Fisheries Science Notes Week 1-6 PDF

Fisheries Science Notes: https://quizlet.com/test-questions/fisheries-science-overview-practice-test-faa4c65d-fc91-4bff-bc12-68cab3c5d5c5?i=5cpg6d&x=1kqt&\_\_overrideABs=FeatureAccess-practiceTests Week 1: What are fisheries: Fisheries are dominated by stock assessment (modelling) How do you de...

Fisheries Science Notes: https://quizlet.com/test-questions/fisheries-science-overview-practice-test-faa4c65d-fc91-4bff-bc12-68cab3c5d5c5?i=5cpg6d&x=1kqt&\_\_overrideABs=FeatureAccess-practiceTests Week 1: What are fisheries: Fisheries are dominated by stock assessment (modelling) How do you define:\ Fisheries = management, harvest food, space, business, species selectivity - Interaction of wild fish with fishing gear - As deployed by fishers - at a certain location - At a certain time - And which results in catches - Catches are therefore the essence of fisheries and help define fisheries - [\"Core currency\"] is catch - [Key = interaction b/w fish -\> gear (fisher -\> space Time = catch] - This can then be transferred into cash or foo - Fish in fisheries = finfish and aquatic invertebrates - Alternative definitions: - The harvest by humans of wild aquatic organimsm living - However, harvest -\> we do not harvest fish = we hunt for them = catch them - The other one inckuded producing fish - We do not produce fish - Fishing is the last wild hunt on earth - [Aquaculture is not fisheries] = it is farming/animal husbandry First case of overfishing - Eritrea, Red Sea, 125.000 y ago - Giant clams **FIsheires World Status** International statutory body - FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations - COFI (Committee on Fisheries and Aquaculture) - The global parliament of fisheries - SOFIA report (State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture) - Country reps: Lawyers, fisheries, advisors ect. - Does three things - Presents global data on fisheries (catches and aquaculture production) - Presents a global assessment of the status of fisheries respires but.. - And specialise topics   Trends in global inland (freshwater catches) are inclining - However this could be misleading - As it may be due to inconsistence in reports of catches - Are we just getting more reports than earlier?   Aquaculture is bigger in freshwater and marine water     Important to know about FAO\'s mandate and position - Mandate = IN general assembly dependent and country sponsor dependent - No politically or scientifically independent = driven by politics - Does not collect data - Reports on data provided to FAO by countries - Not-reporting issues - Quality of data - Time series comprehensiveness back to 1950\'s (Think USA vs Congo) - Only accepts and uses data on landed catches = so called production   Several aspects of FAO status approach are fundamentally problamatic - FAO\'s decisions and selection of \'assesed stocks\' - Methods and appraches not fully transparent and not peer-reviewed - Time series bias by ignoirng pre-1974 period We proposed an improved method that we fell avoided theses issues, and we applied it globally - Catch data derived **stock-status-plot**   **Froeses et al/( 2012 ) found** SEE LECTURE SLIDE but 53% something are overfished   Why different percentages between FAO and SSP?\ - different data - Ssp uses all data (100% if global FAO catch data) - FAO uses 80%   Main point: - Tend matters more than percentages - Data comprehensive matter - Be aware of and acknowledge and account for bias in your data selection - FAO chose to be selective but have not told us how and why Principles that drive fisheries science   1. **Russell\'s Axiom (Not the math version)** a. Simple conceptual model of fisheries population dynamics first formalized by Edward S. Russel (1931( b. Biomass/abundance of a fish population usually changes from year to year i. This concept conceptualizes the main drivers/factors accounting for such changes c. Represents the dynamics of [self-contained breeding populations] or [stock] d. Stock size measure in numbers (abundance) but usually in biomass (weight in tonnes) e. Tonnes: metric = 1000kg f. Tons: non metric = 9?? Something kg (mainly used in USA) g. Metric: a mixture = smarter ones use metric tones = 1000kg a. **Stock size next year (population size) = stock size this year + (recruitment + growth) - (natural mortality + catch)** i. Stock 1. Some speciose may be a single stock (blue tuna ect) 2. Barramundi has 4 separate stocks i. ***Recruitment:*** new fish entering the fishable stock 1. Difference in definition in ecology and fisheries science ii. ***Growth:*** increase in body weight (and lenght) of individual fish (**somatic** growth) iii. ***Natural mortality***: death of fish by natural causes (predation, yield) iv. ***Catch***: the part of the stock