Architectural Structures Review Notes (Preliminary) PDF

ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES DESIGN STABILITY, AESTHETICS DURABILITY, FUNCTIONALITY ARCHITECTURETHE STRUCTURE ART AND SCIENCE OF DESIGNING AND REF...

ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES DESIGN STABILITY, AESTHETICS DURABILITY, FUNCTIONALITY ARCHITECTURETHE STRUCTURE ART AND SCIENCE OF DESIGNING AND REFERS TO THE CONSTRUCTING PHYSICAL FORM THAT BUILDINGS AND SPACES PROVIDES STABILITY WITH BOTH FUNCTIONAL SAFETY AND DURABILITY AND AESTHETIC TO A BUILDING. CONSIDERATION. ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES EXAMPLES: 1. SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE: GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: - SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA - LOCATED ON BENNELONG POINT, OVERLOOKING SYDNEY HARBOUR PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION AND COMPLETION: - CONSTRUCTION BEGAN: MARCH 2, 1959 - COMPLETED: OCTOBER 20, 1973 - INAUGURATED: OCTOBER 20, 1973 CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE/IMPACT ON VARIOUS SOCIETIES: - AN ICONIC SYMBOL OF AUSTRALIA AND A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE - REPRESENTS A MAJOR ACHIEVEMENT IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING, KNOWN FOR ITS INNOVATIVE DESIGN - A CULTURAL HUB FOR PERFORMING ARTS, HOSTING THOUSANDS OF EVENTS ANNUALLY - INFLUENCES GLOBAL ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, PARTICULARLY IN THE USE OF MODERNIST FORMS AND INTEGRATION WITH NATURAL SURROUNDINGS - SERVES AS A LANDMARK OF SYDNEY, CONTRIBUTING TO THE CITY’S IDENTITY AND TOURISM INDUSTRY. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, MATERIALS, TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION: - STYLE: EXPRESSIONIST, MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE - MATERIALS: REINFORCED CONCRETE SHELLS, WHITE AND CREAM GLAZED CERAMIC TILES ON THE ROOF, GLASS CURTAIN WALLS, GRANITE - TECHNIQUES: INNOVATIVE USE OF PRECAST CONCRETE SHELLS FORMING THE ROOF, COMPLEX STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING INVOLVING LOAD-BEARING WALLS AND ARCHES, EXTENSIVE USE OF COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD) FOR PRECISION IN CONSTRUCTION - ARCHITECT: JØRN UTZON, WITH SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS BY ENGINEERS OVE ARUP & PARTNERS  2. PARTHENON: GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: - ATHENS, GREECE - SITUATED ON THE ACROPOLIS, A PROMINENT HILL OVERLOOKING THE CITY PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION AND COMPLETION: - CONSTRUCTION BEGAN: 447 BCE - COMPLETED: 432 BCE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE/IMPACT ON VARIOUS SOCIETIES: - A SYMBOL OF ANCIENT GREEK CIVILIZATION, DEMOCRACY, AND CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENT - ORIGINALLY DEDICATED TO ATHENA, THE PATRON GODDESS OF ATHENS - REPRESENTS THE HEIGHT OF CLASSICAL GREEK ART AND ARCHITECTURE, INFLUENCING WESTERN ARCHITECTURAL TRADITIONS - HAS SERVED AS A TEMPLE, CHURCH, MOSQUE, AND EVEN A GUNPOWDER STOREHOUSE OVER THE CENTURIES - ITS SCULPTURES AND FRIEZES, PARTICULARLY THE PARTHENON MARBLES, HAVE SPARKED ONGOING DEBATES ABOUT CULTURAL HERITAGE AND REPATRIATION ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, MATERIALS, TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION: -STYLE: DORIC ORDER, WITH ELEMENTS OF THE IONIC ORDER - MATERIALS: PRIMARILY PENTELIC MARBLE - TECHNIQUES: POST-AND-LINTEL CONSTRUCTION, USE OF ENTASIS (SLIGHT CURVATURE) ON COLUMNS TO CORRECT OPTICAL ILLUSIONS, INTRICATE CARVING OF SCULPTURES AND FRIEZES - ARCHITECTS: IKTINOS AND KALLIKRATES, WITH SCULPTURAL DIRECTION BY PHIDIAS 3. EIFFEL TOWER: GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: - PARIS, FRANCE - LOCATED ON THE CHAMP DE MARS, NEAR THE SEINE RIVER PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION AND COMPLETION: - CONSTRUCTION BEGAN: JANUARY 28, 1887 - COMPLETED: MARCH 15, 1889 - INAUGURATED: MARCH 31, 1889 CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE/IMPACT ON VARIOUS SOCIETIES: - INITIALLY MET WITH CRITICISM, BUT NOW AN ICONIC SYMBOL OF FRENCH ENGINEERING AND CULTURE - REPRESENTS INNOVATION AND MODERNITY, INFLUENCING GLOBAL ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICES - A MAJOR TOURIST ATTRACTION, DRAWING MILLIONS OF VISITORS ANNUALLY - PLAYED A ROLE IN SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENTS, INCLUDING RADIO TRANSMISSIONS - SYMBOLIZES FRANCE’S CULTURAL IDENTITY AND IS A GLOBAL EMBLEM OF ART AND ROMANCE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, MATERIALS, TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION: - STYLE: IRON LATTICE TOWER, EXEMPLIFYING MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE OF THE LATE 19TH CENTURY - MATERIALS: WROUGHT IRON (APPROXIMATELY 7,300 TONS) - TECHNIQUES: PREFABRICATION OF IRON PARTS IN THE FACTORY, RIVETED CONNECTIONS ON-SITE, USE OF CRANES AND SCAFFOLDING FOR ASSEMBLY - DESIGNED BY GUSTAVE EIFFEL AND HIS TEAM OF ENGINEERS ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES ARCHITECTURE THE WORD "ARCHITECTURAL" DERIVES FROM THE LATIN "ARCHITECTURA," WHICH MEANS "ARCHITECTURE" OR "THE ART OF BUILDING." STRUCTURES THE WORD "STRUCTURES" COMES FROM THE LATIN WORD "STRUCTURA," WHICH MEANS "A BUILDING" OR "A CONSTRUCTION." IN "STRUCTURE AND ARCHITECTURE" BY ANDREW W. CHARLESON, ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES ARE DEFINED AS ENSURING THE STABILITY AND SUPPORT OF BUILDINGS WHILE ALSO CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR AESTHETIC AND FUNCTIONAL QUALITIES. IN "ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE" BY JAMES M. WILLIAMSON, ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES ARE DEFINED AS THE SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS THAT SUPPORT AND STABILIZE BUILDINGS. IN "FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS" BY JOSEPH E. BOWLES, ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES ARE DEFINED AS THE COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS DESIGNED TO SUPPORT AND DISTRIBUTE LOADS, ENSURING THE STABILITY AND SAFETY OF BUILDINGS AND OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS. 3 SAMPLE PROJECTS O ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES THE LOUVRE PYRAMID WRITTEN IN CARTOLINA LOCATION: LOUVRE MUSEUM, PARIS, FRANCE. CONSTRUCTION PERIOD: DESIGNED BY I. M. PEI, COMPLETED IN 1989. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE: MODERNIZES THE ENTRANCE TO A HISTORIC MUSEUM. IMPACT: INFLUENCED GLOBAL MUSEUM DESIGN AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE: POSTMODERN, CONTRASTING WITH THE CLASSICAL LOUVRE. MATERIALS/TECHNIQUES: MADE OF GLASS AND METAL, FEATURING A MINIMALIST DESIGN AND INNOVATIVE USE OF TRANSPARENCY. EIFFEL TOWER LOCATION: PARIS, FRANCE. CONSTRUCTION PERIOD: DESIGNED BY GUSTAVE EIFFEL, CONSTRUCTED FROM 1887 TO 1889. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE: REPRESENTS FRENCH ARTISTIC AND ENGINEERING PROWESS, AND A GLOBAL ICON OF PARIS. IMPACT: INFLUENCED MODERN SKYSCRAPER DESIGN AND ENGINEERING, BECOMING A MODEL FOR ICONIC LANDMARKS. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE: IRON LATTICE STRUCTURE, A HALLMARK OF 19TH-CENTURY INDUSTRIAL DESIGN. MATERIALS/TECHNIQUES: MADE OF WROUGHT IRON WITH PREFABRICATED SECTIONS, ASSEMBLED ON-SITE USING RIVETS.  BURJ AL ARAB LOCATION: DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES. CONSTRUCTION PERIOD: DESIGNED BY TOM WRIGHT, CONSTRUCTED FROM 1994 TO 1999. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE: SYMBOLIZES DUBAI’S LUXURY AND RAPID MODERN DEVELOPMENT. IMPACT: SET NEW STANDARDS FOR LUXURY AND OPULENCE IN HOTEL DESIGN WORLDWIDE. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE: MODERN, WITH A DISTINCTIVE SAIL-LIKE SILHOUETTE. MATERIALS/TECHNIQUES: USES A STEEL FRAMEWORK WITH A GLASS AND WHITE CONCRETE FAÇADE, AND FEATURES ADVANCED ENGINEERING FOR STABILITY AND AESTHETICS. THE TERMS "ARCHITECTURAL" AND "STRUCTURES" REFLECT THE FUSION OF DESIGN AND SUPPORT IN BUILDINGS, ENSURING BOTH STABILITY AND AESTHETIC APPEAL. FOR INSTANCE, THE LOUVRE PYRAMID IN PARIS MODERNIZES THE MUSEUM ENTRANCE WITH ITS GLASS AND METAL DESIGN, WHILE THE EIFFEL TOWER, AN ICONIC IRON LATTICE, SHOWCASES 19TH-CENTURY ENGINEERING PROWESS. MEANWHILE, THE BURJ AL ARAB IN DUBAI REPRESENTS CONTEMPORARY LUXURY WITH ITS DISTINCTIVE SAIL-LIKE SILHOUETTE. THESE EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATE HOW ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES BALANCE FUNCTIONAL SUPPORT WITH INNOVATIVE AND IMPACTFUL DESIGN. ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES 1. ÉGLISE NOTRE-DAME DE CONSOLATION ALSO CALLED THE AS “HOLY CHAPEL OF REINFORCED CONCRETE" GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: LE RAINCY, FRANCE PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION AND COMPLETION: APRIL 1922 - JUNE 1923 ARCHITECT: AUGUSTE PERRET CONTRACTOR: GUSTAVE PERRET, ONE OF THE ARCHITECT'S BROTHERS CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE: A. PIONEERING USE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN CHURCH ARCHITECTURE B. INFLUENCING MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE GLOBALLY C. SERVES AS A HISTORICAL MONUMENT ARCHITECTURAL STYLES, MATERIALS, TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION STYLE: MODERNISM - CHARACTERIZED BY ITS MINIMALIST DESIGN, CLEAN LINES, AND FUNCTIONAL AESTHETIC. - MORE AUSTERE LOOK THAT FOCUSES ON STRUCTURAL CLARITY AND SIMPLICITY. MATERIAL: A. REINFORCED CONCRETE- PRIMARY MATERIAL USED - STRENGTH, FLEXIBILITY, AND COST- EFFECTIVENESS, ALLOWING FOR LARGE, OPEN SPACES WITHOUT THE NEED FOR HEAVY, LOAD-BEARING WALLS. B. STAINED GLASS WINDOWS- DESIGNED BY MARGUERITE HURÉ. - KNOWN FOR THEIR GEOMETRIC PATTERNS AND VIBRANT COLORS C. PRECAST CONCRETE PANELS- FILLED WITH STAINED GLASS, CREATING A UNIQUE INTERPLAY OF LIGHT AND COLOR INSIDE THE CHURCH. D. STEEL AND WOOD REINFORCEMENTS- PROVIDE ADDITIONAL STRENGTH AND STABILITY TO THE BUILDING TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION: A. REINFORCED CONCRETE B. SKELETAL FRAME STRUCTURE C. PRE-FABRICATION D. INTEGRATION OF LIGHT 2. FRENCH KING BRIDGE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: BRIDGE THAT CROSSES THE CONNECTICUT RIVER ON THE BORDER BETWEEN THE TOWNS OF ERVING AND GILL, MASSACHUSETTS, UNITED STATES. - SITUATED NEAR THE FRENCH KING ROCK, A NOTABLE GEOLOGICAL FEATURE IN THE RIVER. PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION AND COMPLETION: JULY 6, 1931- 1932. OFFICIALLY OPENED TO TRAFFIC IN SEPTEMBER 10, 1932. DESIGNERS: THE BRIDGE WAS DESIGNED BY THE FIRM JAMES M. AND L. D. NEWELL. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE: A. NOTABLE FOR CANTILEVERED DESIGN. B. CONNECTING COMMUNITIES OF ERVING AND GILL, FACILITATING COMMERCE, TRAVEL, AND COMMUNICATION. C. A PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE UNITED STATES– GREAT DEPRESSION ARCHITECTURAL STYLES, MATERIALS, TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION STYLE: ART DECO MATERIAL: A. STEEL- PRIMARY MATERIAL USED B. REINFORCED CONCRETE- PROVIDES A SOLID FOUNDATION AND SUPPORTS THE DECORATIVE ELEMENTS OF THE BRIDGE. C. STONE- FOUNDATIONS AND DECORATIVE ELEMENTS D. DECORATIVE IRONWORK TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION: A. STEEL FABRICATION AND ERECTION B. TWO-- HINGED ARCH CONSTRUCTION C. REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION D. CANTILEVER TECHNIQUE 3. US PAVILION/BIOSPHERE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: MONTREAL, CANADA IT SPANS THE SEINE RIVER, CONNECTING THE PORT AREA WITH THE CITY CENTER. PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION AND COMPLETION: 1966 - 1967 OPENED APRIL 28, 1967 ARCHITECT: BUCKMINSTER FULLER CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE: A. INTRODUCTION OF GEODESIC DOME B. SYMBOL OF MODERNIST MOVEMENT C. PLATFORM TO DISPLAY AMERICAN ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND CULTURE. D. GLOBAL CULTURAL EXCHANGE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES, MATERIALS, TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION STYLE: GEODESIC ARCHITECTURE MATERIAL: A. STEEL- FRAMEWORK FORMS THE GEODESIC DOME, B. ACRYLIC PANELS- ALLOW NATURAL LIGHT TO PENETRATE THE INTERIOR, CREATING A BRIGHT AND AIRY ENVIRONMENT. C. ALUMINUM TRIANGLES- CREATES A STRONG, LIGHTWEIGHT, AND VISUALLY STUNNING STRUCTURE. TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION: A. GEODESIC DOME CONSTRUCTION B. MODULAR CONSTRUCTION C. DOUBLE-LAYER SPACE FRAME D. RETRACTABLE SHADING SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE A COMBINATION OF THREE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS: FIRMITAS (STRENGTH), UTILITAS (UTILITY), AND VENUSTAS (BEAUTY)." VITRUVIUS IN "DE ARCHITECTURA" (CIRCA 15 BC) " THE ART, SCIENCE OR PROFESSION OF PLANNING, DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING BUILDINGS IN THEIR TOTALITY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THEIR ENVIRONMENT, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF UTILITY, STRENGTH AND BEAUTY"- RA 9266 STRUCTURE - A FRAMEWORK THAT MAINTAINS THE STABILITY OF A BUILDING OR CONSTRUCTED ENTITY. (SCHAEFFER, R; ALLEN, E. & IANO, J.) ELEMENTS PRESENT IN THE STRUCTURE A. STABILITY B. STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS C. ECONOMY WHAT DO YOU CONSIDER IN AN ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE? A. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY B. AESTHETIC APPEAL C. FUNCTIONALITY D. MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES E. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES 1. KING FAHAD NATIONAL LIBRARY ARCHITECT: GERBER ARCHITEKTEN KFNL SERVES AS ONE OF IMPORTANT URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND CULTURAL PROJECTS IN THE CAPITAL OF RIYADH. LOCATION; KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION AND COMPLETION:(1990 OLD BUILDING) 2008-2015 KFNL WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1983 IN RESPONSE TO AN INITIATIVE MADE BY THE PEOPLE OF RIYADH WHEN KING FAHD ASCENDED THE THRONE. THE PROJECT WAS ANNOUNCED IN 1983 AND THE IMPLEMENTATION STARTED IN 1986 BUILDING TYPE: INSTITUTIONAL LIBRARY ARCHITECTURAL STYLE: MIDDLE EASTERN ARCHITECTURE AND CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE WHERE IN ITS GENERAL PRINCIPLES ARE : AUTHENTICITY- IT REFERS TO KEEPING UP WITH LOCAL TRADITIONS BUT WITHOUT IMITATING THE PAST. MODERNITY- WHERE ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE EMBRACES THE LATEST BUILDING TECHNOLOGY, BUT WITHOUT SEEKING TO OPPOSE HISTORIC BUILDING PRACTICES. USER-CENTRICITY HEAVENLY & TERRESTRIAL THE RELIGION OF ISLAM RECOGNIZES AND FULFILLS BOTH THE PHYSICAL AND SPIRITUAL NEEDS OF HUMAN BEINGS. THE SQUARE NEW BUILDING IS COVERED BY A FILIGREE TEXTILE FAÇADE FOLLOWING TRADITIONAL MIDDLE EASTERN ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS AND LINKING THEM WITH STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGY. ARCHITECTURAL L APPROACH: HERITAGE PRESERVATION, SUSTAINABILITY THE DESIGN FUNCTIONS AS THE CENTRAL DRIVING FORCE BEHIND A PIECE OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND REARRANGEMENT AND COMBINES THE CHALLENGE OF DESIGNING WITHIN THE EXISTING BUILDING WITH RESPECT FOR ARABIAN CULTURE. THE SYMBOLIC CUBOID SHAPE OF THE NEW BUILDING SURROUNDS THE EXISTING BUILDING ON ALL SIDES, THUS PRESENTING THE NATIONAL LIBRARY AS A NEW ARCHITECTURAL IMAGE IN RIYADH CITYSCAPE. (OLD BUILDING SERVES AS THE CENTER OF KNOWLEDGE ) ONE PARTICULAR CHALLENGE FOR THE FAÇADE IS THE ENORMOUS TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES IN SAUDI ARABIA. IN SUMMER THE STEEL ROPES CAN HEAT UP TO A TEMPERATURE OF 80 DEG AND WILL EXPAND. IN WINTER THE MATERIAL CAN SHRINK BECAUSE OF NIGHTTIME WHICH CAN REACH MINUS TEMPERATURES. THESE EFFECTS HAD T BE CALCULATED TO OPTIMIZE THE TENSION OF THE STEEL WIRES. THE FAÇADE WAS COMBINED WITH A VENTILATION AND COOLING SYSTEM CONSISTING OF LAYERED VENTILATION AND FLOOR COOLING. KEY MATERIALS: TEXTILE, TENSILE-STRESSED CABLE STRUCTURE, STEEL, GLASS, CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE: TENSILE AND CABLE STRUCTURE UPON DEVELOPING THE OLD LIBRARY AS YOU CAN SEE , THEY BUILT EXTENSION FLOORS AROUND THE OLD BUILDING AND COVERED IT WITH ONE ROOF. THE TENSILE-STRESSED STEEL CABLE STRUCTURE ACTS AS SUNSHADES AND REINTERPRETS THE ARABIAN TENT STRUCTURE TRADITION IN A MODERN TECHNOLOGICAL WAY. AT NIGHT THE FAÇADE GIVES OUT A SOFT WHITE LIGHT AND BECOMES THE CITY’S CULTURAL LIGHTHOUSE. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE/IMPACT: PROMOTES CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION; SYMBOL OR MODERNIZATION WITH RESPECT TO HERITAGE WHY IT IS CONSIDERED AS ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE KING FAHAD NATIONAL LIBRARY IS CONSIDERED AN ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE BECAUSE IT COMBINES AESTHETIC DESIGN, CULTURAL IMPORTANCE, AND URBAN INTEGRATION, MAKING IT A SIGNIFICANT PIECE OF ARCHITECTURE IN RIYADH. FACTS:(POSSIBLE ANSWERS TO Q AND A) INSIDE THE LIBRARY -PRINTED MATERIALS, AND AUDIO-VISUAL MATERIALS. SUCH AS OPTICAL DISKS AND THE THUMBNAIL, LOCAL DOCUMENTS, COINS, RARE BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS, THE LIBRARY INDEXES THE CONTENTS OF SAUDI PERIODICALS SUCH AS ORIGINAL OR TRANSLATED ESSAYS, BOOK REVIEWS, THESIS, BIBLIOGRAPHIC WORKS, RESEARCHES SUBMITTED TO SYMPOSIUMS AND CONFERENCES AND PUBLISHED LEGISLATIONS FOR CUSTOMERS SERVICE BESIDE INDEXING OF SAUDI AND NON-SAUDI PERIODICALS DEALING WITH SAUDI ARABIA AND ARAB PENINSULA. WHAT IS A MEED? ESTABLISHED IN 1957, MEED IS A PREMIER SENIOR MANAGEMENT MEDIA BRAND, OFFERING A SUBSCRIPTION-BASED WEBSITE AND MAGAZINE, EXCLUSIVE C-LEVEL CONFERENCES, SUMMITS, AND INDUSTRY AWARDS PROGRAMS. IT STANDS AS THE LEADING SOURCE OF MIDDLE EAST BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE, FOSTERING COMMUNITIES OF INFLUENTIAL BUSINESS LEADERS FOR OVER SIX DECADES. ADDITIONALLY, MEED HOSTS BY-INVITATION-ONLY NETWORKING EVENTS AND CLOSED-DOOR DISCUSSIONS. 