UAE History and Culture PDF

, **History of the UAE** The area\'s history can be traced back to 6000 B.C. The UAE as a federation did not exist then. The area and the surrounding region was referred to as Arabian Peninsula.  **Ancient history** The area\'s history can be traced back to 6000 B.C. The UAE as a federation did...

, **History of the UAE** The area\'s history can be traced back to 6000 B.C. The UAE as a federation did not exist then. The area and the surrounding region was referred to as Arabian Peninsula.  **Ancient history** The area\'s history can be traced back to 6000 B.C. The UAE as a federation did not exist then. The area and the surrounding region was referred to as Arabian Peninsula. This page provides a brief about life in the area during ancient times.   **Early civilisations** Archaeological excavations reveal that ancient civilisations flourished in the region; starting from either the Neolithic or Paleolithic Ages (6000 B.C. - 3500 B.C.) up to the end of the Iron Age (1300 B.C. - 300 B.C.).    **Civilisation in the Paleolithic Age (6000 B.C. - 3500 B.C.)** In this period, there were Bedouin communities, which lived on fishing and plant collecting. This era was characterised by the emergence of pottery, evidence of which was found in Sharjah, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah and Abu Dhabi. The evidences could be traced back to the Ubaid period, part of the Paleolithic Age, dating back to the sixth millennium B.C.   **Civilisation in the Bronze Age (3200 B.C. - 1300 B.C.)** This age is divided into three periods: - This period extends from 3200 B.C. to 2500 B.C. and was named so because of the tombs found in Jebel Hafeet near Al Ain city in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. - This period extends from 2500 B.C. to 2000 B.C. It was named so after the discovery of the monuments on Umm al Nar Island in Abu Dhabi in the mid-nineteen fifties. - This period extends from 2000 B.C. to 1300 B.C. and was named after one of the sites in Wadi Suq, between Al Ain and the Omani coast.   **Civilisation in the Iron Age (1300 B.C. - 300 B.C.)** This age extends from 1300 B.C. to 300 B.C. The archaeological finds show the emergence of the first use of falaj irrigation systems that enabled the extraction of groundwater for continuous cultivation in the dry climate.   **Arrival of Islam** Islam arrived in the UAE after the opening of Mecca. Envoys from Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) arrived in the UAE in A.D. 630 and introduced Islam. Thus, a new era began in the region during the emergence of Islam.   Amr bin al\'As visited Oman and Sohar and brought the Prophet\'s message to the kings of Oman, while Abu Al-Ala\'a Al-Hadrami visited Bahrain for the same purpose. The Gulf region willingly accepted the invitation to Islam.   After the death of Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him) in A.D. 632, the area of Oman and neighbouring surrounding witnessed a war against Redda (apostasy). However, in Dibba (in Fujairah), the Islamic troops were able to defeat the apostates by A.D. 633.   The Islamic civilisation flourished in the Gulf region during the Umayyad Caliphate (A.D. 661 to 750) and Abbasid Caliphate (A.D. 750 to 1258). Sea trade prospered between the Gulf region and other areas in South East Asia and West Africa coast, and ships craftsmanship spread in the region.   Archaeological discoveries revealed some remnants of an Islamic city and coins in Jumeirah. In addition, Julfar site in the emirate of Ras Al Khaimah, was mentioned in trade documents between Merchants of Venice in Italy and the shores of the Arabian Gulf communities.   Islamic Bidya mosque in the emirate of Fujairah, which dates back to the 5th century AD, is the oldest mosque in the UAE and nominated to be in the World Heritage List.   The Islamic power in the Arabian Peninsula remained to be noticed until the fall of Al-Andalus (The Islamic Spain in 1492). After that, Europeans started to have ambitions in the gulf and sea routes, which lead to commercial areas in South East Asia.   The Ottomans, who ruled from A.D. 1281 to 1924, had limited control over the Arabian Peninsula.   From the 17th century, Western European powers started making advances in the Gulf region.   **Sourced from \'[The Coming of Islam and the Islamic Period in the UAE\'.]** **European interest** Several European countries arrived in the Arabian Peninsula; some to explore and others to seek control of the coasts.   One of the reasons for the Arabian Peninsula continuing to get attention from the European countries was that the Europeans documented their explorations and published it.   In 1580, Venetian traveller Gasparo Balbi mentioned the Arabian Gulf in an account of his travels in the region. He described the Arabian Gulf\'s coast from Qatar to Ras Al Khaimah and mentioned the Portuguese fortress at Kalba. His interest in pearls had led him to Sir Bani Yas island or 'Sirbeniast\' as he mentioned in his accounts.   Captain Claes Speelman who explored the southern coast between Khasab and Dibba on the Dutch ship Zeemeeuw (Seagull) in 1644-1645, made a drawing of Dibba bay and town.   In 1666, Dutch mariner Jacob Vogel sailing in the hooker-ship Meerkat made a trip from Bandar Abbas to Muscat. After this journey, he wrote a detailed report on his encounters and provided a chart and a map of the Bay of Muscat.   Here is a brief account of the European invasion of the Arabian Peninsula.   **The Portuguese era** The Portuguese were amongst the first Europeans to arrive on the Arabian Peninsula. After Vasco de Gamma\'s successful circumnavigation of the Cape of Good Hope, the Portuguese arrived in the Arabian Gulf in 1498.     By 1515, they fought their way into the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Oman and established themselves there by force of arms. By 1560, they reached the height of their maritime power and established a semi-monopoly of the pepper and spice trade. They took over the role of intermediary for trade between the ports of the Indian Ocean from the members of the indigenous mercantile strata.   For nearly a century and a half, the Portuguese held supreme control in the gulf. The Ottomans challenged them from time to time but could not expel them.   However, the Portuguese power started collapsing throughout the 17th century. They started facing indigenous resistance and competition from other European powers, mainly the English and Dutch.   Then arose the Ya\'arabi forces that ousted the Portuguese from Julfar and Dibba in 1633, retook Sohar in 1643 and recaptured Muscat in 1650.   **The Dutch era** The loss of Hormuz by the Portuguese in 1622 marked the entry of the Dutch and the English to the Middle Eastern markets.   They made Bandar Abbas the centre of their commercial and political activities in the gulf. However, they became rivals after 1622 when the English East India Company moved its gulf factory to Bandar Abbas, and the Dutch refused to pay them customs duty. Before long, the Dutch trading station at Bandar Abbas became more active and successful than the English station.   In 1623, the Dutch concluded an agreement for the trade in silk with Shah Abbas I through which they earned an enormous profit. By the 17th century, the Dutch had become the dominant naval power in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Gulf.   However, by the 1750s, Dutch power weakened because of the three-way warfare between them, the English and the French and they lost their holdings in most of the Indian Ocean.   Later, the Dutch strengthened their position on the island of Kharg by erecting a fortress and a factory and took over the various economic activities of the indigenous Arab population including pearl fishery.   These activities led to resistance by the local Arab population who revolted against the Dutch and freed the Kharg Island from them in 1766.   **The British era** By 1720s, trade by the British in the gulf had grown. The British were primarily concerned with asserting their naval power to safeguard trade links to India and keeping any European competitors out.   