FISH QUALITY AND EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT.pdf

FISHERIES PROFESSI O NAL LI CENSURE EXAMI NATI ON REVI EW CLASS 2024 Central Luzon State University Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 18 August, 2024 Ulysses M. Monto j o , PhD...

FISHERIES PROFESSI O NAL LI CENSURE EXAMI NATI ON REVI EW CLASS 2024 Central Luzon State University Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 18 August, 2024 Ulysses M. Monto j o , PhD Chief, Fis heri es Pos tharv es t Res earc h and Dev elop m e nt Div is ion DA-N FRDI As stated in RA 10654, illegal fishing are fishing activities co nd ucted b y Philippine fishing vessels o perating in violation of Philippine laws, Regional Fisheries Management Organization reso lutio ns, and laws of other co astal states.  USE ATL EAST USE ATL EAST 6 5 MT O F CYANIDE/ YEAR TO CATCH L IVE R EEF FISH CATCH E S F R O M IL L EG AL FISH IN G IN TH E P H IL IP P IN ES AS O F 2 0 1 9 AN N UAL L O SSE S F R O M FISH P O ACHING SUSP ECTED TO BE IN VO L VED IN BL AST FISH IN G Table 1. shows data presented in the 1st National Anti -Illegal Fishing Summit held on Octob er 9 -10, 2018 b y the d ifferent law enforcement agencies on their fisheries law enforcement operations and apprehensions. Agency Data Reported 150, 499, and 454 apprehensions in 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively DA-BFAR Top violations: (1) unauthorized fishing, (2) use of active gear in municipal waters, and (3) employing unlicensed fisherfolk, fish worker, or crew 2,170; 2,698; and 3,571 persons arrested across 649, 634, and 959 operations in 2015, 2016, and PNP-MG 2017, respectively 3,629; 2,530; 2,377; and 1,739 illegal fishing activities per year for 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 925 activities monitored in January-September 2018 involving the use of illegal fishing methods ⚬ The top 5 regions accounted for 87% of the illegal activities monitored: Region 1 (16%), Region 4-B (14%), Region 6 (13%), Region 8 (12%), Region 5 (9%), Region 7 (8%), Region 4-A (8%), Philippine Navy Region 3 (7%) ⚬ Percentage distribution of illegal fishing activities: Dynamite fishing (23%), trawl fishing (23% each), unauthorized fishing in municipal waters (18%), fishing with fine-mesh nets (12%), ring net fishing (9%), purse seining (6%); fishing with ‘superlights’ (4%), ‘super d zipper’ fishing (3%), and poison fishing (2%). Table 2. Summary of IUU fishing broad -based consensus estimates from the Delphi Work shop Sector Illegal Fishing 257,000-402,000 MT/year Municipal Php 24.1 – 37.8 billion 259,000-364,000 MT/year Commercial Php 17.7-8 billion 516,000-766,000 MT/year Total Php 41.8-62.6 billion  FI SHING WI TH NOXI OUS OR P OI SONOUS FI S HING WI T H S UB S TANC ES USE OF EL EC TRICITY E X P L OS IVE S US E OF AC TI VE USE OF FI NE M ESH G E ARS NETS use of the dynamite , other explosives or other c he mic al c ompoun ds that contain combustible elemen ts or ing redients which upon ignition by friction, concussion, percussion or d etonation of all or parts of the compound, will kill, stupefy, d isable or render unconscious an y fis hery spec ies. It also refers to the use of any other substance and/or device which causes an e xplosion that is c apable of producing the sai d harmful effects on any f ishery species and aquatic resources and capable of d amaging and altering the natural habitat (as stated in RA 8550).  The body be nds side ways and whe n pulle d le ngthwise has a distinc t fe e ling of be ing loose ne d Blood oozing fr om gill c ove r Br uise and mutilations of the var ious par t of the body Re dde ning of the e ye s EXTERNAL MANIFESTATIONS Signs of blood e ffusions ar e found at the base of the fins Por tion of the visc e r a pr otr uding fr om the anal ope ning Loose ning of the sc ale s at the m idpoint of the body  Ve r te br al c olumn disloc ate d and br oke n staine d with blood Abdominal r ibs fr ac tur e d or loose d and staine d with blood Spinal blood ve sse l r uptur e d whic h c ause s inte r nal he mor r hage of var ying de gr e e s Air bladde r r uptur e d and