2. OLYMPIC AND PARALYMPIC SHOOTING ARENAS LOCATION: LONDON WOOLWICH ARSENAL STATION PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION AND COMPLETION: APRIL 2010-DEC. 2011 ARCHITECT: MAGMA ARCHITECTURE BUILDING TYPE: RECREATIONAL ARCH'L STYLE: CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE KEY MATERIALS: PHTHALATE-FREE PVC MEMBRANE, PLYWOOD-CLAD DEFLECTION PANELS & STEEL TECHNIQUE: CONSTRUCTION: MEMBRANE STRUCTURE MODULAR CONSTRUCTION ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH: MODULAR ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE/IMPACT TO VARIOUS SOCIETY: PROMOTE INCLUSIVITY & ACCESSIBILITY ENHANCING AWARENESS OF DISABILITIES & ADVANCING SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PRACTICES STRUCTURE: ENSURES; STABILITY STRENGTH SAFETY ARCHITECTURE: CONSIDERS THE FF ASPECTS; FORM PROPORTION MATERIALS SPATIAL RELATIONSHIP ALL ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES ARE STRUCTURES NOT ALL STRUCTURES QUALIFY AS ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES. CRITERIA TO BE MET IN ORDER TO BE ARCHI'L STRUCTURE ARCHITECTURALLY DESIGNED & PLANNED BY ARCHITECTS -STRUCTURALLY ENGINEERED TO ENSURE SAFETY STABILITY, FUNCTIONALITY AND LONGEVITY -SERVES PURPOSE AESTHETICALLY PLEASING ITS INTERACTION TO THE ENVIRONMENT CULTURAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT  -SUSTAINABILITY AND INNOVATION EVOLUTION ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES ARCHITECTURE-ART, SCIENCE OR PROFESSION OF PLANNING, DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING BUILDINGS IN THEIR TOTALITY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THEIR ENVIRONMENT, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF TAKING, STRENGTH AND BEAUTY. STRUCTURE-ARRANGEMENT OF AND RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PARTS OR ELEMENTS OF SOMETHING COMPLEX. 1. CHANG UCCHIN MUSEUM IN YANGJU GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION THE MUSEUM IS SITUATED IN A NATURAL LANDSCAPE GYEONGGI-DO IN KOREA, POSSIBLY NEAR MOUNTAINS, AS INDICATED BY REFERENCES TO THE KOREAN LANDSCAPE AND ITS INTEGRATION WITH NATURE. PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION THE CHANG UCCHIN MUSEUM OF ART,WAS CONSTRUCTED BETWEEN 2009 AND 2013. THE MUSEUM OFFICIALLY OPENED TO THE PUBLIC IN APRIL 2013. ARCHITECT: DESIGNED BY CHAE-PEREIRE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE / IMPACT ON SOCIETY CONNECTION TO KOREAN TRADITION: THE CHANG UCCHIN MUSEUM IN YANGJU THE MUSEUM REFLECTS KOREAN CULTURE BY DRAWING INSPIRATION FROM TRADITIONAL KOREAN LANDSCAPE ART AND THE SPECIFIC WORKS OF THE PAINTER CHANG. THE DESIGN IS MEANT TO RESONATE WITH THE THEMES AND ELEMENTS FOUND IN CHANG’S PAINTINGS, SUCH AS ANIMALS, NATURE, AND TRADITIONAL KOREAN HOUSES. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE: CONTEXTUAL AND ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE THE MUSEUM’S DESIGN AVOIDS CONVENTIONAL MUSEUM AESTHETICS, INSTEAD OPTING FOR AN ORGANIC, CONTEXT-DRIVEN APPROACH. THE BUILDING IS DESIGNED TO FEEL LIKE A NATURAL EXTENSION OF THE LANDSCAPE, WITH ELEMENTS THAT ECHO TRADITIONAL KOREAN ARCHITECTURE. THE FORM IS FLUID AND AMBIGUOUS, RESEMBLING AN ANIMAL, A HOUSE, OR A LABYRINTH, WHICH ALIGNS WITH THE ABSTRACT AND NATURE-INSPIRED THEMES IN CHANG’S WORK. MATERIALS: EXTERIOR MATERIALS POLYCARBONATE PANELS: USED FOR THE FAÇADE AND ROOF, CHOSEN FOR THEIR LIGHTWEIGHT, SEAMLESS APPEARANCE. THESE PANELS HELP AVOID A MONUMENTAL OR OVERLY FORMAL LOOK, INSTEAD GIVING THE BUILDING A MORE UNDERSTATED AND INDUSTRIAL FEEL, REMINISCENT OF LOCAL AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES. INAX CERAMIC TILE AND IN-SITU CONCRETE TERRAZZO: USED IN THE PATIO, CONTRIBUTING TO THE BUILDING’S GROUNDED AND TACTILE QUALITY. – INTERIOR MATERIALS DUROCOLOR FLOOR RESIN: PROVIDES A DURABLE AND SMOOTH FINISH FOR THE FLOORS. VINYL PAINT ON PLASTERBOARD AND PLYWOOD: USED FOR THE WALLS AND CEILINGS, OFFERING A SIMPLE AND NEUTRAL BACKDROP FOR DISPLAYING ART. TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION WELDING OF SCATTERED SPACES: THE MUSEUM IS DESIGNED AS A SERIES OF SCATTERED ROOMS THAT ARE WELDED TOGETHER TO FORM A COHESIVE STRUCTURE. THIS TECHNIQUE CREATES A LABYRINTH-LIKE EXPERIENCE, WHERE SPACES FLOW INTO EACH OTHER ORGANICALLY, RATHER THAN FOLLOWING A RIGID OR LINEAR LAYOUT. INTEGRATION WITH LANDSCAPE: THE CONSTRUCTION APPROACH MINIMIZES DISRUPTION TO THE EXISTING LANDSCAPE, PRESERVING ELEMENTS LIKE LARGE CHESTNUT TREES AND AN OLD PICNIC AREA. THIS CAREFUL INTEGRATION WITH THE NATURAL SURROUNDINGS ENHANCES THE