Meanwhile, around the beginning of the 18th century, the Qawasim section of the Huwalah tribe had gained power mainly in Musandam and the northern and eastern areas of the Arabian Gulf. They had built a fleet of over 60 large vessels and a force of nearly 20,000. The British worried that the Qawasims might interfere with their desire to control the maritime trade routes between the Gulf and India. This led them to launch a series of attacks against the Qawasims. By 1820, the British defeated the Qawasims.   **Formation of the Federation** The UAE is a constitutional federation. On 2 December 1971, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was declared as an independent, sovereign and federal state. The UAE comprises seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah.   This page provides a brief about the major events that took place on this land affecting the sovereignty and freedom of its people and leading them to form the country of the United Arab Emirates.   **Establishment of the Trucial States** After the defeat of the Qawasims, the British signed a series of agreements from 1820 to 1853 with the sheikhs of the individual emirates. As per these agreements, the sheikhs had to ensure peace at sea and refrain from building large ships and erecting fortifications along the coast. However, regular warfare at sea between Arab tribes was prevalent.   The Perpetual Treaty of Maritime Peace signed in 1853, obligated the sheikhs (again) to a complete cessation of hostilities at sea and a perfect maritime truce forever. The British involvement was limited to maritime security, as they did not wish to become involved in the internal affairs of the emirates. This series of agreements led to the area being called as the 'Trucial States\' or 'Trucial Coast'.   **Continued British supremacy** The British continued their reign over the Trucial States. In 1892, they entered into Exclusive Agreements with the Trucial States by virtue of which the Trucial States could neither dispose any of their territories except to the United Kingdom nor enter into relationships with any foreign government without the consent of the United Kingdom. In return, the British would defend the emirates from foreign aggression by land or sea.   The British reign continued for the next 75 years or so during which their interest in the area grew from merely a connection to India. Their policy of not interfering in the affairs of the emirates changed. Amongst other reasons for these, was the prospect of discovering oil.   Out of fear of interference of other foreign powers, the British ensured control over the granting of oil concessions and that no banking concessions would be granted to foreigners. This resulted in the Trucial States needing to determine their inter-emirate boundaries. As a result, in the 1950s, the British became involved in marking off the boundaries to ensure the security needs of the oil companies that were exploring in the interior of the Trucial States.   In early 1968, the British declared their intention to withdraw from the Gulf by the end of 1971. This decision is attributed to several economic reasons revolving around the decline of British sterling pound, pressure to lessen the spending on defence due to criticism by Labour party, inability to maintain British servicemen offshore, inability to invest in social services home and in infrastructure in the UAE.    On 30 November 1971, the British left the Trucial States bringing an end to the era of British supremacy in the area. It is noteworthy that the Trucial States were the first Arab territory into which Britain extended her authority in 1820 and the last area in which she relinquished it in 1971.   **Foundation of the UAE** Soon after assuming power on 6 August 1966, as the Ruler of Abu Dhabi, H. H. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan underscored the importance of a united country and remarked, "In harmony, in some sort of federation, we could follow the example of other developing countries."   In the beginning of 1968, the British announced their intention to withdraw from the Arabian Gulf. H. H. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the then Ruler of the emirate of Abu Dhabi acted rapidly to establish closer ties with the emirates.   **The Union Accord of 1968 (the initial federation)** Sheikh Zayed, along with Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the then Ruler of Dubai met on 18 February 1968, at Al Samha in today's Abu Dhabi near the south-western boundary of Dubai.   They agreed to merge their respective emirates into a union which others would be invited to join. The agreement was that the two emirates would jointly conduct foreign affairs, build common defence, security and social services and adopt a common immigration policy. However, each emirate would retain responsibility for judicial and other internal affairs.   This agreement came to be known as the Union Accord and is considered as the first step towards uniting the Trucial Coast as a whole.   **The Federation of the Arab Emirates** In order to strengthen the federation further, Sheikh Zayed and Sheikh Rashid invited the Rulers of the other five emirates that formed the Trucial States, as well as Bahrain and Qatar to join the negotiations for the formation of a union.   From 25 to 27 February 1968, the Rulers of these nine states convened a constitutional conference in Dubai and formed an agreement of 11 points, which was the basis for efforts to establish the 'Federation of the Arab Emirates'.   The agreement stipulated that the purpose of the federation was: - - - -   It further laid down that the Supreme Council would be responsible for issuing the necessary federal laws and that it would be the supreme authority in deciding on issues of reference, and shall take its decisions by a unanimous vote.   However, a series of events later, in August 1971, Bahrain declared its independence and Qatar followed in September the same year.   **The UAE takes shape** On 18 July 1971, the Rulers of six of the seven emirates that made up the Trucial States, (except Ras Al Khaimah), decided to form a union.   This meeting made the following historical declaration: "The Supreme Council felicitates the people of the United Arab Emirates, as well as the Arab people, and our friends around the world, and declares the United Arab Emirates as an independent sovereign state being a part of the Arab World."    A provisional Constitution was adopted and Abu Dhabi was approved as the provisional capital. Sheikh Zayed of Abu Dhabi was elected as the first President of the United Arab Emirates, while Sheikh Rashid of Dubai was elected Vice-President; both to serve a five-year term from 2 December 1971 - the date of the UAE's formal union.   The national assembly, which was given the name of Federal National Council, was to comprise 34 members; eight each from Abu Dhabi and Dubai, six from Sharjah and four each from the three smaller emirates of Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah.   Six places were to be allocated to Ras Al Khaimah, if it decides to join the federation.   The Supreme Council of Rulers were to take decisions by a majority vote, but both Abu Dhabi and Dubai had to be part of the majority.   **The armed and security forces of the UAE Government** After the formation of the Federation, the new UAE Government unified the armed forces in the mid-1970s by virtue of Article 138 of the Constitution which provides for a unified training and command for the UAE army, navy and air force. It further provided that the appointment and discharge of the Commander in Chief of these forces and the Chief of the General Staff shall be by a Federal decree and that the Federation may have Federal Security Forces.   **Complete federation with seven emirates** The late H. H. Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, the then Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah had many concerns with regard to joining the federation. One of them was about getting the emirate's islands of Greater and Lesser Tunbs which Iran had seized. However, he received assurances that the new Federal Government would continue to claim it.   