FLHD #2 Study Guide PDF

**[Exam \#2 Study Guide ]** Pragmatics - The practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context. Lev Vygotsky - Theory of Cognitive Development 1. 2. 3. 4. Gender Differences - Differences in male and female roles, behavior...

**[Exam \#2 Study Guide ]** Pragmatics - The practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context. Lev Vygotsky - Theory of Cognitive Development 1. 2. 3. 4. Gender Differences - Differences in male and female roles, behaviors, clothes, and so on that arise from society, not physiology. Sex differences - Physical differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body shape. Theoretical perspectives of gender - Functionalism, Conflict Theory, Symbolic Interactionism Parenting styles - Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, Neglectful Morals in Middle Childhood - The process through which children develop an understanding of right and wrong, learn to make moral judgments, and internalize societal values and norms Executive Functioning - The cognitive ability to organize and prioritize the many thoughts that arise from the various parts of the brain, allowing the person to anticipate, strategize, and plan behavior.\ 1. Memory - Working memory. Remembering what was seen a minute ago, or yesterday. Learning and developmental disorders in childhood (Children with distinct educational needs) - Neurodiversity, ADHD, SLD, Dyslexia, Dyscaleulia, Dysgraphia, Autism Spectrum Disorder Prosocial Behavior - being helpful and kind, even without a reward. EX: Expressing concern, sharing a toy, smiling, etc. Antisocial behavior - antisocial behavior, more geared towards "hurting" people. Popularity in school (different types of rejection) - (Popular) Prosocial, Status ; (Unpopular) Neglected not Rejected, Aggressive-Rejected, Withdrawn-Rejected Prosocial - Kind, friendly, cooperative, and well-liked Status - Often more aggressive. "Queen Bee" Neglected not Rejected - Ignored, but not shunned Aggressive-Rejected - Disliked because they are antagonistic and confrontational Withdrawn-Rejected - Disliked because they are timid and anxious. Zone of proximal development (ZPD) - Vygotsky's term for the skills - cognitive as well as physical - that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently. Intrinsic Motivation - A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that comes from inside a person, such as the joy of reading a good book. Extrinsic motivation - A drive, or reason to pursue a goal, that arises from the wish to have external rewards, perhaps by earning money or praise. Effortful control - Ability to regulate or control our emotions takes effort, not just our natural abilities Different types of play in early childhood - Solitary, Onlooker, Parallel, Associative, Cooperative Solitary - Child plays Alone Onlooker - Child Watches Parallel - Child plays in similar ways, but not together Associative - Child shares items with other children, but still play separately Cooperative - Children play together Resilience - The capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress. Different stages of thought (Piaget) - (1) Sensorimotor Intelligence, (2) Preoperational Thinking, (3) Concrete Operational Thinking, and (4) Formal Operational Thinking. Sensorimotor Intelligence - rapid cognitive development, the development of object permanence, and using the senses and motor movements to gain knowledge about the world Preoperational Thinking - children can think about things symbolically, like using symbols to represent words, things, pictures, people, and ideas Formal Operational Thinking - an increase in the ability to think in abstract terms and develop egocentrism, and also to reason, argue, and plan Things that may impact family function - The way a family works to meet the needs of its members. - Comorbidity - Refers to the presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the same time in the same person. The culture of children - The idea that each group of children has games, sayings, clothes styles, and superstitions that are not common among adults, just as every culture has distinct values, behaviors, and beliefs. Different language errors that happened during language development - Lateralization - Literally, "sidedness", referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant in each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa. Necessity and benefits of physical activity - The benefits of physical activity can last a lifetime. Scaffolding - Temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities, and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process. 4 Types of aggression - Instrumental Aggression, Reactive Aggression, Relational Aggression, Bullying Aggression Self-Concept - Understanding who you are in relationship to self-esteem, appearance, personality, and various traits. Conservation - The principle that the amount of substance remains the same (i.e., is conserved), even when its appearance changes. Theory of Mind - A person's theory of what other people might be thinking. Different Types of Play - Rough and Tumble, Sociodramatic