taken by fisheries (also called yield) b. **Core assumptions:** i. No immigration or emigration into or out of the stock ii. No serious degradation or loss of habitat or other changes to environment or ecosystem for all stages of life cycle a. Is this model useful? i. [It simply demonstrates the basic tenet of fisheries science ] b. Assumptions: i. Growth increases with stock size decreases ii. Natural mortality decreases as stock size decreases iii. Recruitment initially increases then decreases as stock size decreases c. Stimulation results: i. Parabolic relationship between stock size and sustainable catch In fisheries we manipulates populations to produce the highest biomass possible by keeping them at half their max. = foundation of fisheries science - Keeping Bt at approx.. 1/2 K (1/2 B0) allows **[maximum surplus production]** (new biomass) to be available to fisheries     **In general:** The job of most fisheries biologist is to measure or estimate: - Stock size - Recruitment - Growth - Natural mortality - Catch In o[rder to calculate sustainable catch next year].   **How do we calculate these 5 parts?** 1. Research surveys a. Using same type of gear as the fish b. Age is important (gold standard) i. Can measure how heavy and long fish in each age class are 1. Growth rates by age class 2. Number of fish per age class 3. Maximum age a. Gives clues to on stock productivity ii. However! Hard to obtain and expensive 2. Fisheries data (industry data) **What went wrong?** ***Science:*** Both the small fishermen and large scale fishermen had to report their catches - No on ever looked at the small scale fishermen data it even though it was sent - The small fishermen started early saying they were disappearing - But since large scale fishermen was still catching the scientist ignored it - The cod started contracting as they are a schooling fish (spatial contraction) so it looked like there was still fish - The scientist did not realise this   ***The management saga*** - Utter failure to heed science advise/warnings - Suppression of science voice within government fisheries department DFO (witch hunt against Ram Myers and Jeff Hutchings)   ***What is the point of this?*** - Use all data, weight carefully all caveats and limitations, even large datasets - Support or contradict each other - Be aware of political versus scientific issues, goals, targets - **Industry capture** or regulatory capture - = Political vs Scientifics are not free Week 2 FAO= as the only agency with an official global mandate, largely driven by governmental and inter-governmental mandates   Sea Around Us: government-independent scientific initiative focusing on global fisheries¨   **Fisheries Science operates at two levels:**   1. ***Tactical level:*** - Local scale - Single-species level - Basic fish biology (age, growth, reproduction ect.) - Stock assessments - Local management decisions (science vs. Politics)   This creates the building blocks around our knowledge Most fisheries stops here. (99% ish) because they are governed by governments   1. ***Strategic level*** a. Fisheries are globally inter-connected i. Most highly traded food-commodity ii. Fishing fleets roaming the oceans b. Assemble the blocks of knowledge: bigger picture c. Big-data science (FAO, Sea Around Us) i. FAO has a lot of limitations 1. Mandate: country and UN General Assembly dependent 2. Not politically or scientifically independent 3. Does [not] collect data 4. Reports on data provide to FAO by [countries ] a. Non-reporting issues b. Quality of data c. Time series comprehensiveness back to 1050 (think USA vs Congo) 5. Only accepts and uses data on landed catches (So called production) 6. HENCE = They covers only a **subset** 7. Read = Garbaldi L (2012) The FAO global capture production database   **Sea Around Us** International research partnership initiated in 1999 at University of British Columbia Now in our 25th year Result of Pew Chartable Trust strategic roundtable: - Global ocean issues, marine environment, conservation and human impact   Objectives: - Assess the impacts of fisheries on the marine ecosystems of the world - [Ecosystems=] spatial/temporal focus - [World =] global focus - Offer mitigating strategic policy solutions to a range of stakeholders - [Strategic =] high level - [Range of stakeholder] = conservation organizations and civil society - Use and improve pre-existing data, generate new data to fill identified data gaps - Orientation - Sustainable (rather than growth and development) -\> conservation and rebuilding - Food/nutrimental security - They build a Taxon Distribution Database - Ecologically meaningfull     **Why care?