Finally, Ras Al Khaimah joined the federation on 10 February 1972. And, the federation was complete with the inclusion of all of the seven emirates that formed the Trucial States. This newly founded federal state became officially known as Dawlat Al Imarat Al Arabiyya Al Muttahida or the United Arab Emirates (UAE).   Today, the UAE enjoys full sovereignty and independence. The UAE has its own flag, coat of arms and national anthem. All UAE citizens carry the unified nationality of the United Arab Emirates, which is recognised internationally.   There were many factors that were instrumental in the establishment of this federation, which went on to become one of the most stable countries in recent history and is leading in the fields of economy, social stability and security. Some of these factors are: - - - - - -   **Why the UAE Federation was established?** The UAE Constitution maintains that the welfare of the UAE as a whole is a top priority. It highlights the goals of the Federation as follows: - - - - - - - -   **International recognition of the UAE** Since its formation, the UAE established genuine memberships and positioned itself regionally and internationally: - - - -   **Founders of the Union** This page provides brief biographies of the then sheikhs who co-founded the UAE. **Abu Dhabi** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan |   | | | | | |   | | | | | | **Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al | | | Nahyan** | | | | | | Former Ruler of Abu Dhabi and | | | Founding President of the UAE | | | | | | (1918--2004) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+   Known as the Father of the Nation for his role in forming the United Arab Emirates, the late H. H. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was the first President of the UAE. He served this position since the formation of the UAE on 2 December 1971 until he passed away in 2004. He also served as the Ruler of the emirate of Abu Dhabi from 1966 to 2004.    Born in the city of Al Ain, Sheikh Zayed was the youngest of the four sons of H. H. Sheikh Sultan bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Ruler of Abu Dhabi from 1922 to 1926.   Sheikh Zayed was a good listener and an unbiased dispute mediator. He was also renowned for his patience, vision and wisdom; qualities that earned him the title of 'the wise man of the Arabs'.   He ensured that all UAE citizens are instrumental to the nation\'s collective success. His vision led the UAE to be the GCC's second biggest economy after KSA, the third largest in the Middle East and according to many prestigious international reports, the most important financial and economic centre in the region.   Read '[[Eternal Legacy]](https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/-/media/About-UAE/Year-of-Zayed/YearofZayedBook.ashx?la=en&hash=A2C4C709361E32E0AE8203F5C6039DC5)' (PDF, 1 MB), a book containing 100 quotes by Sheikh Zayed translated into 5 international languages.   **Sheikh Zayed's social and political endeavours** Sheikh Zayed understood that in order to build harmony, cohesion and solidarity amongst his people, he first needed to build their trust through constructive and personal interaction. He enjoyed getting out and meeting the local community, and was considered as a man of the people. Through the late 1920s and 1930s, Sheikh Zayed spent considerable time in the desert, living alongside Bedouin tribesmen and learning about their way of life.   In 1946, he was appointed as the Ruler's representative of the Eastern Region. Immediately after his appointment, he was involved in government affairs in Al Ain city, the region's administrative seat.   Following his success at initiating the development of Al Ain city during the 1950s, Sheikh Zayed succeeded his elder brother as Ruler of Abu Dhabi on 6 August 1966.   As a political leader, Sheikh Zayed believed that the resources of the country should be fully used to the benefit of all the people of UAE. He promptly increased contributions to the Trucial States Development Fund and with revenues growing as oil production increased, Sheikh Zayed undertook a massive construction programme building schools, houses, hospitals and roads.     **Sheikh Zayed's role in establishing the UAE** The process of establishing the Federation started with the late Sheikh Zayed paving the way towards a unity to ensure the Trucial States' survival and at later stages to enforce the federal authorities when faced with serious threats.   On 16 January 1968 after the announcement of British withdrawal from east of Suez and the Gulf, Sheikh Zayed established closer ties with the other emirates. He went immediately to Dubai to discuss the next steps with the then Ruler of Dubai, the late Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum.   On 18 February 1968, both Sheikhs concluded an agreement on a federation between them, and called for a Federation that would include not only the seven emirates that made up the Trucial States, but also Qatar and Bahrain.   Three and a half years later, with the close of British withdrawal, Sheikh Zayed again engaged Sheikh Rashid and the other Rulers in the Trucial States in the decisive discussions, which determined the essential nature of the UAE.   While Sheikh Zayed's enthusiasm was a key factor in the formation of the UAE, he also won support for the way in which he sought consensus and agreement among his fellow Rulers.   Eventually, six emirates (except Ras Al Khaimah) followed Sheikh Zayed in establishing the UAE, which formally emerged on the international stage on 2 December 1971. The Rulers of the other emirates unanimously elected Sheikh Zayed as the President of the UAE. Ras Al Khaimah acceded to the new federation on 10 February 1972.     **Sheikh Zayed's contributions at the GCC level** The late Sheikh Zayed was a leading force in the foundation of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). His vision was to bring together the Gulf countries that shared similar economies and common tribal social structures.   Ultimately, he succeeded in establishing a formal regional and political entity. The Charter of the Council was signed on 24 May 1981 in Abu Dhabi by the heads of its member states: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.      **Sheikh Zayed in the Arab world** Sheikh Zayed believed in solidarity and cooperation amongst all Arab countries. He felt it was his duty to use his personal and political authority in both the Arab and the international arenas to achieve peace and progress in the Middle East.   He supported Egypt and Syria in their 1973 war for the liberation of the Arab Occupied Territories in Palestine by imposing an oil boycott, making his famous declaration: "Arab oil is not dearer than Arab blood."   All Arab leaders held Sheikh Zayed in high regard, enabling him to act as a mediator on more than one occasion.     **Sheikh Zayed's international contributions** Sheikh Zayed laid the foundations of a foreign policy, which is characterised by wisdom, moderation, balance, support for truth and justice, and maintaining a language of dialogue and understanding.   This balanced foreign policy has become a hallmark of the UAE, both regionally and internationally.   He has also earned a reputation as an international humanitarian and philanthropist, supporting a number of causes across the world and again setting an enduring legacy.   Sheikh Zayed passed away in 2004, in his late eighties, leaving behind a legacy as the Father of the Nation. The principles and philosophy that he brought to government, however, remain at the core of the UAE and its policies today.     **Dubai** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |  |   | | | | | |   | | | | | | **Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al | | | Maktoum** | | | | | | Former Ruler of Dubai | | | | | | (1912--1990) | | | | | |   | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+  The late H. H. Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum could be called as the first visionary of the modern UAE. It was during his rule that Dubai grew from a small trading town into a major cosmopolitan city.   Sheikh Rashid was born in Dubai in 1912, the same year as his father Sheikh Saeed Al Maktoum became the Ruler of Dubai. He attended the Al Ahmadiya School; his studies included Islamic studies, Arabic and arithmetic.   As the first-born son of Sheikh Saeed, Sheikh Rashid involved himself at an early age in the politics of the emirate. He frequently attended his father\'s Majlis; ever curious, he would listen attentively to each man\'s problem or opinion.   Eager to comprehend the precise details of governance, he spent long hours asking questions to his parents about the events of the day.   Sheikh Rashid had exceptional leadership attributes and abilities. He helped his father in all fields; especially the economic affairs.   On 10 September 1958, his father Sheikh Saeed passed away. Sheikh Rashid succeeded him and become the Ruler of Dubai in October the same year.   Sheikh Rashid's enthusiasm to put his birthplace on the world map was as boundless as his love for his people. His foresight, wise decision-making and willingness to listen to the opinions of his people, whether they were representatives of influential families or common people, are well documented.   The UAE witnessed a significant amount of construction activity in the 1970s, most of which was in Dubai.   Sheikh Rashid\'s participation in the Trucial States Council played a significant role in preparing for the formation of the Union. He worked with Sheikh Zayed to issue the Union Accord between Dubai and Abu Dhabi in February 1968.   In 1971, he with late Sheikh Zayed pioneered the efforts that led to the UAE\'s formation in December 1971. where he was appointed as the Vice-President, and as Prime Minister of UAE in 1979.   Sheikh Rashid encouraged democracy and quoted: "Every citizen in this country has the opportunity to express their opinion frankly and clearly and to criticise the government as well."     Related links - **Sharjah** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al |   | | Qasimi | | | |   | | | | | | **Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al | | | Qasimi** | | | | | | Former Ruler of Sharjah | | | | | | (1931-1972) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ The late H. H. Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al Qasimi had succeeded the late H. H. Sheikh Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi as the Ruler of Sharjah on 24 June 1965. He ruled until 1972. Sheikh Khalid contributed towards the establishment of the General Security and Police Force in 1967 and was an early participant in the first talks to create the federation.   Sheikh Khalid passed away in 1972. His brother, Dr. Sheikh Sultan bin Mohammed Al Qasimi, the current Ruler succeeded him.   Sheikh Khalid ruled the emirate with compassion and wisdom until he passed away. **Ajman** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |  |   | | | | | |   | | | | | | **Sheikh Rashid bin Humaid Al | | | Nuaimi** | | | | | | Former Ruler of Ajman | | | | | | (1902 - 1981)  | | | | | |   | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+   The late H. H. Sheikh Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi was the Ruler of Ajman for 54 years, beginning in 1928 as the ninth ruler of the emirate.   Since the age of eight, Sheikh Rashid started to acquire the skills of leadership from his father, who ruled the emirate since 1910.     Sheikh Rashid brought a renaissance that led to the prosperity of the emirate. Under his leadership, Ajman became the first emirate to issue its own passports.   In 1958, Sheikh Rashid formalised an education system in the emirate, which had until that time relied on volunteering teachers and traditional methods.   He established the Ajman Police Department in 1967.   Some of his other initiatives were: - - - - **Umm Al Quwain** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | |   | | | | | |   | | | | | | **Sheikh Ahmed Bin Rashid Al | | | Mualla** | | | | | | Former Ruler of Umm Al Quwain | | | | | | (1902 - 1981) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ The late H. H. Sheikh Ahmed assumed his position as the Ruler of Umm Al Quwain in 1928. It is believed that he was 18 when he became the Ruler. Sheikh Ahmed acquired the experience of ruling the country and his people from his father H. H. Sheikh Rashid Al Mualla, who ruled Umm Al Quwain for almost 25 years. During Sheikh Ahmed's rule, the emirate enjoyed great stability despite its limited resources.   He established the first school and hospital in Umm Al Quwain, had the emirate\'s first roads paved and built a police and public security department. He was a great figure who worked for the betterment of his citizens. **Ras Al Khaimah** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |  |   | | | | | |   | | | | | | **Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammed Al | | | Qasimi** | | | | | | Former Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah | | | | | | (1918- 2010)  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+   The late H. H. Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi took over as the Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah on 17 July 1948. During Sheikh Saqr\'s reign, he established security and peace in the emirate and provided a decent life for his people. He established many schools including the emirate\'s first girls' school in 1956.   At the time of creating the Federation, Sheikh Saqr had many concerns; one of them was about getting the emirate's islands of Greater and Lesser Tunbs which Iran had seized. However, he received assurances that the new Federal Government would continue to claim it. Finally, Ras Al Khaimah joined the federation on 10 February 1972. **Fujairah** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | |   | | | | | |   | | | | | | **Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad Al | | | Sharqi** | | | | | | Former Ruler of Fujairah | | | | | | (1908- 1974) | | | | | |   | | | | | |   | | | | | |   | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+  The late H. H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamada Al Sharqi ruled Fujairah from about 1937 to 1974. He believed in a separate identity of Fujairah, which was finally acknowledged by Britain in 1952. People looked up to him as a ray of hope and inspiration. He formalised the Sharia court system. In 1969, he initiated road construction and started the emirate\'s first books' library. Some of his other initiatives include: - - -  **The seven emirates** ----------------------- This section provides an overview of the UAE's seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaimah and Fujairah. [[Abu Dhabi]](https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-seven-emirates/abu-dhabi) [[Dubai]](https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-seven-emirates/dubai) [[Sharjah]](https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-seven-emirates/sharjah) [[Ajman]](https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-seven-emirates/ajman) [[Umm Al Quwain]](https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-seven-emirates/umm-al-quwain) [[Ras Al Khaimah]](https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-seven-emirates/ras-al-khaimah) [[Fujairah]](https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/the-seven-emirates/fujairah) [[Explore the UAE by emirate]](https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/visiting-and-exploring-the-uae/what-to-do-in-the-uae/explore-the-uae-by-emirate-)  **Culture** ------------ The UAE has a rich culture and heritage that reflects traditional Arab and Islamic values. Environment and terrain also influenced the lifestyle. Read to know about the different aspects of the Emirati culture, and their inspirations then and now. **Social life** In the earlier days, the UAE's social life was different on the coasts, in