Forensic Unit 1 Test Review PDF

Forensic Unit 1 Test Important Topics to Review: Levels of Law Enforcement in Canada 1. Federal - RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police) - combined international, federal, provincial and municipal policing body - law enforcement and investigati...

Forensic Unit 1 Test Important Topics to Review: Levels of Law Enforcement in Canada 1. Federal - RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police) - combined international, federal, provincial and municipal policing body - law enforcement and investigative services in relation to federal statutes; - criminal intelligence,technology - support services for the broader police community; - international policing duties as required - contract policing service in eight provinces (except Ontario and Québec) and three territories - divided into 4 regions (Atlantic, Central, Northwest, Pacific), 15 Divisions (one for each province and territory, the Training Academy in Regina and the National Capital - Region) - headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario - CBSA (Canada Border Service Agency) - Facilitates the flow of legitimate travelers and trades - CFP (Canadian Firearm Program) - oversees firearms licenses and registration, maintains national firearm safety training standards, assists law enforcement agencies and aims to enhance public safety. Firearms in Canada continue to be regulated by the Firearms Act and Part III of the Criminal Code. - CSIS (Canadian Security Intelligence Service) - CSIS is at the forefront of Canada's national security system - Their role is to investigate activities suspected of constituting threats to the security of Canada and to report on these to the Government of Canada.  2. Provincial - RCMP provides contract policing service - in eight provinces and three territories, approx. 200 municipalities and 600 Aboriginal communities - Newfoundland has its own provincial police force, but the RCMP provides contract policing in many communities - The provinces of Ontario and Quebec have their own police forces: - The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) - Safety of Quebec: the administrative organization of the Sûreté du Québec 3. Municipal - Smaller Canadian cities often contract police service from the RCMP, while larger cities maintain their own force. Various Personality/Mental Disorders 1. NPD - NPD is a personality disorder characterized by an inflated sense of self importance, sense of entitlement, and arrogant attitude. - Those with NPD are driven by admiration, are incredibly envious, and crave power. - They are capable of empathy, however they generally view others through their benefit to themselves. - Causes are thought to be early trauma/anxiety, insecure parental attachment, vulnerability, or possibly standards set by others. 2. ODD - ODD is a persistent refusal to comply to rules - Failure to accept responsibility - Hostility to others (physical or verbal) - Easily annoyed, irritated, or angered - Deliberate testing of limits - Generally caused by chaotic family life, genetics, prenatal exposure to toxins, underdevelopment of the brain 3. Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally  - Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling. 4. Bipolar Disorder - Bipolar disorder causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). - It is widely believed to be the result of chemical imbalances in the brain - The chemicals responsible for controlling the brain's functions are called neurotransmitters, and include noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine. 5. Depression Disorder - Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest - Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems - You may have trouble doing normal day-to-day activities, and sometimes you may feel as if life isn't worth living. 6. ASPD - Personality disorder characterized by pervasive disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others. - Poor sense of conscience or morality - Impulsive and aggressive behavior - ASPD is considered a dramatic/erratic personality disorder - The causes of ASPD are unknown, however child abuse tends to increase likelihood along with parental addiction issues. Psychology vs Psychiatry - Both disciplines deal with human behavior Psychology Psychiatry - Psychologists are trained in - Psychiatrists are trained medical universities doctors - Psychologists primarily work - As physicians, psychiatrists can  through counseling and work with medical equipment interviews. and testing and prescribe medication M.O. (Modus Operandi) - Learned behavior - What the criminal does to commit the crime (shooting, stabbing, calming period) - It can change (more sophisticated, escalate, more sporadic/disorganized - Modus = Mode; Operandi = Operation → M.O. = Mode of Operation Macdonald Triad - Set of three factors that has been suggested if any combination of two or more are present together, to be predictive of, or associated with, a later violent tendencies, particularly with relation to serial offenses. - first proposed by psychiatrist J.M. Macdonald (in 1983 article) - Three Factors: - Enuresis (Bed-Wetting (excessive)) - Animal Cruelty - Fire-Setting Psychopathy vs Sociopathy Psychopathy Sociopathy - Genetic: Origin is likely to be - Environment: Origin is likely to innate and been researched to be be environment and upbringing 60% heritable (“born that way”) (i.e. early institutionalization) - Neuropsychiatric disorder - behaviour is antisocial, often marked by deficient emotional criminal, and who lacks a sense responses, lack of empathy, and of moral responsibility or social