**\   Fishing is the biggest human impact factor on the ocean - Climate (Cheung et al 2021) - Plastic (Mattson et al 2017) - Pollution/oil/eutrophication and dead zones - READ: Roberts C (2007) The Unnatural history of the sea   What big-data exist for global fisheries - UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) - HQ in Rome - Global Capture statistics dataset - Assemble and harmonize     **The data that FAO receives and uses are largely ecologically meaningless** \--\> WA lobster is not found elsewhere but FAO makes it look like it does It is also politically irrelevant - Where does countries fish when their fleets go overseas? - What fishing occures in inshore, offshore, coastal waters National levels : within EEZ International level via voluantary collaboration   **What is EEZ and High Seas** Territorial Sea vs EEZ vs high seas vs areas beyond national jurisdiction   EEZ= Exclusive economic zone (exclusive to the country = 200 n miles) - Legally binding spatial ocean zoning - Defined in UNCLOS since 1982 - Each maritime country right to declare: 12 nm (22km) High Seas = waters outside of any EEZ Areas beyond blabla = High Seas in essence the same   Sea Around Us build a Fishing Access Database - Politically relevant - Which Country fishes where [FAO statistics are fundamentally misleading] - No country in the world reports on all their catches - They are strongly biased (strongly down-reported)   In 2002-2005: Sea Around Us decided to estimate and account for the coral reef and bottom fish catches in USA flag islands in the Western Pacific since 1950 \- Found that the official data was underreported 4.5 times - Massive decline of fish (77%) - Missing catch components (Shore-based, subsistence and recreational fisheries) - Early time period issue (did not report early day data) - So if this happens in the USA - what about the rest of the world? = What is the real catch of the world   SO - Reconstruct (re-estimate) the worlds total marine fisheries catch - Identify and re-estimate all unreported catch components and complements/improve officially reposted data (FAO) - \"Catch reconstruction\" - Every maritime country - Truly global coverage (Not case study approach) - Estimate of ALL fisheries withdrawals from the ecosystem - Go back to 1950 - Cover and differentiate between all fisheries sectors - Large scale: Industrial sector - Small scale. - Artisanal sector (Commercial), subsistence sector (non-commercial), recreational sector (Non-commercial) - Included landed catch as well as discards - \"no data\" = \"zero catch\"   **The data of SAU has three catch data layers (Global re-construction of fisheries data)** 1. Reconstructed domestic data a. Detailed estimation of reported and unreported catches b. Documented un catch reconstruction reports 2. Inferred foreign catch a. Relying on FAO data i. Non-home FAO areas = FAO reported data ii. Home FAO areas = FAO reported minus Layer 1 reported b. Non reconstructed 3. Assigned Tuna RFMO catch a. Tuna RFMO reported data, spatially harmonized and prelim. Discards added b. Not fully constructed (yet??)   Peak Catch = 1996   Presentist bias - Data reporting over-empathising the present versus the past - Inadvertent by-product of improvements in data collection systems FAO defines \'fishery industry\' in their writings as consisting of: - Commercial sector - Subsistence sector - Recreational sector   Yet, in other material they consider industrial, artisanal, and recreational.   [Most differentiation is done by the length of the vessel with boundary lines differing between countries and organizations. ]   FAO would insist on a global definition in an attempt to standardization.   **Large Scale**   **Industrial sector**: all fishing gear that are dragged or towed across the seafloor or intensively through the water column using engine power are considered industrial ([Irrespective of vessel size!)] - And all fishing in foreign waters, irrespective of vessel size or gear type - Within own EEZ.. Defaults - In high seas waters - Within foreign EEZ   **Small scale sectors (**artisanal, and recreational): - Domestic waters only - SSF within the IFA (Inshore Fishing Area) in own EEZ only     **Subsistence and recreational sectors:** - Subsistence (recreational) fisheries may contain a fraction of catch that is sold, although the main driver for going fishing is sustenance, nor commerce or pleasure - Often, fisheries that started out as subsistence changed progressively into recreational fisheries as economic development increased in any given country and its cash economy grew.   Catch reconstructions accept country-level sector definitions, or regional equivalents but with our caveats.   