CE-103 Introduction to Civil Engineering PDF

CE – 103 Introduction to Civil Engineering Instructors: Prof Nagendra R Velaga Prof Albert Thomas and Prof M. K Gupta Note: In this ppt, figures/text are adopted from...

CE – 103 Introduction to Civil Engineering Instructors: Prof Nagendra R Velaga Prof Albert Thomas and Prof M. K Gupta Note: In this ppt, figures/text are adopted from various sources; this is only for class explanation purpose. Theory sessions: Course content What is Civil Engg; developments in Civil Engg. Major streams in Civil Engg Why Civil Engineers are important to nation Difference between Civil and other Engg specializations Is civil Engg interdisciplinary Soil and foundation Building planning Surveying in Civil Engg Transportation systems in Civilian life Construction materials and characteristics Structural Engg Water in Civilian life Construction and project management GIS in Civil engineering Infrastructure economics Sustainability, Advances in Civil Engg and Interdisciplinary research  Course content Practical sessions: Interactive session with Faculty Drawing a dream house Documentary on Civil Engg iconic infrastructure Interaction with domain experts (National/International) Guest lecture (Few more might be planned) Development of a bridge model Visit to campus construction (based on permissions) Demonstration of infrastructure failures Visit to Civil Engg Labs (Based on permissions) Project planning and control Hands on training on project planning Water in Civilian Life Introduction Water resource engineering is the field that is primarily responsible for water and tackles the planning, development, and management of water resources. It also covers the estimation of water resource in a region and the water inflow so that new infrastructure development can be done. Civil engineers play a vital role in the optimal planning, design and operation of water resource systems. Class Participation 24-09-2024 Identify some of the famous civil engineering structures that is constructed in water or having some type of association with water in terms of supporting water pressure, carrying water and so on? Identify few traits which make these structures famous or unique? Water Resources Engineering is as old as Civilization The First Wave of human settlement: BC 10,000 to AD 900 Years In Mesopotamia (Iraq & Syria) – 4000 BC Spread to Nile & Indus Valley - 3500BC Transportation & Management of Water for Irrigation Drainage System of Indus Valley Canal System of Nile Valley Beginnings of Basin / Flood Irrigation Some Canals were used for more than 1000 year before they were abandoned Aqueducts of Roman Period Drainage System of Indus Valley Water Resources Engineering is as old as Civilization The Persian Qanat Qanat is a tunnel-like channel underground Qanats, are 3,000- which collects water from a year-old marvels of main water source naming engineering in “mother well” in order to deserts, many of carry water along tunnels which are still in use and finally enable throughout Iran settlement and agriculture. Roman aqueduct The Pont du Gard is the most famous part of the roman aqueduct which carried water from Uzès to Nîmes until roughly the 9th century. The monument is 49m high and now 275m long (it was 360m when intact) at its top. It's the highest roman aqueduct, but also one of the best preserved). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_du_Gard#/media/File:Pont_du_Gard_BLS http://www.romanaqueducts.info/technicalintro/hulp/AqdrawingRogerKlaassenOrg Sources of water At global scale, 71% water in earth’s surface. Total volume of water in hydrosphere - 1.4 billion km3. 97% of water is ocean water in total volume of hydrosphere, and rest 3% of water is fresh water. Types of water sources Surface water Sub- surface sources water sources Sources of Water Sea water Ponds and Lakes Streams and Rivers Impounding Reservoirs 97% of the total Natural large sized Streams and rivers can be A barrier in the form of a dam is water in the world. depression on the generated from the rainfall that constructed across the river, so as surface of the earth. does not evaporate runoff to the to form a pool of water. sea. An artificial lake Sub-surface water resources refers to the ground water Water Resources Engineering- Major Sub Disciplines 1. Hydrology 2. Groundwater Engineering 3. Water Supply Engineering 4. Irrigation Engineering 5. Coastal and Harbour Engineering 6. Hydraulic Engineering 7. Fluid Mechanics 8. Water Resources Management Hydrology Hydrology is the science which deals with the occurrence, distribution and movement of water on the Earth, including that in the atmosphere and below the surface of the earth. Hydrology considers quantifying surface water flow Applications Computation of rainfall and surface runoff Determining the water levels of a region. Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and drought risk. Designing irrigation schemes and managing agricultural productivity. Providing drinking water. Designing dams for water supply or hydroelectric power generation. Designing bridges, sewers and urban drainage system. Predicting erosion or sedimentation. Estimating the water resource potential of river basins. Hydrological cycle Ground Water Engineering - Subsurface water resources Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing, permeable rock, rock fractures, or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt). Groundwater from aquifers can be extracted using a water well. Well hydraulics – Discipline deals with the process of flow to the well from an aquifer Groundwater resources Water Supply Engineering - Water use and its conservation Water supply system - infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as for such public needs as firefighting and street flushing. Drinking Water Cycle Household water requirements Irrigation Engineering Irrigation may be defined as the science