MUSEUM’S CONNECTION TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE THEMES PRESENT IN CHANG’S WORK. NON-MONUMENTAL DESIGN: THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS AND THE FLUID, ORGANIC FORM OF THE BUILDING WORK TOGETHER TO CREATE A SPACE THAT FEELS APPROACHABLE AND INTIMATE, RATHER THAN GRAND OR IMPOSING. THE MUSEUM STANDS OUT AS AN EXAMPLE OF ARCHITECTURE THAT DEEPLY ENGAGES WITH ITS CULTURAL CONTEXT, DRAWING FROM TRADITIONAL KOREAN LANDSCAPES AND ART TO CREATE A SPACE THAT IS BOTH REFLECTIVE AND IMMERSIVE. IT CHALLENGES CONVENTIONAL MUSEUM DESIGN BY PRIORITIZING THE EXPERIENCE OF THE ARTWORK AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT. 2. TEMPORARY SCHOOL ATHÉNÉE DE LUXEMBOURG GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION:-THE ATHÉNÉE DE LUXEMBOURG, IS LOCATED IN LUXEMBOURG CITY,. THE SCHOOL IS SITUATED IN THE LIMPERTSBERG DISTRICT, WHICH IS KNOWN FOR ITS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND PROXIMITY TO THE CITY CENTER. ARCHITECT:DESIGNED BY THE ARCHITECTURAL FIRM BRUCK + WECKERLE ARCHITEKTEN. PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION: - ORIGINALLY FOUNDED AS THE JESUIT COLLEGE IN 1603, UNDERWENT SEVERAL TRANSFORMATIONS OVER THE CENTURIES. THE TEMPORARY SCHOOL BUILDING WAS CONSTRUCTED OVER A PERIOD OF 14 MONTHS. A CONTEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION PROJECT, LIKELY WITHIN THE LAST FEW DECADES, GIVEN THE USE OF MODERN MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES SUCH AS PRE-FABRICATION AND ADVANCED INSULATION. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE / IMPACT ON SOCIETY: THE TEMPORARY SCHOOL BUILDING’S DESIGN REFLECTS A MODERN APPROACH TO EDUCATIONAL ARCHITECTURE, EMPHASIZING SUSTAINABILITY, ADAPTABILITY, AND INTEGRATION WITH THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. THE USE OF A FLOWER MOTIF SYMBOLIZES THE BUILDING'S HARMONY WITH ITS SURROUNDINGS, ENHANCING THE CULTURAL VALUE OF THE CAMPUS AS A SPACE THAT BLENDS NATURE WITH EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE. THE RAPID CONSTRUCTION OF A FACILITY CAPABLE OF ACCOMMODATING 1,500 STUDENTS WITHIN 14 MONTHS DEMONSTRATES THE PROJECT'S SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON THE LOCAL COMMUNITY, ENSURING CONTINUED EDUCATION WITH MINIMAL DISRUPTION. THE BUILDING'S DESIGN AND MATERIALS ALSO HIGHLIGHT A COMMITMENT TO ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, ENERGY EFFICIENCY, AND THE POTENTIAL FOR REUSE, REFLECTING BROADER SOCIETAL VALUES AROUND SUSTAINABILITY AND RESOURCEFULNESS. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE: THE DESIGN OF THE TEMPORARY SCHOOL BUILDING CAN BE DESCRIBED AS CONTEMPORARY AND FUNCTIONAL, WITH A STRONG EMPHASIS ON HARMONIZING WITH THE NATURAL LANDSCAPE. THE USE OF COLOR AND MATERIAL GRADATION IN THE FAÇADE ADDS AN ELEMENT OF PLAYFULNESS AND VISUAL INTEREST, ALIGNING WITH MODERN ARCHITECTURAL TRENDS THAT PRIORITIZE AESTHETIC INTEGRATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT. MATERIALS: CONCRETE: THE CENTRAL CORE OF THE BUILDING WAS CAST IN SITU, PROVIDING STRUCTURAL STABILITY. PRE- CAST CONCRETE SECTIONS WERE USED FOR THE CEILINGS AND SUPPORT ELEMENTS OF THE CLASSROOM AND ADMINISTRATION WINGS. WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION:THE OUTER WALL OF THE BUILDING IS MADE FROM PRE-FABRICATED SANDWICH-STRUCTURED ELEMENTS. THESE CONSIST OF A WOOD FRAME CONSTRUCTION FILLED WITH 26 CM OF INSULATING "ROCKWOOL" AND CLAD WITH OSB-BOARD (ORIENTED STRAND BOARD) ON BOTH SIDES. ETERNIT PLANKING:USED FOR ADDITIONAL WEATHER PROTECTION ON THE EXTERIOR SURFACES OF THE PRE- FABRICATED UNITS. FIBERGLASS PANELS: THE FAÇADE FEATURES TRANSLUCENT CORRUGATED FIBERGLASS PANELS IN A SPECTRUM OF COLORS, PROVIDING BOTH AESTHETIC APPEAL AND A PROTECTIVE OUTER LAYER. TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION: PRE-FABRICATION: A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF THE BUILDING ELEMENTS WAS PRE-FABRICATED OFF-SITE, ALLOWING FOR RAPID ASSEMBLY ON-SITE. THIS APPROACH NOT ONLY REDUCED CONSTRUCTION TIME BUT ALSO ALLOWS FOR THE BUILDING TO BE DISMANTLED AND RELOCATED IF NEEDED. INSULATION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY:THE WOOD-SANDWICH ELEMENT CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE PROVIDED OPTIMAL INSULATION, ENSURING THE BUILDING IS ENERGY-EFFICIENT AND LARGELY DRAUGHT- FREE. THE BUILDING IS CONNECTED TO THE EXISTING TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE CAMPUS, INCLUDING A HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEM, FURTHER ENHANCING ITS ENERGY EFFICIENCY. FAÇADE DESIGN:THE USE OF A COLOR SPECTRUM ON THE FIBERGLASS FAÇADE PANELS, WITH A TWO- DIRECTIONAL COLOR GRADATION, CREATES A DYNAMIC VISUAL EFFECT THAT CHANGES WITH THE VIEWPOINT AND LIGHTING, ADDING TO THE BUILDING'S AESTHETIC AND SYMBOLIC CONNECTION TO NATURAL ELEMENTS LIKE RAINBOWS AND LIGHT REFLECTIONS. THIS PROJECT EXEMPLIFIES A MODERN APPROACH TO TEMPORARY EDUCATIONAL ARCHITECTURE, EMPHASIZING SUSTAINABILITY, RAPID CONSTRUCTION, AND HARMONIOUS INTEGRATION WITH THE EXISTING LANDSCAPE AND INFRASTRUCTURE. 