Zeller - BIOL3305 - Lec - 4 - Intro - SeaAroundUs - 2024 PDF

Big-picture & big-data science in fisheries: The global Sea Around Us research initiative Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean  Already covered the definition of fisheries: The interaction of fish - with fishing gear - as deployed by fishers...

Big-picture & big-data science in fisheries: The global Sea Around Us research initiative Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean  Already covered the definition of fisheries: The interaction of fish - with fishing gear - as deployed by fishers - at a certain location - at a certain time - and which results in catches Also touched on the role of FAO, as the only agency with an official global mandate, largely driven by governmental & inter-governmental mandates Introduce a government-independent scientific initiative focusing on global fisheries in a data context: - catch… volume & value in space and time - fishing effort - stock assessments - other fisheries parameters The Sea Around Us research initiative (www.seaaroundus.org)  Sea Around Us Pauly D (2007) The Sea Around Us Project: Documenting and communicating global fisheries impacts on marine ecosystems. Ambio 36(4): 290-295. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[290:TSAUPD]2.0.CO;2 Zeller et al. (2023) Global fisheries science documents human impacts on oceans: The Sea Around Us serves civil society in the twenty-first century. Annual Review of Marine Science 15: 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev- marine-030322-113814 Fisheries Science: - Tactical level: - Local scale - Single-species level - Basic fish biology (age, growth, reproduction etc.) - Stock assessments - Local management decisions (science vs. politics?) 5/38 Fisheries Science: - Tactical level: - Local scale - Single-species level - Basic fish biology (age, growth, reproduction etc. - Stock assessments - Local management decisions (science vs. politics?) - Creates building blocks of knowledge - Most fisheries science stops here - Strategic level: - Fisheries are globally inter-connected - Most highly traded food-commodity - Fishing fleets roaming the oceans - Assemble the blocks of knowledge: ‘bigger picture’ - Big-data science (FAO, Sea Around Us)  Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN FAO’s mandate and position: Mandate: country and UN General Assembly dependent…. Not politically or scientifically independent… Does not collect data Reports on data provided to FAO by countries Non-reporting issues Quality of data Time series comprehensiveness back to 1950… think USA versus Congo Does not modify/improve national data, although fills time gaps with previous years’ data Only accepts and uses data on landed catches… so-called ‘production’ FAO data & analyses cover only a subset Garibaldi L (2012) The FAO global capture production database: A six-decade effort to catch the trend. Marine Policy 36: 760-768  * Rachel Carson (1951) Sea Around Us* International research partnership initiated in 1999 at the University of British Columbia Now in our 25th year Result of Pew Charitable Trusts strategic roundtable: Global ocean issues, marine environment, conservation and human impact Objectives: Assess the impacts of fisheries on the marine ecosystems of the world Ecosystems – spatial/temporal focus World – global focus Offer mitigating strategic policy solutions to a range of stakeholders Strategic – high level Range of stakeholders – conservation organizations & civil society Use & improve pre-existing data, generate new data to fill identified data gaps Orientation: Sustainability (rather than ‘growth’ or ‘development’) -> Conversation/rebuilding Food/nutritional security Pauly D (2007) Ambio 36(4): 290-295. Zeller et al. (2023) Annual Review of Marine Science 15: 147-165.  Sea Around Us Sea Around Us – UBC, ~ 2015 Highly diverse: geographically, culturally and subject-matter – Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Ghana, Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Mexico, Russia, Spain, Taiwan, Tunisia, UK, USA etc. – Ecologist, economist, social-scientist etc. Sea Around Us 10/38 Sea Around Us  Sea Around Us (now) Sea Around Us - UBC Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean Quantitative Aquatics > 400 international collaborators & several international research partner groups CORU FERU GEOMAR GFW Harvard U. Washington Marine Futures climate change economics data-limited satellite Aquatic foods Seafood trade conservation & assessments data analytics Why global fisheries? - Why should you care about global fisheries? - Seafood is the most widely traded food commodity in the world - Export value US$130 billion - Export volume 57.8 million tonnes - Biggest exporters: China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam - Biggest importers: USA and EU - Fishing is the biggest human impact factor on the ocean - Climate (Cheung et al. 2021 Science Advances 7(40):4eabh0895) - Plastic (Mattson et al. 2017 Scientific Reports 7(1):11452) - Pollution/oil/eutrophication/dead zones - Important to know and understand the impact fisheries have on ecosystems & societies - At global scale, this requires big-data approaches - History matters: Roberts C (2007) The unnatural history of the sea. Island Press/Shearwater Books, Washington, XVII + 435 p Zhao et al. (2024) Nature Communications 15(1): 1412. Kuempel et al. (2024) PLoS ONE 19(7): e0305779. What big-data exist for global fisheries? ⁻ UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ⁻ HQ: Rome ⁻ Global capture statistics dataset ⁻ Assemble and harmonize annually based on submissions by member countries ⁻ Formalized since 1950 ⁻ Landed catch by ⁻ Fishing country ⁻ Year ⁻ Taxon ⁻ 19 FAO areas ⁻ Marine ⁻ Freshwater (Inland) What big-data exist for global fisheries? ⁻ FAO landed catch by ⁻ Year ⁻ Taxon ⁻ FAO Form Fishstat NS1 (National Summary) Reporting structure invites 1) loss of taxonomic detail; and 2) loss of historical corrections Luckhurst et al. (2003) pp. 163-169 In Zeller et al. (eds.), Fisheries Centre Research Reports 11(6) 15/38 Available at: https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/facultyresearchandpublications/52383/items/1.0074792 What big-data exist for global fisheries? ⁻ FAO landed catch by ⁻ Year ⁻ Taxon Reliability/quality of data reported to FAO also often questionable, see (only partially tongue in cheek): Marriott SP (2014) Appendix: Notes on the completion of FAO Form Fishstat NS1 (National Summary). p. 157 In: Zylich K, Zeller D, Ang M and Pauly D (eds.), Fisheries catch reconstructions: Islands, Part IV. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 22(2), University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Available at: https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/facultyresearchandpublications/52383/items/1.0354318 FAO reported catch data: FAO statistical areas Largely ecologically meaningless and politically irrelevant  FAO reported catch data Ecologically meaningless Fish can only be caught where they live WA rock lobster Panulirus cygnus (Australian spiny lobster) FAO: FAO area 57, Eastern Indian Ocean  FAO reported catch data Ecologically meaningless Fish can only be caught where they live WA rock lobster Panulirus cygnus (Australian spiny lobster) FAO: FAO area 57, Eastern Indian Ocean Therefore, need to consider the biological distribution of each taxon in the catch data We built a Sea Around Us Taxon Distribution Database Biological probability distributions of occurrence, taking into account broad, general habitat preferences Palomares et al. (2016) The distribution of exploited marine biodiversity. pp. 46-58 In Pauly D and Zeller D (eds.), Global Atlas of Marine Fisheries: A critical appraisal of catches and ecosystem impacts. Island Press, Washington, D.C.  Taxon Distribution Database  Ecologically meaningful Fish can only be caught where they live WA rock lobster Panulirus cygnus (Australian spiny lobster) Palomares et al. (2016) The distribution of exploited marine biodiversity. pp. 46-58 In Pauly D and Zeller D (eds.), 20/38 Global Atlas of Marine Fisheries: A critical appraisal of catches and ecosystem impacts. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152 Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152 Taxon Distributions DB - Biological probability distributions, > 3,000 taxa - FishBase (www.fishbase.org) & SeaLifeBase (www.sealifebase.org) Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152  FAO reported catch data Politically irrelevant What fishing occurs in inshore, coastal waters, what in general national waters, what in offshore, high seas waters? Where do countries fish when their fleets go ‘overseas’? Fisheries management and policy occurs at National levels, i.e., within EEZs International level via voluntary collaboration through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMO), i.e., for high seas waters What is EEZ & High Seas? Territorial sea vs EEZ vs high seas vs areas beyond national jurisdiction?  Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - Legally binding spatial ocean zoning - Defined in UNCLOS (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea) since 1982 (1994) - Each maritime country right to declare: - Territorial Sea 12 nm (22 km) - EEZ 200 nm (370 km) or midline between neighboring claims or as bilaterally agreed - Territorial Sea: - Full territorial ownership - Some control shipping, passage and use - EEZ: - No territorial ownership - Innocent & unrestricted passage of shipping permitted - Resource ownership: management, use and conservation of living and non-living resources Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152 Graf Vitzthum (2003) Ocean Yearbook 17: 56-59 Nemeth et al. (2014) International Interactions 40(5): 711-736 Nyman (2017) International Journal of Maritime History 29(3): 636-644 25/38 UN (1982) Convention on the Law of the Sea. United Nations Document A/Conf. 61/122, New York  Exclusive Economic Zones & High Seas Based on UNCLOS: 273 Exclusive Economic Zones (max. 200 nm EEZs or mid-line) Global high seas (ABNJ, Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction) Extent and delimitation of countries’ EEZs: As declared by individual countries (but inclusive of the Terr. Seas); As defined by the Sea Around Us based on the basic UNCLOS principles; Overlapping claims assigned to each claimant. Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152  FAO reported catch data Politically irrelevant What fishing occurs in inshore, coastal waters, what in general national waters, what in offshore, high seas waters? Where do countries fish when their fleets go ‘overseas’? Fisheries management and policy occurs at National levels, i.e., within EEZs International level via voluntary collaboration through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMO), i.e., for high seas waters Where do countries fish when their fleets go ‘overseas’? We built a Sea Around Us Fishing Access Database Fishing Access Database - Politically relevant - Which country fishes in which foreign EEZ, when & what - Fishing access agreements & observed access For example: Fishing access in West Africa by Europe, Russia and Asia Currently: 7,600 entries 1,800 agreements 5,700 observed Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152 Alder and Sumaila (2004) The Journal of Environment and Development 13(2): 156-178  GIS Ocean data layer @ ½ degree Lat/Long = 150,000 cells Then, spatially allocate catch data to ecologically meaningful and politically feasible space… Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152 Spatial allocation Then what? 30/38 Zeller et al. (2016) Marine Policy 70: 145-152 www.seaaroundus.org Open Data policy… Citation policy….  Early period: 1999-2005 Used and spatially allocated FAO data to derive insights into global fisheries Watson and Pauly (2001) Nature 414: 534-536  Early period: 1999-2005 Single species stock assessments Stock ‘sustainability’ versus ‘rebuilding’ Disconnect between ‘demand’ and ‘supply’ capacity MPAs as no-take areas Pauly et al. (2002) Nature 418: 689-695 Early period: 1999-2005 Pauly et al. (2003) The future of fisheries. Science 302: 1359-1361  Early period: 1999-2005 35/38 Christensen et al. (2003) Hundred-year decline of North Atlantic predatory fishes. Fish and Fisheries 4(1): 1-24 Early period: 1999-2005 Pauly, D. 2004. Much rowing for fish. News and Views. Nature, 432: 813-814 Pauly and Palomares (2005) Bulletin of Marine Science 76(2): 197-211 Pauly et al. (2005) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 360: 5-12  2005 Something happened that changed our perception and thinking around global catch data… Next lecture Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean