Building Materials & Construction PDF

Studs: vertical columns supporting the beams and joists, transmitting the loads to the sill plate.  For the exterior, they are usually 2x6 or 2x4 and they have a spacing of 16".  The wall is always constructed down then lifted up to install.  Blocking (firestopping): horizontal piece of lumber th...

Studs: vertical columns supporting the beams and joists, transmitting the loads to the sill plate.  For the exterior, they are usually 2x6 or 2x4 and they have a spacing of 16".  The wall is always constructed down then lifted up to install.  Blocking (firestopping): horizontal piece of lumber that is used to stop the spread of fire.  When walls are taller than 10' you need to instal horizontal firestopping element between studs. The walls are always nailed to the subfloor.    Load bearing walls: exterior walls  Non-load bearing wall: interior walls  A diagram of a structure Description automatically generated  Non-Load Bearing Wall (interior)                                                                        Load Bearing Wall  (Exterior)                                                 When it comes to walls (above foundation) there are two types of plates:  Bottom Plate: the plate that is lying on the subfloor  Top Plate: the plate at the top.  Top plate overlap: they overlap the corners and bearing wall intersections, to tie the building together.  They serve as beams to support joists and rafters that are not located directly over the studs.   A drawing of a beam Description automatically generated  Sheathing: the skin of the house. It straightens studs (keeps the walls square), to resist lateral loads, and contributes to overall stiffness. There is structural sheathing and non-structural sheathing (not recommended).  It protects against the elements, provides a foundation for materials like roofing, siding, and flooring, and fortifies the structure against internal and external forces. **Structural sheathing strengthens the building, providing support. Non-structural sheathing provides insulation.**   Asphalt impregnated sheathing: moisture-resistant building material made of wood fibers saturated with asphalt used for weatherproofing and adding structural strength in the wall system.   Gypsum Wall Board sheathing (GWB): it is a gypsum exterior sheathing used for fire resistance and moisture resistant (used in bathrooms) (it cannot rot).  Oriented Strand Board sheathing (OSB): type of engineered wood panel made of compressed layers of wood strands and adhesives used for structural sheathing due to its strength and durability. This is the most common sheathing used due to cost, versatility, and strength.  Aspenite: is categorized in the OSB sheathing but the only difference is that it's made with compressed aspen wood strands.   A house under construction with a wall Description automatically generatedA room with windows and a mop Description automatically generated  Asphalt Impregnated Sheathing         Gypsum sheathing                          Aspenite Sheathing                                   OSB     Drywall Clips: receive the dry wall, connects them.  Drywall: a type of board made from plaster, wood pulp, or other material, used especially to form the interior walls of houses:   TYVEC Air Barrier vs Zip System (impregnated with air-barrier sheathing). A stack of green and white pieces of wood Description automatically generated Corner Details:  Option 1 (most energy efficient)                                                                                                       Option 2      Vapor retarder: material that slows moisture movement, preventing water vapor from passing through the walls, ceilings or floors. It\'s different from a vapor barrier since a vapor retarder only slows down the moisture from entering, providing only partial protection.    Openings: Building openings provide light, ventilation and climate control for rooms (like windows).    Formula for R.O: A close-up of a window Description automatically generated Lintel (Header): a [long](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/long) [piece](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/piece) of [stone](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/stone) or [wood](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/wood) at the [top](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/top) of a [door](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/door) or [window](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/window) [frame](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/frame) that [supports](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/support) the [wall](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/wall) above. It's very thick. There are insulated lintels which help minimize thermal bridging which helps maintain consistent indoor temperatures.   Ceilings & Roofs  The 3 types of broad terms roofs: - Pitched Roof - Shed Roof - Flat Roof Big overhangs protect building envelope from water. Slope Ratio: The denominator always stays 12". It never changes. Flat slope is Low Slope Conventional slopes: v Ceiling Joist: supports the ceiling. No attic since it cannot support loads (so its not livable in). Floor joist: require to be 50psf for their load (that's why they're engineered wood) Rafters: one of the sloping pieces of wood that support a roof Different Types of roofs: - Gable Roof - Hip Roof - Shed Roof House Plans 10x8 with 2 Bedrooms Shed Roof - House Plans 3DGable Roof: Design Types, Structural Components, Advantages & DisadvantagesWhat is Hip Roof and Gable Roof -- What Are The Differences?Home Priority: Breathtaking House Designs with Mansard Roof Lookout: 12" or more you need a cantilever. Less than 12" is no cantilever. **Roofing Installation Techniques, Materials, and Best Practices** 1\. Roof Openings - Skylights: - Installation: Skylights must be installed parallel to the slope of the roof to prevent water accumulation. Flat skylights are not recommended due to potential water ingress from snow, wind, and rain. - Types: - Curb Mount: Raised about 8 inches above a flat roof to allow for snow. - Framed in Place: Sits within the roof structure like a window. - Dormers: \*Dormer glazing is always vertical. - Gable Dormers: Have two slopes and distribute loads down to the sidewalls. - Shed Dormers: Have a single slope, with weight distributed at the top and front wall. - Chimneys: - Installation: Require a gap of two inches around them for expansion and contraction. - Saddle or Cricket: Built behind the chimney to divert snow and leaves. 2\. Trusses and Roofing Materials - Trusses: - Advantages: **Handle snow loads, quality control, reduced lumber waste, and speed of installation.** - Disadvantages: take long to assemble - Truss Plate connector: a piece of metal with a bunch of tiny picks. - Truss sits on top plates. On top of the plate is the heel. Insulation is installed between trusses. - \*Energy heel truss deisgn: better for insulation since it spreads everywhereA diagram of a roof Description automatically generated Heel: the heel is where the roof truss connects to the top plate. A standrad heel has little extra height and a raised heel increases the space, as seen ontop for the energy heel truss design. Attic knee walls:  **support rafters** in the roof. It also blocks off the space that\'s too small Collar tie: used for conventional slopes\*. Its used to keep the rafters intact, reinforce the rafters against outward forces near the roof peak. Roof joist: keep the structures walls from spreading at the base and support the ceiling. Cornice: connection between the roof and sidewall of the building. Used for pretty installation. Box cornice: type of cut for cornice.  - Components of truss: Truss Clip Art, HD Png Download , Transparent Png Image - PNGitem - Roof Sheathing: - Function: Provides a nailing surface and lateral bracing for the roof. - Installation: Installed perpendicular to rafters for stability. There will be gaps between the panels for sheathing for expansion and contraction. 3\. Underlayment - Function: Acts as a secondary layer of protection against water. - Types: - Asphalt Felt: Traditional, less durable. - Synthetic Underlayment: More durable and often preferred. 4\. Roofing Installation Sequence - Shingle Installation: - Process: Start at the eave and work upwards, ensuring proper overlap to prevent leaks. - Drip Edge: Used to direct water away from walls. Shakes: Hand-split logs - Roof Instalating process: First the sheathing is installed for bracing and support, secondly the underlayment is installed as a second water layer of protecting against water, and lastly the shingles are put in place with nails. - Ice and Water Shield: Installed in sensitive areas like valleys and around chimneys to prevent leaks. It acts as a **protective barrier**, protecting vulnerable areas on your roof from water damage and leaks. Valley: space between different slopes. At the junction of shingles, there is a shingle overlap. - **Shingles** are machine-made, have a clean, uniform appearance, and are smooth on both sides. - **Shakes** are hand-split cedar, have more texture, and are thicker than shingles. Shakes offer supreme durability and thickness, but require more wood.  5\. Ventilation - Importance: Essential for preventing moisture buildup in the attic. - Ridge Vents: Allow hot air to escape, maintaining airflow. [When installing this vent, an air slot is first cut in the roof deck at the roof\'s peak, which is then covered by the ridge vent itself](https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=c91c06a82c9c02d97b4a21e3b479bcf32b2496bdf18575729ebcd42f79ad87e1JmltdHM9MTcyOTY0MTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=0149f2bc-a58a-6497-3e88-e653a45c656a&psq=ridge+vent+def&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ2FmLmNvbS9lbi11cy9ibG9nL3lvdXItaG9tZS93aGF0LWlzLWEtcmlkZ2UtdmVudC1hbmQtd2hlbi1pcy1vbmUtdXNlZC0yODE0NzQ5Nzk5ODIzODA&ntb=1). There are two types of ventilation: 1. Intake ventilation: allowing cool air to enter the attic, located at roofs eaves. They help regulation by brining in fresh air from outside. This is called Soffit Vents 2. Exhaust ventilation: realeases warm humid air outside preventing heat buildup. This includes ridge vent. Together, these vents create a natural chimney effect drawing in cool air in through the soffit and expelling warm air through the ridge. This helps keep attic temperatures stable, prevents moisture buildup, reduces energy cost. And helps control ice damning. Ice Damming: - Cause: Occurs when melting snow refreezes at the eaves, causing water to back up under shingles - Solutions: Improving attic insulation and ventilation 7\. Roofing Materials Overview - Types of Roofing: - Asphalt Shingles: Most common, made from a mat of fiberglass impregnated with asphalt and granules - Metal Roofing: Durable, often used in standing seam designs, which are crimped together for a watertight seal - Clay Tiles: Durable and aesthetically pleasing - Wood Shingles: Solid pieces of wood, require proper installation and maintenance - Flat or low slope roofing materials. Membrane roofing: single layer ply, or multi-ply synthetic members felxible option that is quick to install and resist UV damage and weather. Best for situations requiring lightweight, efficient waterproofing solution with faster installation. Often used for commercial roofs. Built up roof: multi layered system that is thicker, that offers durability and fire resistance but requires more time and labor for installation. Layers of asphalt or tar and reinforcing fabrics. Often finished with gravel or stone to protect against UV rays and weather. Offers durability and waterproofing, suitibale for flat or low slope roofs, commonly used in commercial roofing. Best for low slope roofs in climates with harsh waether where durability is key. Tapered Roof: a roof system designed with slopes to direct water toward draingage points. Prevents ponding water on flat roof by guiding water towards drains. Utilizes tapered insulation or structural elements to create a slope.