3. BRASILIA NATIONAL STADIUM HERE’S A DETAILED OVERVIEW OF THE ESTÁDIO NACIONAL DE BRASÍLIA, INCLUDING ITS GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION, PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION, CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE, ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, MATERIALS, AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION THE ESTÁDIO NACIONAL DE BRASÍLIA IS LOCATED IN BRASÍLIA, THE CAPITAL CITY OF BRAZIL. BRASÍLIA IS A PLANNED CITY THAT SERVES AS THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT AND IS RENOWNED FOR ITS MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE. PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION ORIGINAL CONSTRUCTION*: THE ORIGINAL STADIUM, KNOWN AS THE MANÉ GARRINCHA STADIUM, WAS COMPLETED IN THE 1970S. RECONSTRUCTION: THE ESTÁDIO NACIONAL DE BRASÍLIA, WHICH REPLACED THE OLD MANÉ GARRINCHA STADIUM, WAS CONSTRUCTED BETWEEN 2010 AND 2013 TO SERVE AS A VENUE FOR THE 2014 FIFA WORLD CUP. ARCHITECT: *: THE ORIGINAL STADIUM WAS DESIGNED BY ÍCARO DE CASTRO MELLO I CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE / IMPACT ON SOCIETY ` UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE: BRASÍLIA IS THE ONLY CITY FROM THE 20TH CENTURY THAT HAS BEEN DESIGNATED A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE. THE CITY IS CELEBRATED FOR ITS MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING, WHICH WERE THE VISION OF ARCHITECTS LÚCIO COSTA AND OSCAR NIEMEYER. ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE: THE DESIGN OF THE ESTÁDIO NACIONAL DE BRASÍLIA RESPECTS THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF BRASÍLIA, MAKING CLEAR REFERENCES TO THE CITY'S TRADITION OF MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE. THE STADIUM IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE CITY’S CULTURAL AND SPORTING LIFE, HOSTING MAJOR EVENTS, INCLUDING THE 2014 FIFA WORLD CUP, WHERE IT SERVED AS THE VENUE FOR SEVEN MATCHES. IMPACT ON SOCIETY: THE STADIUM HAS A SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL IMPACT BY PROVIDING A STATE-OF-THE-ART FACILITY FOR SPORTS AND ENTERTAINMENT IN BRAZIL'S CAPITAL. ITS CONSTRUCTION WAS PART OF THE BROADER EFFORT TO MODERNIZE THE CITY AND MAKE IT A HUB FOR INTERNATIONAL EVENTS. ARCHITECTURAL STYLE MODERNIST STYLE: THE STADIUM’S DESIGN ALIGNS WITH THE MODERNIST PRINCIPLES THAT DEFINE BRASÍLIA. THE EMPHASIS IS ON CLEAN LINES, FUNCTIONALITY, AND THE INTEGRATION OF THE STRUCTURE WITHIN THE BROADER CONTEXT OF THE CITY’S ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE. MATERIALS CONCRETE: USED EXTENSIVELY FOR THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF THE STADIUM, PROVIDING STRENGTH AND DURABILITY. STEEL STRUCTURE: INTEGRAL TO THE STADIUM’S ROOF AND FAÇADE, OFFERING THE NECESSARY SUPPORT FOR THE LARGE SPANS AND INTRICATE DESIGNS. GLASS FIBER MEMBRANE MATERIALS GLASS FIBER SOLID MEMBRANE: USED IN THE ROOF AND FAÇADE, CONTRIBUTING TO THE STADIUM’S LIGHTWEIGHT AND TRANSLUCENT QUALITIES. GLASS FIBER MESH MEMBRANE: ADDS TRANSPARENCY AND AN AIRY FEEL TO THE STRUCTURE. MEMBRANE STRUCTURE: THE ROOF AND PARTS OF THE FAÇADE ARE COVERED WITH MEMBRANE MATERIALS THAT CREATE A DELICATE, LIGHTWEIGHT APPEARANCE WHILE MAINTAINING STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY. TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION: REINFORCED CONCRETE: PROVIDES THE FOUNDATIONAL SUPPORT AND STRUCTURE FOR THE STADIUM, ENSURING IT MEETS THE DEMANDS OF LARGE CROWDS AND SEISMIC ACTIVITY. STEEL AND MEMBRANE ROOF: THE ROOF IS A COMBINATION OF STEEL TRUSSES AND GLASS FIBER MEMBRANES, CREATING A STRUCTURE THAT IS BOTH STRONG AND VISUALLY STRIKING. HARMONIOUS DESIGN: THE STADIUM’S DESIGN EMPHASIZES A BALANCE BETWEEN THE POWERFUL CONCRETE STRUCTURE AND THE ELEGANT, LIGHTWEIGHT MEMBRANE MATERIALS, RESULTING IN A COHESIVE AND AESTHETICALLY PLEASING WHOLE. THE ESTÁDIO NACIONAL DE BRASÍLIA IS A MODERN ARCHITECTURAL MARVEL THAT REFLECTS