Women in fisheries: Women play a massively undervalued role and under-represented role in fisheries Panulirus cygnus = spiny or rock lobster (not a cray fish) Distribution of western rock lobster: Northeast Cape to Albany   9-11 month larval stage   One of Australias first managed fishery 1897 - present 1963 limited entry - TAE - number of pots - Inputs controlled until 2009/10   First fishery in the world to get MSC 2000. (Marine Stewardship Council)   Catch and effort were high in the beginning.   Puerulus settlement monitoring = catch prediction - Is it a sustainable fishery? TO test for this - Recruitment failure = 3-4 years with lower recruitment that told them that we were overfishing - Reduced the harvest rate - 44% in 2008/9 - 73% in 2009/10 - This meant - Fewer pots lifts - Less catch - Greater catch per pot lift = more efficient fishery - Increased the total biomass of rock lobsters - [Increased profit = \$13 million in 2008/09 and \$49 million in profit] - Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) - Maximum economic yield (MEY) - Results was to fish closer to MEY **How to define success in a fishery management?** [Triple bottom line:] - **Ecological** - **Economical** - **Social** (how many people are employed ect?) Moving to MEY from MSY Positive - MEY \> \$\$ - Reduced catch = more biomass - Less effort = less TEPS interactions - Better work life balance and OHS - Recreational fishers Negative - Reduced emplyment - Product for local market - Loss of potential GVP   **Management now** - Cautious fishers (they dont want to fish as much as the management) - Very robust stock assessment models - Highly sustainable stock - Last 10 years TACC 6000 - 6000t - Despite models indicating \> 8000 would be sustainble - Harvest rate - 30%¨ - Despite MEY suggesting 35-40%   Management future - Social licence - Whales - BOBs - New harvest strategy - MEY target 0.39 - Puerulus monitoring - Climate change   TEPS interactions Sea lions: - Pups drowning in pots - 4-5 drownings per season - Shallow water (\< 20m) and withing 030km colony Whales: How to categorize, group fishing gears: 1. By activity level a. Passive versus active 2. By catch method a. Hooks, lines   Passive gear - Traps, pots, weirs - Enticing or guiding animals unto being caught - Baited or unbaited (shelter seeking) - Choice of gear depends on environmental factors such as currents, tides ect - Weirs are the oldest fishing method in the world (at least 3000 years) - Reef cleaning - Net gears - Gill nets - Fishing with hooks - Pole and Line - Longlines   Active Fishing actions that occurs by actively moving gear across seafloor or through ??? - Bottom trawls - 2 types = Otter (faster moving, more active finfish) OR Beam (flatfish and slow moving species) - Midwater trawl - Keep it of the seafloor - Dredges - Very heavy seafloor gear - Focuses on invertebrates - High seafloor disturbance - Purse seines - Encircling or surrounding fish school - Mainly pelagic but also beach purse seines - Major tuna fishing gear - FADs - Surface, near-surface floating rafts - Attract fish - Moored and drifting - Problem: over-efficient? Yellow fin versus juvenile bigeye bycatch     SUM UP:   1. By activity level 2. BY catch method Very large variation in gear details - In space - Over time - By target speices - Via traditions - By name ect     **Destructive fishing**   Dynamite fishing - After world war II. - Illegal - Easy to move - Kills most of the fish and they sink (due to swim bladder being damaged)   Cyanide fishing - Easy way to catch fish alive - Dominates aquarium trade - Toxicity   BUT:\ Most destructive fishing gear in the world - Bottom trawler - Kills ecosystems - In 1376 based ion a formal complaint by fishers to England King Edward to ban it.     [FAO cant define fishing gear in their reports.] - [FAO data not harmonized or linked to gears]   So Sea Around Us tried to categorise fishing gear - First attempt - Derived broad taxon-gear % associations across regions/globally - Worked at broad scale but had errors at country levels - Dropped this approach completely - Second attempt - Derived gear categories by fishing country, taxon, year and the area of fishing - Is far more specific to countries - Made it possible to create a total catch by gear Issues with small-scale gear - Consistency of definition and assignment - Diversity of gears and names - Multi-gear nature of many small-scale fisheries - Being revised Fisheries exploit populations of wild fish in their natural environments   If we want fish in some form sustainable   A. What is the meaning of sustainable a. Maintaining /do something forever at a given level b. Sustainable in fisheries i. Maintain stock at a given   A. Need to know/Understand 2 things a. Condition of stock (biomass) b. The effects of fishing stock   Theoretically ideal basic steps in stock assessment 1. Define your unit stock 2. Collect catch data for the whole fishery 3. Collect effort data for the whole fishery 4. Combine 2 and 3 into a time series