEM. This This is why it is urgent to think in terms of excellence, seems to be a question of motivation. For example, business careers are more appealing because they appear motivation, leadership, risk taking and learning by to have a much better retwn on investment. doing. Of course, evaluation is crucial, but it does not have to be performed as formal linear exams where During the International Space University Space Studies students literally learn the day before and forget Program held on the Florida Space Coast during the everything the day after! We need to do away with summer of2012, we conducted a survey on "what Space multiple choice questions exams. Evaluation can be done can contribute to global STEM education" (Boy, 2012b). by making things and trying them through peer reviews The responses clearly identified that creativity cannot be and tests. A portfolio approach to evaluation can and has treated separately from STEM, and Arts should be an worked in many disciplines over time; it is also scalable integrating part of a novel approach called STEAM. This in many dimensions, linear and non linear. Research has study was conducted by 34 program participants and developed that way, and it works. Why don' t we do the supported by ten lecturers coming from the academia, entire education in a similar way? For example, we government, research and industry, experts in Space and already have contests such as robot competitions where Education. Seventeen countries ~e represented. Three robot makers are mutually challenged, such as the NASA categories of countries emerged. In the least developed Lunabotics competition. countries where economies start to evolve, mortality has to decrease and equality has to improve, STEM has yet CONCLUSION AND PERSPECllVES to mature. In developing countries, STEM can be seen as Human-centered design (HCD) is about cogruuve a tool to drive economic growth. In developed cmmtries, engineering, life-critical systems, advanced interaction we observe a lack of interest in STEM education to the media, modeling and simulation, organization design benefit of business disciplines. The findings of the study and management, complexity analysis and assessment, team determined that space contributions could nurture education because space sciences are about cognition, 4 innovation and risk taking. These are three attributes and http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/podcastinglnasaedge!NEOOO needs of our evolving societies. We are in a critical age 72112- 39- Lunab~cs- 2012.html 6 creativity and design thinking, functional analysis, and Johnson who provided insightful comments. Finally, this user experience (Boy, 2012a). HCD not only provides us paper was improved by Nicole Hoier' s remarks; thank with tools and techniques to build useful and usable you Nikki for your inspiring and creative spirit thillgs, it also provides an integrated approach to learning by doing, exploring possible futures, and REFERENCES understanding complex systems. Education systems are {1] Boy. G.A. (2012a). Orchestrating Human-Centered inherently complex organiz;dions that need to be further Design. Springer. U.K. ISBN 978-1-4471-4338-3. investigated and updated. {2] Boy, G.A. (2012b). What Space can contribute to The Orchestra framework is a thought-provoking Global Science, Technology, Engineering, and metaphor that enables us to describe the possible Mathematics (STEM) Education. 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