fille d with blood I NTERNAL MANIFESTATIONS Inte r nal or gans c r ushe d and m ixe d with blood F r e e blood pr e se nt in the stom ac h c avity Blood c lots imme diate ly above the anal ope ning or ve nt  Sampling procedure Collection of fish for laboratory analysis by authorized laboratory Three to five (3-5) pieces for big-sized fish or ten to twenty (10-20) pieces for small fish Sample size or fingerlings weighing at least be 100 grams in weight. Samples should be frozen or packed in ice then submitted to the nearest Fish Examiner Sample preservation for testing specially trained to examine fish caught by explosives or to any municipal health offices or crime/hospital laboratory for examination. The samples shall be preserved in formalin solution using 37% concentration of Sample preservation for evidence commercial, formalin. The preserved samples shall be properly labeled and the species identified in its scientific, English and local names, whenever and whichever applicable. Holding time As soon as possible use o f any subst ance , plant ext r acts o r juice t he re of , sodium c yani de and/or c yanide compounds or othe r chem icals ei t he r i n a raw or p rocessed for m, ha r mful o r ha rmle ss to human beings , whic h will kill, st upefy , disable o r render uncon scio us any fis hery spec ies and aquatic res ou rces and capable o f damag ing and alte r ing the na t ur al ha bi t at ( a s s t a t ed i n R A 8 5 5 0 ).  Sampling procedure Collection of fish for laboratory analysis by authorized laboratory. At least 100 grams of fish, either three to five pieces in case of big-sized fish or ten to Sample size twenty small-sized fish or fingerlings shall be taken as samples. Water sample of about one liter may likewise be collected from the scene of the offense. Fish samples must be packed in polyethylene plastic., either frozen or placed in a closed container or bottle with proportionate ratio of ice. In the absence of ice, ethyl alcohol or Sample preservation for testing absolute alcohol may be used. Formalin must not be used at this stage. The internal organs of the fish samples must never be removed. The samples may be preserved in formalin and shall be properly labeled and the species Sample preservation for evidence identified in its scientific, English and local names, whenever and whichever applicable. Holding time As soon as possible use of ele ctr i ci ty gene r ated b y batte ri es , el ectr i c gene r at or s an d othe r sou r ce of ele ct ri c pow er to k il l, stupefy , di sable or render unconscious f i shery spe cie s, whether or not the same ar e subsequently recovered (as stated in RA 8550). Fishing with the use of a fish ing dev ice ch a r act er ize d by ge ar move me nts, an d/ o r the pu rs uit of the t arget s p ecies by towing, li fting, and pushing the gears, sur rounding, cover ing, dre dging , pumping and sca rin g the targe t speci es to impoundments. I t sha ll be unlawful to e ngage in f ish ing u sing nets wit h mesh sm alle r than that which m ay be d eterm ine d b y the De partme nt : Prov ided, tha t the p r oh ibi tio n on t he u se o f fine mesh ne t shall n ot ap ply to the ga the r ing of fry, g lass eels , e lve rs, tabi os , and alamang and ot he r spec ies tha t by the ir nat u re a re sma ll but already mat ur e, as ident ified i n th e i mp lemen t ing r u les a nd r e g u lat i ons b y t he De p a rtmen t. FI NE M E S H NE T - NE T WI TH M E S H S I Z E O F L E S S THA N THRE E C E NTI M E TE RS ( 3 C M. M E A S URE D B E TWE E N TWO ( 2. O P P O S I TE K NO TS O F A FUL L M E S H WHE N S TRE TC HE D O R A S O THE RWI S E D E TE RM I NE D B Y THE A P P RO P RI A TE G O V E RNM E NT A G E NC Y. As s tate d in RA 10654, it is t h e i n tr od u cti on b y hum a n or m a chine, d ir ectly or i n d i r e ctl y , of sub sta nces or ener gy to the a q u a ti c e n v i r on men t wh ic h re s u lt or is lik e ly to re s u lt in s u c h de le t er iou s e ffe c ts as to h arm livin g an d n on -livin g aq u at ic r e sour c e s, pose pote n t ial and/or real hazard to h u m an h e alth , h in dran ce