of catch per unit of effort (CPUE) 5. Collect data on biological characteristics of stock a. Growth b. Mortality c. Stock size d. Recruitments 6. Derives estimates of excepted stock   **Unit Stock** Determining the spatial extend of a self-contained breeding opoualtion is difficult due to: 1. We cannot se or follow animal sin space and time 2. Dispersive plankton larval stage can move a thounsands of km   Issues: Political management based Semi artificial stock boundaries quite common   **Collect Data** How? - Log books - Landings site (government or port officials) - Fishermen - On-board observers (in person / electronic) - Creel Surveys or boat ramp surveys All of this adds uncertainty, bias and error   **Fishing effort** How to measure effort? - Differs between fishers and gear types - Usually by fleet or gear type 1. Normial effort: number of boats in a fishery (number of large vs small vessels) 2. Effective effort: takes duration of fishing into account, hours or days fished per year per boat   **Catch per unit of effort** If catch changes at the same time rate as effort = CPUE curve remains flat If catch increases, effort stay same or decreases = CPUE increases If catch decreases, effort increases = CPUE declines   Gives an indication of the changes in the relative abundance of the stock over time - Management can impact the CPUE   **Biological Characteristics** Growth: Estimates by two types of data - Size of age - Size increase with time Length is more predominantly used as it is easier to measure than weight - Von Bertalanffy Growth Function INSERT THE FUNCTION T0 is the larval fish = they do not grow the same. Therefor do not apply for this funtion.   Mortality: Three types of mortality in fisheries Z = total mortality M = natural mortality F = fishing mortality - Z = M + F Methods to measure - Survival rate estimators - Mark recapture methods - Age-length based batch curves - Empirical derivations   Stock size Two basic estimates for stock size 1. Estimate absolute stock size by surveys 2. Use an index of stock density   Stock recruitment Some common models - Beverton and Holt - Ricker - Shepherd Stock recruitment data is often high non-normal variation Surplus production = Next biomass = last biomass + (R+G) - (M + catch) - [Overfished = reduced B below its maximum productional potential] - Same concepts applies to fishing mortality = this is a results of fishing effort = - Overfished = biomass. Stock is overfished = B \< Bmsy - Overfishing = fishing mortality. Stock is being overfished = F \> Fmsy - Look at Kobe Plot to understand   MSY should never be your target point because fisheries are not flexible. If you overshoot one year, the industry is gonna kill ya. Safer to stay below \"Dirty\" data = quality, completeness, accuracy   There are several types of dirty data: - Duplicate data - Outdated data - Incomplete data - Inaccurate/incorrect data - Inconsistent data   Dirty data in fisheries - Confidentiality and secrecy - The actual resource is owned by the civil society/global community which grants fishing privileges (not a right) to the fishing industry - Civil soceity has a right to openly and fully know exactly what, where, when and how - Al fisheries data should be open-access data Bycatch - Anything caught unintentionally whilst fishing for specific species or sizes - Either the wrong species, the wrong gender, or undersized or juveniles of the target species - Origin: mortality of dolphins in tuna purse seine fisheries in the 1960s\... "dolphin-free" tuna   1. Various ways the word \"bycatch\" is used in fisheries - Catch which is retained and sold but is not the primary target - Catch of marketable fish which fishers discard (low value species, wrong size etc.) - Catch of unwanted/unmarketable species which fishers throw back, such as some echinoderms and crustaceans, and various vulnerable species groups, including seabirds, sea turtles, marine mammals and elasmobranchs   Discards Portion of a catch on deck that is not retained but is thrown back, often dead or dying   Discarding is driven by economic and political factors - Unmarketable species - Individuals below minimum landing sizes (undersized) - Species which fishers are not allowed to land, e.g., quota restrictions (regulatory discards) - Fishers optimizing their return (high grading   Discards a subset of "bycatch"   1. Main drivers or discard "types" - Gear based discarding - Market driven discarding - Regulatory discarding       Different gears have different levels of bycatch potential The less selective a gear, the higher its bycatch potential (hence discard potential) Best: - Traps, pots and weirs - Hand-lines (shallow vs deep survivorship\... swim bladder barotrauma\... buoyancy) Do least damage to catch, allows easy, often live release