poor behavioural controls, conscience. commonly resulting in persistent - Make it clear they do not care for antisocial deviance and criminal others behaviour - Erratic behavior - Superficial charm and fake - Ex. Ted Bundy  “caring” behavior - Controlled behavior - Ex. Adolf Hitler Types of Crimes (matching question) - Violent Crime: crimes against other people - Property Crime: vandalism, theft - Public Order Crime: contrary to moral values - White Collar Crime: business related crimes - Organized Crime: illegal acts committed by illegal organization - Cyber Crime: identity theft, child pornography, hacking, etc 4 Major Theories of Victimization 1. The Precipitation Theory - Suggests that some people’s actions/choices initiate or cause a particular confrontation that may eventually lead to that person becoming victimized by injury or death. - Active Precipitation: - occurs when the victim willingly and knowingly puts themselves in risky situations, uses fighting words or threats, or simply attacks first. - Passive Precipitation: - occurs when the victim contains characteristics that unknowingly motivates (i.e. sexual assault) or threatens the attacker. 2. The Lifestyle Theory - Victims whose lifestyle increases criminal exposure are more likely to become victims of crime. - Examples: - Living in bigger cities - Out late at night - Alone in isolated locations - Low income - Drug/Alcohol abuse  - Participating in criminal activities (more = higher risk) - The theory holds that crime is not random but instead is a function of an individual’s chosen lifestyle 3. The Deviant Place Theory - Suggests that victims do not motivate crime but rather are prone to becoming victims simply because they live in social areas that are disorganized and contain high-crime rates. - As a result, they have a higher likelihood of coming into contact with criminals regardless of their lifestyle or behavior. - The more a person is in a high-crime area, the higher the risk they have of becoming victimized. - Such places tend to be densely populated and impoverished/low-income. - Statistical studies have shown that people with higher incomes have a lower risk of being victims of crime. 4. The Routine Activities Theory - This theory is closely link three variable interactions that present the typical ‘routine activities’ of the traditional Canadian/American lifestyle: - Available and suitable targets i.e. unlocked/faulty homes that contain salable goods. - The lack of proper guardians i.e. caregivers, police services, neighbors - The existence of emboldened offenders such as addicts, young men, those who are struggling financially. - The presence of such components increases the risk that a predatory crime will occur. Essentially, the victim is a practical target for the perp. What is profiling? What would be included on a profile? - Profiling involves the investigation of a crime with the hope of identifying the offender, based on crime scene forensics and analysis, investigative psychology and behavioral science. - Profiling process phases - Antecedent (plan? trigger?)  - Method and Manner (M.O.) - Body Disposal (crime scene?) - Post-offence Behavior (contact media? clues?) - The profile will generally include: - Height /weight/age range - Gender - Personality characteristics - Ethnic background - Possible career - Physical capabilities - Possible criminal experience - Possible connection to the victim - Criminal motive - Sexual orientation - Etc. Mob Violence (or Mass Hysteria) - In a group, an individual will do, say, or feel things that she/he would otherwise find unacceptable in other circumstances - These people are not usually acting out new emotions, but releasing existing feelings that are kept in check under normal circumstances - 2 factors must be present for a person to get caught up in mass hysteria: - Must be in a “suggestable state” (mental state, alcohol, drugs, and rhythmical sounds can help) - Must be exposed to a repeated “suggestion” (usually a slogan) - Not always negative: occurs in many religious rites, political rallies, and sports and entertainment events Characteristics of Criminals Social Class - Socioeconomic status - higher incidence of criminality was concentrated in deprived and deteriorating neighborhoods of large cities (levels of educational and  occupational attainment were generally lower than in the wider population) Racial Patterns - Most penal populations do contain a disproportionately higher number of persons from minority racial groups relative to their numbers in the general population - Other explanations have focused on the enforcement practices of the police, which can be influenced by racial discrimination and racial profiling. Gender - Crime is predominantly a male activity - In all criminal populations, whether of offenders passing through the courts or of those sentenced to institutions, men outnumber women by a high proportion, especially in more-serious offenses. Age - Crime also is predominantly a youthful activity. Although statistics vary between countries, involvement in minor property crime generally peaks between ages 15 and 21 - Participation in more-serious crimes peaks at a later age—from the late teenage years through the 20s—and criminality tends to decline steadily after the age of 30. NCR (‘Not Criminally Responsible’) - No person is criminally responsible for an act committed or an omission made while suffering from a mental disorder that rendered the person incapable of appreciating the nature and quality of the act or omission or of knowing that it was wrong 6 Criminal Personality Traits - Anti-Social Values - Criminal thinking; justifying their criminal