to aqu at ic ac t ivit ie s s u c h as fis h in g an d n avigation , in c lu ding du m pin g/dis pos al of was te an d ot h e r m ar in e lit t e r s , dis c h arge of pe trole u m or re s idu al pr odu c t s of pe trole u m or c arbon ac e ou s m at e r ials /s u bst anc es an d oth e r r a d ioa ctiv e , noxiou s or h a r m f u l l i q u i d , g a seous or solid sub sta nces , fr om an y wat e r , lan d or air tran s port or oth e r h u m an -m ade s t r u c t u r e. Def or estati on , unsound ag r icultur al pr actices s u c h as th e u s e of ban n e d c h e m ic als an d e x c e s sive u s e of c h e m ic als, in te n s ive u s e of ar t ific ial fis h fe e d, an d we tlan d c on ve rs ion , wh ic h c au s e s im ilar h azar ds an d de let er ious effe c t s sh all also constitute aquatic pollu tion. NON - POINT SOURCES occu rs whe n the p ol l utio n c omes fr om il l - d efined and d iffus e sources (e.g. Agricultural runoff, wind blown debris and dust ) POINT SOURCES oc cu rs whe n the p ol l utio n c omes fr om il l -defined and diffus e sou r ces (d is ch argi ng sewage and i n dustr ial waste into t he ocean ) Table 5. Sources and route of pollutant discharge into aquatic environs (NEST 1 9 91; Mateo -Sagasta et al. 2 0 1 7 ) CONTAMINATION SOURCE ROUTE Thrown, dumped or released into Domestic sewage, human and animal Oxygen-demanding wastes streams and rivers or into gutters, wastes (such as wastes from canneries (organic pollutants) drains from where they may get and wood pulp mills) washed by run-off into water bodies Domestic sewage, human and animal Washing, swimming or working in Infectious disease agents wastes paddy rice fields and on irrigated land Plant nutrients such as nitrate, Fertilized farm lands, ashes and Run-off from fertilized farmlands phosphate and others detergent Pesticides (insecticides and Run-off from pesticides associated Organic and inorganic chemicals herbicides) with farmlands Table 5. Sources and route of pollutant discharge into aquatic environs (NEST 1 9 91; Mateo -Sagasta et al. 2 0 1 7 ) CONTAMINATION SOURCE ROUTE Textile factories, distilleries pulp and paper mills, fertilized plants, chemical Industrial effluents which include and allied industry, food, beverages Human discharges DDT, dyes, mercury, cadmium and tobacco industries, soap, detergents and confectionery industries Deforestation and accelerated soil Soil erosion, urban storm water Eroded sediments erosion runoffs and dredging activities Dumping by human beings due to Other solid wastes Metals, plastics, artificial fibers etc. poor management of waste disposal Table 5. Sources and route of pollutant discharge into aquatic environs (NEST 1 9 91; Mateo -Sagasta et al. 2 0 1 7 ) CONTAMINATION SOURCE ROUTE Drill cuttings, drilling mud (fluids used to stimulate the production processes), accidental discharges of crude Petroleum, exploration, exploitation, petroleum, refinery effluents which refining, transportation, storage, Petroleum products include oil and grease, phenol, cyanide, marketing, use and ruptured oil sulphide, suspended solids, chromium, pipelines and biologically oxygen demanding organic matter SOURCE: A GR OC HE MI C ALS un sustaina ble u se of agroc hemi c als (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and plant hormones) EFFECTS TO AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT : greater pol luti o n masse s in the en vi ro nment, in cl ud in g rivers, lakes, aquifers, and coastal waters SOURCE: NUTRIE NTS - ex ces s nitr o geno us fertili zer s an d phosphate fertilizers EFFECTS TO AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT : n u trie nt en rich men t eu troph ic ation of lake s , r ese r voirs , pon ds , an d c oas tal wate rs , whic h le ads t o excessiv e gr ow th o f aq ua ti c p lan ts - a lg a e b loom s tha t d estr oy other a q ua ti c p l a n ts a n d a n i m a l s SOURCE: PESTICIDES - insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides EFFECTS TO AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT : co ntain carc in o gens an d other pois on ous su b stances that may kill