But: predation within traps if no escape option; depredation in line fisheries\ Worst: - Bottom trawls - Gill nets - Longlines\ Non-selective and highly body-damaging gears\ Survival rate generally low   Data is hard to collect: Only reliable manner is via independent observer data On-board -- limited coverage due to cost -- Biases fisher's behaviour unless 100% Electronic (video) -- e.g. 100% Canadian sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) fishery Making detailed studies challenging   Many estimates limited to target/assessed species, e.g. ICES (Europe) stock assessments A few global assessments       FAO on discards - Use our data as one of their sources or comparison sources\... - Find similar levels\... 9.1 million t per year (6.7-16.1 million t) - Equivalent to 10.1% of annual reported landings - \~46% of all discards from bottom trawls - But not deep linked in public FAO database to countries or in space and time Mood and Brooke (2024) did a very interesting thing\... - Converted fisheries catch from tonnes (industrialized commodity) to numbers of individual fish\.... - Gives a much clearer picture of our impacts - This "number of individuals" approach is the norm for farmed animals\... - So why not for fish?     1. Used: - FAO capture production (landings) tonnages (2000--2019) - Estimates of mean individual weight, based on internet-sourced capture and market weights\ Results: Between 1,100 and 2,200 billion (1--2 x 1012), or 1.1--2.2 trillion individual fish were caught annually   Fisheries: Most catch is either suffocated, cut up alive, or throat cut and bled to death But see tuna sashimi fisheries\.... Careful handling and brain pithing       Mood and Brooke (2024): - Around 80 billion land animals are slaughtered for food annually\.... vs. 1,000-2,000 billion finfish - Thus, fish predominate vertebrate numbers used for food globally, yet little if any welfare regulations exist for handling and humane killing marine fish (Swiss protection for inland fisheries). - Existing laws on captive wild animal welfare might be useful as foundation for welfare protection of wild-caught fish. - Som such laws exist for aquaculture\... so why no applied to wild--caught? - Interestingly, even the MSC is silent on fish welfare **IUU**   Illegal fishing Fishing in violation of the laws of a fishery - --  Jurisdiction of a coastal state - --  High seas fisheries regulated by an RFMO (Regional Fisheries Management Organisation)\ Unreported fishing Fishing that is unreported to the relevant national authority or the responsible RFMO   Unregulated fishing - Fishing by vessels without nationality, vessels flying the flag of a country not party to the RFMO governing that fishing area or species on the high seas, e.g., squid fishing in Indian Ocean high seas (see: Seto et al. (2023) Fishing through the cracks: The unregulated nature of global squid fisheries. Science Advances 9(10): eadd8125. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add8125 - Any fishing for which there is no mandate of reporting or management ("open access")     **Problems with this term** Confounding: Mixes question of legality with question around reporting and question around management mandate   Illegal: May not have permission to fish in an EEZ (illegal), yet data are reported to its flag country -- Illegal but not Unreported   May not have permission to fish in an EEZ (illegal), and data are not reported to its flag country -- Illegal and Unreported   **Confounding:** Mixes question of legality with question around reporting and question around management mandate Unreported: - Catches may be unreported and taken illegally - Catches may be unreported but taken legally (e.g., recreational and traditional fisheries)   Unregulated: May report catches or may not, may abide by "someone's" management rules or not     **DWF** Distant-Water Fishing (Distant-Water Fleets) Commonly accepted international definition: Fishing outside a country\'s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), i.e., on the high seas or in another country\'s EEZ Australia fishing in high seas waters in the Eastern Indian Ocean\.... DWF Indonesian vessels fishing 400 km offshore from Perth \.... DWF OFFshore winds farms impact on fisheries RPS group - Mike Mackie     DCCEEW identified 6 offshore wind zones - 2 in Victoriea (Gipssland and the Southern Ocean) - 2 in NSW - 1 in Bass Strait Tassie - 1 off Bunbury       An declared area: - Detailed environmental assessments - Geotechnical surveys - Obtain approvals - Undertake further consultations - 6-10 years later= obtained a commercial license   Gippsland DA: -15.000km2 Potential power generation 25GW SOTS - 2.2 GW - 1.2 millions homes - Up to 20% of Victorias electricity     Impacts - Noise (Banging the poles down) - Change of sediment (flat featureless seabed to lots of structure) - Kinda works like artificial reefs   Impacts assesment Need to know:\ 1. Details of wind farm - Where, how many, how big are the turbines, how long will construction tkae, floating vs fixed, cables buried or covered 1. Details of the exising environment a. Which fisheries are legally able to fish in the area and which ones actually do so b. Which fish that they target in the area 2. How does 1 impact 2. and what van we do to minimise the impacts     Impacts of fishers: - Loss of fishing ground - Increased operational costs - Lost or decreased catches - Increase stress   Impacts to fish - Site-attached species and species with some bladders are likely to be impacted the most by noise - Species that prefer sediment-based habitat may be most impacted by habitat change resulting from installation of project - Site-attached and benthic sharks. Rays and invertebrates may be most impacted by electromagnetic interference from transmission cables - Species targeted by commercial and recreational fishers my be most impacted by changes in fishing activity     Learning about existing environment: - State and commonwealth fishers - Identify which fisheries are legally able to fish in the area - Then identify which of these actually do fish in the area The key data to meet objectives are: - Species presence - Spatial patters - Temporal pattern - Proxy for abundance   1. Priority species 2. Indicator species, indicator group 3. Species diversity     [Choice of survey method and design:] BRUVS eDNA Passive acoustic monitoring of tagged white sharks PBRUV (pelagic baited remote underwater video)     Minimising the impacts - To fish - Reducing noise emission pilling eg by using bubbles curtains - Requires ,modelling of noise emissions - Burring cables - Minimise construction activities during the spawning period - To fishers - Minimise impacts on target species - Good communication so they can plan their fishing activities - Don\'t lock the area up - Provide alternative work opportunities or compensation   The Status of Seychelles Sharks Pelagic sharks - Spend majority in the pelagic realms - Often alrge home ranges and large migrations - Many classified in concerning categories ion IUNC red list - Targeted bt commercial fishing and caught by bycatch     Coastal sharks - Majority of time in inshore environments - Often smaller home ranges - Many classified in concerning categories on IUCN redlist - Targeted by artisanal fishery and often caught illegally     Shark fishing - Overfishing - Global fish consumption 122% increase since 1990 - Fisheries remove +- 100 million sharks from the ocean each year - Global shark population decreased 70%   Shark finning - Often conducted ilegally - Pelagic are often targted\'   Other issue = Climate change   No protection of sharks in the Seychelles Fishing in Seychelles - Artisanal (Incidental) -\> these people do no go out to catch sharks (too hard and difficult) - Commercial (Bycatch) - Illegal, unreported and unregulated (targeted catch is sharks)   Only 2 vessels currently target sharks   Challenges - Bull sharks = hate them because they are scared of them - Sport fishing = people do not know how to handle sharks, so the sharks stress and die when releashed   **Conservation and research initiatives** - Save our seas - Seychelles seatizens The information is there - but lack of action   Benchmarking - Remote + protected = near pristine - Baited remote underwater video systems (BRUVS)\   Marine monitoring - Targeted diver surveys - Incidental sightings Catching Nutrients 1 in 3 people worldwide suffer from some sort of malnutrition   Malnutrition in the imbalance   1. Undernutrition (815 in the world) 2. Micronutrient Deficiencies 3. Overweight and Obesity     Essential nutrients for human health 1. Macronutrients (Carbohydrates, protein, lipids/fats) 2. Micronutrients (Vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals)   Poverty \--\> food in security, hunger and malnutrition \--\> poor physical development \--\> low productivity \--\> poverty   Fish as commodity - 105 million tonnes a year on average in recent years - US\$ 125 billion a year on average in recent years - Seafood is a highly traded food commodity - More than 60 million tonnes   Blue Food Concept 10% rely indirectly on the fishing sector Seafood is also an important source of food for low-income countries   Environmental impacts of animal foods     Species Nutrient Variability - Species from tropical thermal regimes comtian hogher concentrations of calcium, iron and zinc - From cold thermal regions = emga 3 fatty acids - Smaller sepcies contain higher concentratoin of calcium, iron ¨¨     Maximum nutrient yield - Has been suggested to be used as an indicator