actions - Individuals possessing this trait often blame others for their negative behavior - Criminal Peers  - Individuals with this trait often have peers that are associated with criminal activities (i.e. substance abuse) - Peer influence often persuades them engage in criminal behavior - Lack of pro-social community involvement - Antisocial Personality - Atypical behavior (before age of 15): running away, skipping school, fighting, possessing weapons, lying, stealing, and damage to animals/property - Low Self-Control - Involves ability to control temper and impulsivity - Fail to think before acting; do things they didn’t plan - Dysfunctional Family - Most common - Lack of family support - An individual’s family lacks the ability to problem solve and often is unable to communicate effectively - Family members often don’t possess the ability to express emotions in an appropriate manner - More often than not, they are also involved with criminal activity. - Substance Abuse - The use of drugs or alcohol that significantly affect one’s ability to engage in a successful and productive lifestyle - There is often an increased tolerance to substances, in addition to an inability to stop use. Ken and Barbie Killers Karla Homolka - Karla Leanne Teale and Leanne Bordelais - Born may 4 in Port Credit, Ontario - Lived in St. Catherines, Ontario - Worked part-time at a pet shop and then moved to work as an veterinary assistant - She stole drugs that were used in her crimes at her job at the Vet Clinic - Possible self-harming tendencies in high school - First sexual experience in high school  - “Dark” expressive traits - Relatively stable home life - Met Paul Barnardo at a Scarborough hotel restaurant on October 17, 1987, while they both attending a convention in Toronto (She was 17, he was 23) Paul Bernardo - Born into a wealthy but dysfunctional family - His father Kenneth was the son of a successful business family (His father was abusive to his wife and children, including Paul’s father Kenneth) - Also known as Paul Jason Teale - Instead of entering the family business, Kenneth Bernardo became an accountant - Like his father, Kenneth Bernardo was said to be abusive to his wife and children - Paul is not actually the son of Kenneth because his mother had an affair - In 1975, Kenneth Bernardo fondled a girl and was charged with child molestation; it was also suspected he sexually abused his own daughter - Paul’s mother became depressed over her husband’s abuse, withdrew from family life and lived in the basement of their Scarborough home - Following an argument between his parents when Bernardo was 16, his mother told him of his actual parentage. - Repulsed, he began to openly verbally abuse his mother. - Bernardo started attending the University of Toronto Scarborough Accounting Program (he was enrolled at the same time as Russell Williams FYI), he had developed dark sexual fantasies (having “sex slaves”), enjoyed humiliating women in public and beat up the women he dated (had restraining orders against him). The Scarborough Rapist: - Bernardo committed multiple sexual assaults, escalating in viciousness, in and around Scarborough (GTA). Most of the assaults were on young women whom he had stalked after they exited buses late in the evening. - Detectives have said they were the worst cases of violence they had ever seen in their entire careers. In some cases, the survivors would  start getting up to leave because they thought he was gone and the attack was over, he would suddenly appear out of nowhere and brutalize them again. Paul and Karla - They met in October 17, 1987 - Unlike the other girls he knew, she encouraged his sadistic sexual behavior - Karla’s family loved Paul - Eventually, Paul confessed to Karla that he was the Scarborough Rapist and she was okay with it Tammy Homolka - Paul had lost his job as an accountant, and instead was smuggling cigarettes across the nearby U.S.-Canadian border. - He had become obsessed with Tammy Homolka (Karla’s little sister), peeping into her window and entering her room to masturbate while she slept. Karla Homolka helped him by breaking the blinds in her sister's window to allow Bernardo access. - In July, Bernardo took Tammy across the border to get beer for a party. While there, Bernardo later told his fiancée, "they got drunk and began making out." - On July 24, 1990, Karla Homolka laced spaghetti sauce with crushed Valium she had stolen from her employer, Martindale Animal Clinic. - She served dinner to her sister, who soon lost consciousness. Bernardo (1st time) was beginning to rape Tammy while Karla watched. And she started to stir/wake up so they stopped and cleaned up. - Paul blamed Karla for this failed attempt. - Six months before their 1991 wedding, Karla Homolka stole the anesthetic agent Halothane from the clinic. - On December 23, 1990, Homolka and Bernardo administered sleeping pills to the 15-year-old in a rum-and-eggnog cocktail. After Tammy was unconscious, Homolka and Bernardo undressed her and Karla applied a Halothane-soaked cloth to her sister's nose and mouth. - Karla Homolka wanted to "give Tammy's virginity to Bernardo for Christmas" - With Tammy's parents sleeping upstairs, the pair filmed themselves as both Karla and Paul raped her in the basement. - Tammy began to vomit and suffocate. The pair tried to revive her, then called 911, but not before they hid evidence, dressed Tammy, and moved her into her basement bedroom. - They claimed she drank too much and choked on her own vomit. No blood tests were administered as it was ruled ‘accidental’. - One first responder noted the couple's odd behavior as they were vacuuming and doing laundry.