aquatic life or may be absorbe d by them SOURCE: E ME R GI NG P O LLUTA NTS - agri cu ltural p o llutants suc h as antibi o tics, va ccin es, gro wt h pr omot ers an d hormones EFFECTS TO AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT : potenti al ris k s t o human health po sed by exp os ure t o emerging pollutants via cont am inat ed aquatic products SOURCE: SEW A G E - w aste discha rge d into the aquati c eco syst ems ( c ontain s indust rial wa stes, m uni c ipal wastes and domestic wastes) EFFECTS TO AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: Sewage is said to hav e a hig h BOD and can also i nduc e eutrophic at io n of water courses. BACTERIA PROTOZOA VIRUS HELMINTHS SOURCE: HEAVY METALS - Mercury, Chromium, Lead, Cadmium, Copper, Zinc, Nickel EFFECTS TO AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: Int ro du ced int o water syste ms and may pose hig h toxicities on the aquatic organism s T ab le 6. Di f fer ent kinds of heavy m etal discharge sour ces in aquatic environ s (Fifield and Haines 2000) METAL SOURCES Iron Pigments and paints, fuel, refineries, textile Batteries and electrical, pigments and paints, alloys and solders, pesticides, glass, fertilizers, Manganese and zinc refineries, fuel Batteries and electrical, pigments and paints, alloys and solders, pesticides, glass, fertilizers, Lead refineries, fuel, plastic Cadmium Batteries and electrical, pigments and paints, alloys and solders, plastic, fertilizers, fuel Nickel Batteries and electrical, pigments and paints, alloys and solders, fertilizers, fuel, catalysts Batteries and electrical, pigments and paints, alloys and solders, fertilizers, pesticides, fuel, Copper catalysts Chromium Pigments, fertilizers, textile SOURCE: EUTROPHICATION - excessive plant and algal growth due to the increased availability of one or more limiting growth factors needed for photosynthesis EFFECTS TO AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: harmful algal blo om s (H AB s) ha ve been lin ke d wit h d eg r ad a tion of wat e r qu a l ity and d est ru cti on of economi c a ll y important fisheries  Laguna Lake P h oto cre dits : Mon itorin g cy a n oHABs a n d w a te r qu a l ity in La g u n a La k e ( P h il ippin e s) w ith Se n tin e l -2 sa te l l ite s du rin g th e 2 0 2 0 P a c if ic ty ph o o n se a so n ( Ca ba l l e ro & Na v a ro , 2 0 2 1 ) SOURCE: PLASTICS AND MICROPLASTICS (MP) EFFECTS TO AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: C o mp ounds s uch as MPs can t ran sfe r red to o rgan is ms up o n i nge st i on , th is may i ncr e ase the chem ical expo sure of t he i ng e sti ng o r g ani sm and t hus, t o xi city. SOURCE: OIL SPILL EFFECTS TO AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: Impa cts from let hal to s u b- letha l dose of PAHs inc lu d e hab itat dest ru ct i o n and l os s, mas s mo rta l ity , impa ire d phy sio lo gica l fu n c tions su ch a s re du ced f ee d ing , g ro wth an d d eve lop me nt , resp ir atio n p ro blems , loss of locomotion , balance and swimming. Bataan SOURCE: AQUACULTURE ACTIVITIES EFFECTS TO AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT : ne gative en viron men tal im pac ts th at ar e ass oc iate d wit h aqu acu ltu re is wa ter eutr op hica tion , wa ter q ua lity , al tera tion o r d estru cti on o f na tur a l ha b ita ts , intr od uction a nd tr a n sm i ssi on o f d i se a ses.  Air bor ne Micr ob es Dissol ve d Meta ls Tran sf e r th rou g h PARTICULATE f ood w e b MATTER Micr op la s t ic s Miner a ls R ep r o d uct ive I mp act Develo p ment Digest ive I mp ac t Growth Ca r dio R esp ir a to r y Imp a ct Swimming Performance N er vo us I mp act Predator Evasion Disease and Pathogen I mmune I mp act Suscep tab ility  ·P a rt i cu la te p ollu t i on h a rms f i sh h e a lt h , i mp a i rs re sp i ra t ion & i n creases di se ase ri sk. · M i crop la st i cs a lt e r f i sh be h a vi or, p h ysi ology & re p rodu ct i ve su cce ss. · Pollu tan ts accu mu lat e i n f i sh ti ssu es, p osi n g p oten tial h arm to h u ma n h e a lt h. · M e t als i n p ollu ti on i mp ai r f i sh rep rodu ct ion, le adi n g t o e cologi ca l i mp a ct s. Cavite So uth Co tab ato  CAUSE DEFINITION Pollution that pertains to pesticide, fertilizer and manure, silo and feedlot drainage, animal waste, etc.