for max sustainable yield DPIRD: **Looks at risk associated with different fisheries**   **Responsibilities of DPIRD**\ - all bony fish and sharks - All aquatic invertebrates - All marine algae - All seagrass - Do no work with tuna and billfish (as they are more international) \' **Bioregions:** - 12.800km - Large coastline and inland water environment - Tropical and temperate waters - Varying oceanic conditions\ Extends 200nm out to sea   **Western Australia is not very productivity** - Due to less river attachment (less nutrients) - 100 tonnes a year - Compared to many other (10.000 till 100.000 tonnes)     **Sustainable management** - Three key areas - Commercial - Aquaculture - Recreational   **Commercial fishing in WA** - 50 commercial fisheires - Western Rock lobster, Prawn, Scallop, abalone, Australian sardines, scaly mackerel, Goldband and pink snapper, Spanish mackerel, Australian salmon   Fishing license; Access right, not a property right   **Recreational fishing** - 1/4 of the population fish - Economic benefit - Over \$2 billion in expenditure - Blue swimmer crabs, western rock lobster, school whiting, herring, pink snapper and dhufish, squid, black bream, silver trevally   **Aquaculture** - Barramundi, mussels, oysters, abalone, marron and trout     **How do we manage?** - Commercial fisheries under formal management plans - Recreational fishing via regulations - 10 fisheries have MSC accreditations (Marine stewardship counsel) - Use of Harvest Strategies - Stock assessment - Fisheries dependent and independent data     **Stock assessment every 3 year** 2021 shoes that: - Further management action required to allows recovery by 2023 - Management has halted the decline but there has been limited recovery   **How do we change management** - Often solution are easy to identify - Role of the peak sector - Consultation = what are we trying to achieve - Public support leads of political support - Education and changing behaviour   **Key issues moving forward** - Populations growth and coastal development - Techonolgy shifts - Climate change /variability - Certification WTO and MSC - Loss of eccess wia marine parks - Social licence ENDUSE OF FISHERIES Aquaculture: Do they report the fish they feed the main fish with?   What do we feed chickens? And pigs?   Where does all the catch go? The end us specifically - DHC = Direct human consumption - FMFO = Fish meal and fish oil; reduction fisheries - Other = direct feed (trash fish), fertilizer and industrial use   Considered: All commercial landings (Industrial and artisanal) Not considered: Subsistence and recreational, discards, large pelagic fishers catches (data 3 layer) all DHC or discards (High value species)   Fishing countries was categorised into three categories: - With dedicated reduction fisheries (Peru, Denmark) - Where FMFO production dominated by by-products (France) - With no FMFO production from by-products or reduction fisheries (Iraq, Sudan)   However, in 2010 massive changes for type 3 becoming type 1, mainly driven by Chinese activities: west Africa   Large number of Chinese fishmeal plants throughout West Africa - Fed/supplied by - Chinese and local trawlers - Buy fish in bulk from local artisanal fishers   25% of FMFO productions During 2000s FMFO proportion had declined from 30% in mid 1990s to 18% by 2012 Decline in FMFO use in 2000s driven by reductions in such use in Europe   Top ten species used for FMFO accounted for 77% od FMFO destined catches, but reduced to 53% by 2010 Implies growing diversity of taxa   Over 90% of catch destined for non-DHC use are food-grade or prime food-grade fish taxa Only 10% are species we do not like to eat **Food Security vs. Food Supply** Food security is used by: - FAO and other UN organizations - Global Food security community - Global Hunger community - International development agencies/community - But also by fishing industry - Tuna   Where do you draw the line between Food supply and Food Security: - Many different opinions - Dirks opinion (biased by working with developing countries) - Alleviating hunger and malnutrition locally - Fish is a crucial health/nutrition asset   Food supply: - Economy activity to provide a diversity of food items to the highest bidder - Fish as an economic commodity, globalization of trade - Fish is a complement to a diverse diet   Fall in fish catch threatens human health - More dependent on wild fish - Most at risk from illegal foreign industrial fishing, weak governance, poor stock status knowledge, high population pressure and climate change   Fish is a major component in diet of \>3 billion people Undernutrition affects around 10-15% of population in developing countries     Two differing world views of fishers - Fish as an economic commodity - Fish as a human health asset