of the artificial application of water to the land in order to fulfill the water requirements of the crops throughout the crop period for the full nourishment of the crops. Nutrients to the crops may also be applied through irrigation. Types of Irrigation Surface Irrigation Flooding Irrigation Wild Flooding Drip irrigation Sprinkler irrigation Controlled Flooding Furrow Irrigation Contour Farming Drip Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Contour Farming Furrow irrigation Coastal and Harbour Engineering Coastal engineering is a branch of civil engineering concerned with the specific demands posed by constructing at or near the coast, as well as the development of the coast itself. The hydrodynamic impact of especially waves, tides, storm surges and tsunamis and (often) the harsh environment of salt seawater are typical challenges for the Marine drive Coastal Piers coastal engineer The areas of interest in coastal engineering include the coasts of the oceans, seas, and big lakes. Mumbai-Worli Sealink Port and Harbours Hydraulic Engineering Hydraulic engineering consists of the application of fluid mechanics to water flowing in an isolated environment (pipe, pump) or in an open channel (river, lake, ocean). Applications include the design of Hydraulic structures, such as sewage conduits, dams and breakwaters, The management of waterways, such as erosion protection and flood protection, and Environmental management, such as prediction of the mixing and transport of pollutants in surface water. Hydroelectric-power development, water supply, irrigation and navigation. Hydraulic Engineering Hydroelectric power, also called hydropower, electricity produced from generators driven by turbines that convert the potential energy of falling or fast-flowing water into mechanical energy. In the generation of hydroelectric power, water is collected or stored at a higher elevation and led downward through large pipes or tunnels (penstocks) to a lower elevation. The difference in these two elevations is known as the head. At the end of its passage down the pipes, the falling water causes turbines to rotate. The turbines in turn drive generators, which convert the turbines’ mechanical energy into electricity Hydropower System Hoover Dam Introduction to Dams Dams Ø A dam is a hydraulic structures constructed across a river or a natural stream to store water on its up stream side. Ø It is an impervious barrier put across a river or a natural stream to create a reservoir for impounding water, or to facilitate diversion of water from the river. Storage of water is utilized for following objectives: Hydropower Irrigation Water for domestic consumption Drought and flood control For navigational facilities Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries Three Gorges Dam, China Structure of Dam Crest Spillway MWL Max. level (inside dam) NWL Normal water level Upstream Free board Down stream Gallery Heel Toe Gravity Dam A gravity dam is a structure designed to withstand loads by its own weight and by its resistance to sliding and overturning on its foundation. They are classified according to the type of materials used for its construction Masonry Dams- This type of dams are constructed using masonry (rubble or coursed masonry) Concrete Dams- Constructed block by block using concrete Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and Second Highest in the world. Bhakra Dam is across river Sutlej in Himachal Pradesh. The construction of this project was started in the year 1948 and was completed in 1963. Buttress Dam: Buttress Dam – Is a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports Buttress - a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structure. This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation rocks are little weaker. Arch Dams: These type of dams are concrete or masonry dams which are curved or convex upstream in plan This shape helps to transmit the major part of the water load to the abutments Arch dams are built across narrow, deep river gorges, but now in recent years they have been considered even for little wider valleys. Idukki Arch dam Embankment Dams They are trapezoidal in shape Embankment dams are constructed where the foundation or the underlying material or rocks are weak to support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are at greater depth. Embankment dams are relatively smaller in height and broad at the base They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, hence they are also known as Earth fill dam or Rock fill dam Tehri Dam, Uttarakhand, India Water resources Management Large multi-purpose dams (Bhakra/ Nagarjuna/ Hirakud etc.) have been constructed for irrigation, power generation, water supply etc. Hirakud dam Bhakra Nangal Dam Fluid Mechanics Fluid Mechanics:The science that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries. Fluid flow is commonly studied in one of three ways: – Experimental fluid mechanics. –Theoretical fluid mechanics. –Numerically: computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Fluid mechanics deals with liquids and gases in motion or at rest Basic Fluid Mechanics Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids that can be approximated as incompressible (such as liquids, especially water, and gases at low speeds). Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics, which deals with liquid flows in pipes and open channels. Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant density changes, such as the flow of gases through nozzles at high speeds. Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high or low speeds. Meteorology, oceanography, and hydrology: Deal with naturally occurring flows. Conservation of water Rainwater is a natural gift so conservation of water is very essential. Over the years, rising populations, growing industrialization & expanding agriculture have increased up the demand of water. Water conservation can be done by constructing dams, reservoirs, artificial lakes, ponds, by digging wells because water conservation has become the need of the day. To fight against the global warming, then it is very essential to conserve the water. Minimum waste and loss of water should be done. Improved water management practices that reduce the wastage of water. water efficiency is a tool of water conservation. That results in more efficient water use and thus reduces water demand. Objective of water conservation efforts Sustainability:- To ensure availability for future generations, uses of water should not exceed its natural replacement rate. Energy conservation:- Water pumping, delivery and waste water treatment facilities consume a significant amount of energy. Habitat conservation:- Minimizing human water use helps to conserve water. Water conservation efforts The objective of water conservation can be achieved through massive efforts on the conservation and utilization of water on sustainable basis. 1.) Domestic conservation:- Repair all leakages. Do not waste water. Use minimum water as required. Use water meter to know the consumption of water throughout a day. 2.) Agricultural conservation:- Use drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation. Do not encourage wasteful irrigation system. To construct the small reservoirs and construct a roof over it to reduce evaporation rate. Use lined canals to reduce seepage and evaporation. By efficient use of ground water and surface water. Water conservation efforts 3.) Industrial conservation:- Use such cooling system which uses less water. Reuse the cooling water for irrigation or other purpose. Develop new techniques and equipments which uses less water. Install water treatment plant and waste water treatment plant to conserve the water and make them for reusing it for irrigation purpose. 4.) Rain water harvesting:- In semi-arid and arid regions, both the surface water and the ground water are having less water therefore the collecting and preserving water requirement is at the peak point. This collection of rainwater is called water harvesting, which is defined as collection of rainwater and runoff primarily for irrigation, human and livestock consumption. Rainwater Harvesting Techniques 1.) Rainwater collection-Roof top rainwater harvesting. 2.) Runoff collection- Surface runoff harvesting. 3.) Recharge to ground water 4.) Runoff enhancement Rainwater collection Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting Rooftop rain water harvesting is the technique through which rain water is captured from the roof catchments and stored in sub-surface ground water reservoir. The main objective of rooftop rainwater harvesting is to make water available for future use. Capturing and storing rain water for use is particularly important in dry land, hilly, urban and coastal areas. The quality of harvested rainwater is usually clean following proper installation and maintenance. Need for Roof top rain water harvesting:- To solve the purpose for increasing water. To avoid flooding of roads. To avoid ground water pollution. To improve the quality of ground water. To reduce the cost of pumping of ground water. To reduce soil erosion. To avoid the decrease level of ground water table. Runoff Collection Small dams Check dams are constructed in natural channels to impound the runoff water up to certain depth in the channel. The excess water is allowed to flow over the dam. The impounded water slowly infiltrates into the soil and recharges the ground water aquifer. Check dams are controlling the erosion of soil. In addition to, it also serves to slow the movement of water, allowing increased percolation into the soil. Run off collection Ponds and reservoirs are constructed to store runoff or spring water for irrigation, domestic Ponds and Reservoirs purpose. Such reservoirs are also used for production of fish, aquatic fruits and vegetables. The storage capacity of ponds can be increased by desilting and widening. It improves the quality and quantity of ground water recharge. There are two types of ponds are generally constructed; The impounding type:- A retaining wall is constructed to block the flow of water into a natural storm drain. The dog cut type:- where a pond is constructed by excavating area for storing the runoff or the spring water in it. Water requirements for navigation and recreation Navigation provides us cheap means of transport without any consumption of water. The basic requirement for recreation is that the reservoir should remain nearly full during the recreation season to permit boating, fishing, swimming and other water sports. Need of the hour Urban Infra-structure 24 ×7 Potable water supply Good sanitary and sewerage system Storm water Drainage systems Rural Water Supply Bring in more land into irrigation (Food security) Reduction in flood damage Security against droughts Understand the concept of “sustainability” INTERLINKING OF RIVERS??? Necessity for more water Occurrence of droughts in several parts of India is very frequent. The projected population of the country in the year 2025 is 150 crores Food grains requirement would be 375 million tonnes, while present production is 225 million tonnes Drought conditions occur over 80% of the country even if the shortfall in rainfall is only 25% of the annual average of 1150 mm. Drought hit land Why Interlinking of rivers? Like droughts, even floods are very frequent in India, sometimes they occur simultaneously! 85 to 90% of river runoff (wastage) occurs during the four monsoon months of the year Two rivers, the Brahmaputra and the Ganga account for 60% of India’s water resources, while most of the peninsular rivers are water deficit Large tracts of land are needed to be brought under irrigation in order to increase the food production & Interlinking would automatically serve this need. Climate Change!! Thank You