- can be direct or lead to Agricultural pollution other problems, such as hypoxia, as a result of biological oxygen demand Acidification Acidification by oxidation of sulphide minerals; can be delivered via precipitation (e.g., acid rain) Biotoxin Toxic algal and dinoflagellate blooms that are caused by Karena brevis, Pfiestera, etc. Disease Various bacteria, parasites, fungus, and viruses Exhaustion Physical exhaustion of fish typically leading to cardiac collapse (e.g., during challenging migration) Extreme temperature Rapid changes in temperature (e.g., cold shock) changes Gas bubble trauma Gas-supersaturation downstream from dams or other infrastructure or natural barriers  CAUSE DEFINITION Pollution arising from various resource extraction, processing, and manufacturing activities (e.g., mining, food and kindred Industrial pollution products, chemicals, metals, petroleum, and paper products) Low dissolved oxygen Low levels of oxygen in the water, usually associated with urban runoff, decay of organic material (i.e., biological oxygen (hypoxia or anoxia) demand), rainfall events, etc. Municipal pollution Pollution arising from refuse disposal, water system, swimming pools, power, and sewage systems Transportation pollution Pollution that pertains to rail, trucks, barge or boats, and pipeline ruptures Unknown/undetermined Fish kill events in which no cause can readily be determined  Conduct of on-site water analysis for dissolved oxygen, salinity, and temperature. Sampling procedure Collect water, fish, and shellfish samples for laboratory analysis Sample size Half liter of water or any liquid sample from various sampling sites collected Fish samples must be packed in polyethylene plastic., either frozen or placed in a closed container or bottle with proportionate ratio of ice. In the absence of ice, ethyl alcohol or Sample preservation for testing absolute alcohol may be used. Formalin must not be used at this stage. The internal organs of the fish samples must never be removed. The samples may be preserved in formalin and shall be properly labeled and the species Sample preservation for evidence identified in its scientific, English and local names, whenever and whichever applicable. Holding time As soon as possible H A RM FUL A L GA L BL O O M S Refers to the explosiv e growth of any of microsc op ic planktonic algae, which may vary in colour from the common ly cited red (“red tides”) to different shades of yellow, green, brown or blue dependi ng on the type of protista and their depth and concentr ati o n. Potent toxin producer (about 75 species) such as PSP, ASP etc., exampl e: Pyrodinium bahamense var. compress u m , Alexandr i u m minutum, etc. Fish and invertebr at es killer due to oxygen depletion or by damaging or clogging their gills.  TI M E SPENT AT TH E SEA E XTREME WEATH ER FI S HING S E AS ON EVENTS FI S HING T E C H NOL OGY SO C I AL C O NDI TI O NS (E.G. AGE, ( E.G O UT B O ARD FORMAL EDUCATI ON AND E NG I NE P O W ER) EXPER I ENC E OF TH E FISHERS)  wat e r t e m p e rat ure an d s e a s u r f ac e t e m p e rat ure (l e ad s t o t h e r m al s t r e s s ) pH s a lin it y r a in f a ll E l N iñ o a n d L a N iñ a W in d / S to rms /Typho o ns T u r b id it y  DIFFERENT SUSTAINABILITY THEMES IN PHILIPPINE FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE STUDIES OVER TIME (Zondervan, F. & Zondervan, N., 2022 ) M a rine Protected Areas In t egrat ed C oast al R esource M anagement M a rket -based mec h anisms an d value c h ain Fi sh ing effort allocation C l i mate c h ange, vu lnerability, an d resi liency FUTHERMORE... M on itoring of water qu ality an d ot h er i n dicators of pollution Implemen tation of laws, administrative ord ers a n d ordinances t o regul ate ac t ivities t hat causes pollution Research on bi oremediation – e.g. Use of mi c roorganisms or aquatic plants to absorb h eavy metals