the oases and in the deserts. Read about the varied life here. **The aspects of UAE\'s social life** The harsh climate and the mostly arid terrain played an important role in influencing the social life of people in the past. ** ** **One of a tribe** Every one belonged to one tribal group or the other and swore allegiance to it. This way, everyone was bound by obligations to protect his tribe and in turn be assured of the same for himself from the rest of his tribe members. The tribal people settled and moved together in groups. The Bani Yas group was the largest tribal group. It roamed the deserts of the emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The other tribes at that time were the Awamir and Manasir that also wandered. The tribes wandered with their camels in search of greener lands for themselves and their cattle. Almost all Bani Yas families, except the Al Rumaitha, who were into fishing, returned to their dwelling in the oases of Liwa occasionally. **Water: key to economic and social structure** As per the book \'The Tribal Society of the UAE and its Traditional Economy\' by Frauke Heard-Bey, the availability of water was key to the economic life and hence the social structure of the then UAE. The country can be broadly divided into three geographically and therefore economically different regions: firstly, the coasts and islands; secondly, the Hajar mountain range with its valleys (wadis) and adjacent gravel plains; and thirdly, the sandy desert. **Life by the coast** On the islands of Abu Dhabi, archaeological evidences show that tribespeople came to fish in the winter and even brought their camels over in boats. They used rainwater, stored in cisterns, or caught in horizontally placed sails. With the rise of pearling industry, many families moved to the coast. Thus, increasing the size and importance of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. **Life in the oases** The pearling industry resulted in families gathering wealth. Some of these moved to Al Ain and started date farming. They put some of their wealth in bringing underground water for the date farms from springs near the mountains to the plains. The area and its economy started thriving after the availability of water. **Life in the desert** Bedouins had found a way to live in the harsh desert. In the deserts of Empty Quarter in Abu Dhabi, sometimes, they could find water in the dunes, which was potable, sweet and adequate for their population. They even created date gardens and built themselves houses using the branches of the date palms. The camel supported the bedouin in their daily life struggle. The camel was not only a mode of transport but also a source of food and a thing of entertainment and utility. Camels were herded for their milk and meat. They were also raced for fun as a sport. Camel hide was used to make bags and other useful utensils, while some of the finest mens\' outer garments (bisht) were woven from their hair. **Foundation of the governance culture** The culture of sharing and participation is intrinsic to the Emirati culture. In the olden days, the ruling Sheikhs used to travel to remote lands in the UAE and camp in villages where they would hold ad hoc meetings in large tents. These meetings were informal in nature and largely involved sharing, discussing and resolving local issues relating to society, agriculture, trade and economy, housing, medical and other topics relating to the well-being and happiness of the people. These meetings were referred to as Barza or Majlis (Arabic words for gatherings) and drew Emiratis in huge numbers. **The UAE society today** The UAE\'s population was estimated to be around 8.2 million around mid-2010. The UAE Government has invested its wealth from oil in building a nation with world-class infrastructure. Emiratis now have access to good education, health services, housing and other vital infrastructure such as public works, banks, telecommunication etc. The UAE leads the Arab region in many of these sectors. Owing to their earlier practice of settling in groups, even today, Emirati families live together. They stand for cohesiveness bound by religious and tribal ties and traditional values of cooperating and sharing. Emiratis are social. They like to meet people and continue to hold regular gatherings at home or social venues. They are warm hosts and treat their guests with utmost honour. An Emirati man greets another Emirati man by rubbing his nose against the other\'s nose. A handshake, an embrace and greetings of peace follow. Economic factors still affect social lifestyle. Yet, the one thing that did not change is that the Emirati culture resonates Islamic values. **The UAE\'s Heritage** The UAE is blessed with a rich heritage that encompasses architecture, sports, occupations, traditions, arts, crafts, food, places of historical and archaeological importance, lifestyle and values imbibed in Islam. This page attempts to give you a peek into the UAE\'s glorious heritage and the UAE\'s efforts to preserve it amidst the modern changes. **Features** Some of the distinct features of the UAE\'s heritage are hospitality, tolerance, family cohesion and solidarity among members of the society along with honour and pride associated with being part of this heritage. Watch these videos to learn more about the Emirati heritage.   **Validation of the UAE\'s heritage** The city of Al Ain in the emirate of Abu Dhabi is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The cultural sites include six oases and the archaeological sites of Bida bint Saud, Hafeet and Hili. Read more about [[Al Ain, a UNESCO World Heritage site]](https://visitabudhabi.ae/en/what-to-see/national-attractions/unesco-sites). The emirate of Sharjah has gained two prestigious titles for bearing the torch of the UAE\'s culture and heritage. In 1998, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) named it \'The Cultural Capital of the Arab World\'. In 2014, it was named the capital of Islamic culture for 2014 by Organisation of Islamic Countries. **Efforts of the UAE Government in preserving the heritage** Government entities have taken and continue to take several measure not only to preserve the heritage but also to create awareness about it. It has achieved this through: - - - - - ** ** **Festivals and events** Annual festivals such as [[Qasr Al Hosn Festival]](https://alhosn.ae/), Sheikh Zayed Heritage Festival, Sultan bin Zayed Heritage Festival, [[Sharjah Heritage Days ]](https://www.visitsharjah.com/en/events/sharjah-heritage-days/)bring alive the UAE\'s heritage and give the chance for the new generation to experience and value it. These festivals are very popular and draw huge crowds.   **Clubs** Clubs such as [[Emirates Heritage Club ]](https://www.mediaoffice.abudhabi/en/topic/emirates-heritage-club/)and [[Juma Al Majid Center for Culture and Heritage ]](http://www.almajidcenter.org/index.php)conduct research on the heritage and organise activities to promote awareness about the heritage.   **Heritage villages** Heritage villages are a complex of structures that include traditional houses, schools, markets and public spaces. It is like a replica of structures in the olden days. All emirates have at least one heritage village. The heritage villages offer a peek into the different aspects of the lives of Emiratis in the olden times. Read about the heritage villages in: - -   **Museums** Museums in the UAE have contributed a lot towards preservation of the culture of the UAE. There are several museums in the UAE. They display artwork, rare pictures, utensils, armoury, maritime equipment, currencies and other items from the olden times. Museums that have opened in original structures that served as forts or palaces in the olden days reflect the heritage of the UAE in a unique way.   **New museums** **Louvre Abu Dhabi** The iconic [[Louvre Abu Dhabi]](https://visitabudhabi.ae/en/what-to-see/historical-and-cultural-attractions/louvre-abu-dhabi) is the first universal museum in the Arab World, translating and fostering the spirit of openness between cultures. The museum located in the heart of the Saadiyat Cultural District on [Saadiyat Island], displays works of historical, cultural and sociological significance, from ancient times to the contemporary era.   **Natural History Museum Abu Dhabi** Located in Saadiyat Cultural District, the [[Natural History Museum Abu Dhabi]](https://abudhabiculture.ae/en/experience/museums/natural-history-museum-abu-dhabi) features some of the rarest natural history specimens ever found on Earth. Visitors will travel on a journey through time and space, from the beginning of the universe to a thought-provoking perspective into our Earth's future. A highlight of the new museum's collection will be the world-famous skeleton of 'Stan', the Tyrannosaurus rex, the Murchison Meteorite specimen, and other spectacular collections as part of its compelling curatorial vision, as well as other fascinating experiences which will be created by a dedicated team in Abu Dhabi. The museum is [[due to be completed by 2025]](https://wam.ae/en/details/1395303032718).   **Guggenheim Abu Dhabi** Set to be the region's pre-eminent museum of global modern and contemporary art, [[Guggenheim Abu Dhabi]](https://abudhabiculture.ae/en/experience/museums/guggenheim-abu-dhabi) fosters a deeper understanding of how different art perspectives have shaped the interconnected histories and cultures of our time. The museum presents a global collection with a specific focus on West Asia, North Africa, and South Asia (WANASA).   **Zayed National Museum** The [[Zayed National Museum]](https://abudhabiculture.ae/en/experience/museums/zayed-national-museum) will be a premier museum in the UAE. It will tell the story of the late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (1918-2004) and provide a comprehensive overview of the natural and human history of the UAE.   **Constructing and maintaining mosques** [[General Authority of Islamic Affairs and Endowments ]](https://www.awqaf.gov.ae/en/Pages/Default.aspx)is the federal authority responsible for constructing mosques in the UAE. There are about 4818 mosques in the UAE open all day to call for piety, righteousness and peace. [[Al Bidya Mosque ]](http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/oldest-uae-mosque-holds-onto-its-secrets)in Fujairah is the oldest mosque in the UAE. [[Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque ]](https://www.szgmc.gov.ae/en/Home)in Abu Dhabi reflects the grandeur of the Mamluk, Ottoman and Fatimid architectural styles. Late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the founding President of the UAE, was laid to rest in the complex of the mosque. [[Jumeirah Mosque ]](http://www.visitdubai.com/en/pois/jumeirah-mosque)in Dubai was built entirely from white stone in the medieval Fatimid tradition, with towering twin minarets framing a large central dome. It can hold up to 1,200 worshippers. All these three mosques are open for visits by non-Muslims.   **Tips for non-Muslims to enter a mosque** A non-Muslim wishing to enter the mosque must dress conservatively. His/her clothes should fully cover the shoulders, arms and knees. In addition, women would need to cover their heads.   **Art** Music, dance, poetry, pottery, weaving and embroidery were popular forms of art in the olden days. Today, paintings and literature have joined the art forms thriving in the UAE. **Poetry** Traditional UAE\'s literary heritage comprises [Taghrouda ]and [[Nabati poetry]](https://sheikhmohammed.ae/en-us/Pages/Nabati-Poetry.aspx). Taghrouda involves a poetry duel. This art was practised in rural areas to hasten the search for a lost camel or horse. Al Taghrouda, which is popular at weddings, is also performed on horseback to urge horses to speed up. The equestrian taghrouda is usually about courage, bravery and magnanimity. Nabati refers to the dialect of Arabic spoken by non-Arabic natives. Nabati poetry has been a feature of life in the Arabian Peninsula since the 16th century. H. H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum [[composes Nabati poetry]](https://sheikhmohammed.ae/en-us/Pages/HHNabatiPoetry.aspx). He has published [[compilations of such compositions]](https://sheikhmohammed.ae/en-us/Pages/Publications.aspx?filterid=By%20His%20Highness).   Read more about [[Nabati poetry on the website of Abu Dhabi Culture.]](https://abudhabiculture.ae/en/discover/traditions/nabati-poetry) **Music and dance** Music and dance were widely practised in the olden days. [[Ayala or the \'stick dance]](https://visitabudhabi.ae/en/plan-your-trip/culture-and-traditions/ayala-dancing)\' is one of the folk dance forms. It involves performances by two rows of dancers facing one another. Dancers are positioned close together in rows, signifying the unity and co-operation amongst tribal people. It is accompanied by drumming. [[Al Wahabiyyah ]](https://www.emirates247.com/news/emirates/10-things-you-did-not-know-about-ras-al-khaimah-2015-10-03-1.605437)is one of the oldest art forms of Ras Al Khaimah and is performed only here. The songs during this performance are divided into three sections. Drum players stand between two rows of performers comprising the band. One of the performers begins by reciting a line of poetry. He repeats it a number of times until the other performers have memorised it. Then he recites another line of poetry from the same poem. The first line is a start and the second is the ostinato or pedal. The two rows of dancers rhythmically move forward and backward, a row bows and drummers keep drawing nearer to it for 10 minutes while moving their heads. The opposite row repeats the some movements as the drummers draw nearer to them as well. Dancers with swords and guns add charm to the show. Today, Emiratis play traditional music and perform traditional dances on important social occasions. **Crafts** Crafts such as [[pottery]](https://abudhabiculture.ae/en/discover/handicraft/pottery), weaving and [[embroidery ]](https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/32-talli-work-traditional-emirati-embroidery-2011-1.573910)have been part of the Emirati culture since the time they lived as bedouins. In fact, pottery can be traced back to the Paleolithic Age (6000 B.C. - 3500 B.C.). The Emirati traditional form of weaving, known as [[Sadu]](https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/al-sadu-traditional-weaving-skills-in-the-united-arab-emirates-00517), is on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization\'s \'List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding\'. **Paintings and literature** There are several art galleries, art districts and art museums in the cities of Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah. Today, the UAE is emerging as an international hub for promoting art and culture. The UAE is venue for several art and literature exhibitions and festivals. Some of the renowned local art exhibitions are [[Abu Dhabi Art]](https://www.abudhabiart.ae/), [[Art Dubai]](https://www.artdubai.ae/) and [[Sharjah Biennale]](https://sharjahart.org/biennial-13). Literature festivals include [[Emirates Literature Festival]](https://emirateslitfest.com/), [[Sharjah International Book Fair]](https://www.sibf.com/en/home) and [[Abu Dhabi International Book Fair]](https://adbookfair.com/en). **Food** Owing to the harsh climatic conditions, agricultural produce was limited in the olden days. Hence, the Emiratis relied on animal products. Some Emirati dishes have a hint of Arabian, Indian, Iranian, Mediterranean and Turkish influences. **Bread and pancakes** Bread and pancakes were popular before rice came in. The Arabic bread Khameer (which is the Arabic word for yeast) is made from yeast, flour and powdered milk. It is sprinkled with sesame seeds and served with cheese or honey. The Emirati pancake, Chabab, is made with flour, eggs, sugar and spices like cardamom and saffron. It is served with date syrup. **Coffee and dates** Guests and visitors are traditionally welcomed with coffee and dates. Local coffee comes blended with cardamom and saffron. Coffee is served in small handle-less cups called finjans. Date palms flourish in the oases. Dates are considered a boon in the desert, as they are a vital source of nutrition. Even today, fasts during the holy month of Ramadan are broken with dates. Dibs or date syrup, is used as a dip to relish both savoury and sweet dishes. More than 40 varieties of dates are grown in the UAE; each having its own distinct colour and flavour. In the olden days, dates were fermented in the sun to act as a raising agent to prepare bread. Today, dates coated in chocolate or stuffed with almonds or candied orange peel make for luxury gifts. Coffee (called Gahwa in Arabic) and dates (called Tamr in Arabic) are still an integral part of the Emirati culture. **Fish, meat, rice and spice** Along the coasts, fish was found in abundance. The Emiratis learnt to store fish by drying it and made it accessible to those living in the deserts and oases. In the deserts and mountainous regions, Emiratis largely relied on camel milk and meat. Meat of sheep and goat were also staple. Foreign trade led to import of spices and later rice. The availability of rice and spice led to the invention of dishes such as Khuzi (stuffed whole roast lamb or goat on a bed of spiced rice), Machboos (casserole of lamb or chicken layered with rice seasoned with spices and some saffron) and Biryani (meat cooked with Indian-style spiced rice). Cinnamon, saffron and turmeric, along with nuts, limes and dried fruit heighten the flavour of Emirati dishes. Spices were also used to prepare fish dishes such as Machboos, Saloona (stew), Mhammar and Al Madrooba. Mhammar is a side dish where the fish are spiced and prepared whole. It is often served with sweet caramelised onions and sugary yellow rice, which is a blend of savoury and sweet. Emiratis also favour the other dish, Al Madrooba. It is a mix of salted fish, spices and thick sauce. It is sprinkled with saffron, nuts and spices and served with rice. **Dining scene today** Today, the dining scene in the UAE has undergone a huge change. The UAE has many restaurants, cafés and bars. Popular cuisines served in restaurants are Afghani, African, American, Arabic, British, Chinese, Filipino, French, German, Greek, Indian, Indonesian, Iranian, Italian, Japanese, Malay, Mediterranean, Mexican, Nepali, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Thai and Vietnamese. Food festivals [[Taste of Abu Dhabi, ](https://tasteofabudhabifestival.com/)[Dubai Food Festival ](https://www.visitdubai.com/en/whats-on/dubai-food-festival)]and [[Sharjah Food Festival ]](https://www.alqasba.ae/events/sharjah-food-festival/14)bring cuisines from around the world and are popular with citizens and residents alike. **Tolerance and co-existence** To promote tolerance, the UAE appointed a Minister of State for Tolerance and Coexistence, launched the National Tolerance Programme, passed the Anti-discrimination/Anti-hatred law and set up centres to counter extremism. **Tolerance initiatives** The UAE Government had been taking efforts towards building a tolerant nation before the structural changes of the Cabinet. Some of these measures are enumerated below. **Year of Tolerance** On 15 December 2018, the late H. H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed declared [[2019 as the Year of Tolerance]](https://wam.ae/en/details/1395302727183). The announcement aims to highlight the UAE as a global capital for tolerance and its approach, since its establishment, to be a bridge of communication between peoples of different cultures in a respectful environment that rejects extremism and emphasises on the acceptance of the other.   The Year of Tolerance will focus on five main pillars: - - - - - Read the [[Year of Tolerance brand guidelines]](https://u.ae/-/media/About-UAE/Tolerance/YoT-guideline-En.pdf) (PDF, 11.8 MB). **Tolerance Bridge** In November 2017, H. H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid named the pedestrian bridge over the [[Dubai Canal]](https://www.visitdubai.com/en/places-to-visit/dubai-water-canal) as the Tolerance Bridge. The announcement was made on the 22nd [[International Day of Tolerance]](https://www.unesco.org/en/days/tolerance). The naming reflects tolerance as a fundamental value in the UAE community where people from over 200 nationalities live in harmony without racism, discrimination or intolerance. **Mariam Umm Eisa Mosque** Tolerance is a virtue and an intrinsic part of the Islamic culture. It is observed at all levels: individual, organisational and national. With more than 200 nationalities living peacefully and successfully in the UAE, the UAE society has been an undisputed example of being a tolerant and inclusive country. Now, the Federal Government is keen to promote acceptance and understanding as core values of the society. As a practical application of the principle of tolerance, H. H. Sheikh Mohammad bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the UAE and Ruler of Abu Dhabi, ordered renaming the Sheikh Mohammad bin Zayed Mosque in Al Mushrif, Abu Dhabi, to \'[[Mariam, Umm Eisa' --- Arabic for 'Mary, the mother of Jesus]](https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/arts-culture/mary-jesus-mother-is-new-name-for-uae-mosque-1.2043544)'.   **Minister of Tolerance and Coexistence** The post of the Minister of State for Tolerance was first introduced in 2016 when H. H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister and Vice-President of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai announced structural changes to the 12th Cabinet, reinforcing the UAE\'s commitment to eradicate ideological, cultural and religious bigotry in the society. Sheikha Lubna Al Qasimi was the first the Minister of State for Tolerance.   In the Cabinet reshuffle of 2017, His Excellency Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan was appointed as Cabinet member and the Minister of Tolerance in the UAE.   Read Sheikh Mohammed\'s speech on [[Why Ministers for Happiness, Tolerance, Youth and the Future?]](https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/mohammad-bin-rashid-why-uae-ministers-for-happiness-tolerance-youth-and-the-future-1.1680133)   **In the cabinet reshuffle in July 2020, the Ministry of Tolerance was changed to [[Ministry of Tolerance and Coexistence]](https://www.tolerance.gov.ae/). His Excellency Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan is a Cabinet member and the Minister of Tolerance and Coexistence. Read about [[the new structure of the UAE Government]](https://wam.ae/en/details/1395302853277).** **The UAE's support to human fraternity** The UAE hosted the Human Fraternity Meeting, organised by the Muslim Council of Elders, with the aim to enhance dialogue on co-existence of humans globally. It further aimed to tackle the intellectual extremism, strengthen human relations. **International Day for Human Fraternity** The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution proclaiming 4 February every year as the 'International Day for Human Fraternity'. The international community will observe International Day for Human Fraternity annually beginning in 2021. The initiative to observe such day was introduced by the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.   The resolution acknowledges the meeting between His Holiness Pope Francis and the His Eminence Grand Imam of Al-Azhar, Ahmad al-Tayyib, on 4 February 2019 in Abu Dhabi, which resulted in the signing of the 'Document on Human fraternity for World Peace and Living Together'.   The resolution recognises the valuable contributions of people of all religions and beliefs to humanity, and underlines the role of education in promoting tolerance and eliminating discrimination based on religion or belief. It commends all international, regional, national, and local initiatives and efforts by religious leaders to promote inter-religious and inter-cultural dialogue.   Read related news coverage on [[WAM]](https://wam.ae/en/details/1395302897164).   