THE CITY’S RICH HISTORY AND COMMITMENT TO MODERNIST PRINCIPLES, WHILE ALSO SERVING AS A FUNCTIONAL AND IMPACTFUL VENUE FOR INTERNATIONAL SPORTS AND CULTURAL EVENTS. BASED ON THE THREE PROJECTS, SEVERAL CRITERIA MUST BE FULFILLED FOR A CONSTRUCTION TO BE CLASSIFIED AS AN ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURE: IT MUST BE DESIGNED AND PLANNED BY ARCHITECTS WITH ARCHITECTURAL INTENT. - IT SHOULD BE ENGINEERED FOR SAFETY, STABILITY, FUNCTIONALITY, AND DURABILITY. - IT SHOULD SERVE A SPECIFIC PURPOSE. - IT SHOULD BE VISUALLY APPEALING. - IT SHOULD INTERACT HARMONIOUSLY WITH ITS SURROUNDINGS. - IT SHOULD HAVE CULTURAL AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE. - IT SHOULD EMPHASIZE SUSTAINABILITY AND INNOVATION. - IT SHOULD DEMONSTRATE ADAPTABILITY AND GROWTH OVER TIME. ARCHITECTURE -ART & SCIENCE OF BLDG. OR PRACTICE OF DESIGNING & BLDG. STRUCTURES RELATED TO COMMUNITY SERVICES AND FACILITIES STRUCTURES -ARRANGEMENT OF AND RELATION BET THE PARTS OR ELEMENTS OF SOMETHING COMPLEX; PRIMARY FORM- DEFINING ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES -PHYSICAL BLDG. OR CONSTRUCTION AND ARTFUL SOLUTION THAT IS EFFECTIVE, EFFICIENT & EXPRESSIVE -COMPLEX SYSTEM THAT CONSIDERS THE 4S-WORDS" ✓STRENGTH ✓ STIFFNESS MATERIALITY ✓ STABILITY ✓SUITABILITY CONFIGURATION ROLE OF SHAPES (THE 5TH, MORE INCLUSIVE 'S- WORD") 1. PAVILION SUISSE, PARIS (LE CORBUSIER, 1932) GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: 7 BOULEVARD JOURDAN, 75014 PARIS, FRANCE PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION & COMPLETION: NOV. 3,1931-CONTRACT & WORK BEGAN JULY 1933-SWISS PAVILION AS A MODEL STUDENT ACCOMMODATION SEEKING TO COMBINE PRIVATE & COMMUNITY LIFE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE/IMPACT ON VARIOUS SOCIETIES: ONLY CONSTRUCTION ON THE CIUP W/ EXPLICITY MODERN IDENTITY ARCHITECTURAL STYLES: 5 POINTS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE ARE DEVELOPED THROUGH METAL FRAME BLDG. PILOTIS ROOF GARDEN LONG WINDOWS OPEN FACADE OPEN FLOOR PLAN MATERIALS REINFORCED CONCRETE PREFABRICATED CONCRETE CLADDING PANELS GLASS 2. FALLING WATER (FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, 1935) GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: MILL RUN, IN THE LAUREL HIGHLANDS OF SOUTHWEST PENNSYLVANIA PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION & COMPLETION: FINISHED IN 1937; RESTORED ON 2002 CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE/IMPACT ON VARIOUS SOCIETIES: NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK (1976) -BEST ALL-TIME WORK OF AMERICAN ARCH. -WORLD HERITAGE SITES (2019) "THE 20TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE OF FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT" ARCH'L STYLES, TECHNIQUES OF CONS TRUCTION: CANTILEVERED REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB FLOATING ON THE STREAM HIDDEN STRUCTURAL BEAMS IN FLAGSTONE FLOORS & PLASTERED CEILINGS MATERIALS: REINFORCED CONCRETE GLAZED CLASS SET ON RED-PAINTED STEEL FRAME EXPOSED ROCK ALONG THE STREAM BED 3. ESLOV CIVIC HALL -MEDBORGAR (HANS ASPLUND, 1957) GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION: SOUTHERN TOWN OF ESLOV SWEDEN PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION & COMPLETION: 1947-DESIGN PROPOSAL WON AT ARCH'I COMPETITION 1955-CONSTRUCTION BEGUIN 1957-COMPLETED CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE/IMPACT ON VARIOUS SOCIETIES: MATERIAL FOR FACADE EXHIBIT GLOBAL EFFECTS OF MODERNISM IN U.S.A. PLAY OF CREATING MASSES ORIGIN ARCH'L STYLES, MATERIALS, TECH- NIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION: AESTHETIC QUALITY W/ HIGH WATER MARK OF DETAILED, EXPRESSIVE & SPATIALLY RICH CIVIC ARCHITECTURE LIGHT MOTIFS METAL CLADDING, CONCRETE & CLASS UNIQUE ASPECTS OF SPACE, RAILING & KNOB DETAILS POSITION OF OPENINGS CHOICES OF SURFACE MATERIAL DEFINING ARCHITECTURE: ARCHITECTURE IS.. 1. A REFLECTION 2. A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY FIELD 3. A FORM OF ARTISTIC EXPRESSION 4. CONSTANTLY EVOLVING 5. SHAPES DREAMS 6. A KEY OF INNOVATION 7. ITIS LIKE A COMPUTER 8. THE REACHING OUT FOR THE TRUTH"-KAHN, LOUIS 9. A JOURNEY OF CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING 10. ART OF HOW TO WASTE SPACE" -PHILIP JOHNSON 1. BUILD, BUILD, BUILD 2. ATTACH, DETACH, #MODULAR 3. SAFE CONVINIENT AND COMFORTABLE 4. PRACTICE OF GENERATING OVERALL 5. RENOVATE, REMAKE,RENEW THOROUGHLY 6. FLATLINE, ARCHES, AND CURVATURES 7. CHEAP MATERIALS TO LUXURIOUS MATERIALS 8. COMPLEX 9. SHAPE MOLDER 10. CONSIDERATE