Read about the other [[international days]](https://www.un.org/en/observances/international-days-and-weeks) observed by the United Nations. **Human Fraternity Meeting** In February 2019, the UAE hosted the Human Fraternity Meeting, organised by the Muslim Council of Elders, with the aim to enhance dialogue on co-existence of humans globally. It further aimed to tackle the intellectual extremism, strengthen human relations and establish bases for such relations based on mutual respect. The meeting was held in conjunction with the visit of Dr. Ahmad Al-Tayyeb, Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Al-Sharif and Pope Francis, Head of the Catholic Church.  **Human Fraternity Document** **Human Fraternity Document for World Peace and Living Together** A document on human fraternity for world peace and living together was issued in the meeting and signed by Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Al-Sharif and the Head of the Catholic Church. The document upholds the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.   Al-Azhar and the Catholic Church ask that this document become the object of research and reflection in all schools, universities and educational institutes, thus helping to educate new generations to bring the good and peace to others, and to be defenders everywhere of the rights of the oppressed and of the least of our brothers and sisters.   **The UAE's law against discrimination, hatred and extremism** The UAE promoted and enforced non-discriminatory laws and policies for peaceful co-existence and sustainable society. [[Federal Decree Law No. 34 of 2023 concerning Combating Discrimination, Hatred and Extremism]](https://u.ae/-/media/Documents-2024/Federal-Law-by-Decree-No-34-of-2023-Concerning-Combating-Discrimination-Hatred-and-Extremism-1.pdf) (PDF, 82.3 KB) prohibits contempt of religions, discrimination and hatred against one another and extremism of views.   It prohibits and penalises: 1. 2. 3.   The law prohibits actions or any form of expression that could lead to discrimination.   It penalises acts intended to incite hate speech, tribal conflicts, or disturb public peace through any means of expression.   This law mentions that freedom of opinion and expression cannot justify statements or actions that incite contempt or harm towards religions.   It defines extremism as any action carried out by individuals or groups driven by ideologies, values or principles that disrupt public order or show contempt of religions or discrimination or the incitement of hate speech. **Centres for countering extremism** The UAE has established national institutions, including through international cooperation, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime. **International Institute for Tolerance** Aiming to promote the culture of tolerance regionally and globally, the UAE Government of Dubai has launched the [[International Institute for Tolerance as per local Law No 9 of 2017]](https://uaecabinet.ae/en/details/news/mohammed-bin-rashid-launches-global-initiative-for-tolerance-openness). The step seeks to provide solutions to the challenges of extremism and promote the UAE as a role model for tolerance. The law also launches the Mohammad Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Tolerance Award which seeks to honour the efforts of those who contribute in spreading the culture of tolerance in the societies. The institute is open to scholars and tolerance advocates who wish to work towards establishing a culture of tolerance and openness in our societies and against all forms of discrimination among people, based on religion, gender, race, colour or language. The institute will encourage open dialogue and highlight the honest and peaceful essence of Islam against extremism, fanaticism and intellectual repression. It will propose policies, legislations and initiatives to entrench the values of tolerance and co-existence and create an environment that is conducive to social and cultural harmony. **Hedayah centre** In December 2012, [[H. H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan]](https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/the-ministry/the-ministers/minister-of-foreign-affairs-and-international-cooperation), Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation launched [Hedayah] (Arabic for guidance) the new name of the International Centre for Excellence in countering violent extremism, in Abu Dhabi. Hedayah serves as the premier international hub for policy makers, practitioners and researchers of Counter Violent Extremism (CVE) to enhance understanding and share good practices to build the capacity of CVE actors across the globe to promote tolerance, stability and security. It address current threats in CVE by organising capacity building activities and workshops. **Sawab Centre** In July 2015, the United Arab Emirates and the United States of America co-founded [[Sawab]](https://sawabcenter.org/). (Sawab means the right path in Arabic.) It is an online engagement initiative, in support of the global coalition against extremism. Sawab seeks to give a voice to the millions of Muslims and others around the world who stand united against terrorism and the religious misinterpretations that are being propagated by them. The centre works with religious leaders, organisations, businesses and youth in order to amplify their voices, challenge extremism doctrines of hate and intolerance and demonstrate the true values of the UAE\'s community. **Communities in focus** This page provides information about the UAE Government's efforts to empower and protect the various communities through its services, initiatives and facilities. **Immigrant workers** The UAE has ratified major [[International Labour Organization\'s conventions]](https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/laws-and-regulations/international-agreements.aspx) related to the rights of workers and has adopted numerous laws to protect workers\' rights especially in the areas of recruitment, pay, housing and health.   Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation (MoHRE) launches many awareness campaigns to educate labourers about their rights. One of these campaigns was initiated under the slogan \'Know your rights\'.   Workers can file a labour complaint to MoHRE through the following channels: - - - Both, the employers and the workers can call on the same number to get legal advice.   The UAE has introduced a new standard employment contract and requested the employers to abide by fully. This contract is mandatory to finalise the employment procedures and it applies to workers coming from outside and those residing in the UAE, as well.   Further, the UAE Government launched new laws that enable workers to move freely between employers. It also reevaluated every aspect of working in the country from recruitment to housing. Reforms are made to ensure that all workers are treated respectfully and able to report instances of maltreatment easily.   The UAE has implemented a number of measures to provide protection and assistance specifically to domestic workers. Some of the measures include: - - -   [[Read more]](https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/leaving-no-one-behind/8decentworkandeconomicgrowth) about how the UAE provides a fair job market and protects labour rights. **Domestic workers** The UAE Government provides specific services for the benefit of domestic workers. Services range from providing [[dedicated services centres]](https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/jobs/-/media/Documents-2023/domesticworkersservicescentersen290323pdfaspx.ashx) to offering [[online platform for raising queries and complaints]](https://eservices.mohre.gov.ae/Mohre.Domestic.UI/home/index?lang=en-gb). [[Federal Decree Law No. 21 of 2023 Amending Certain Provisions of Federal Decree Law No.9 of 2022 Concerning Domestic Workers]](https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/laws-and-regulations/laws.aspx) regulates the recruitment and employment of domestic workers in the UAE.  It prohibits the following: - - - - - -   Read more about the[[ employment of domestic workers.]](https://u.ae/information-and-services/jobs/employment-in-the-private-sector/domestic-helpers) **The poor** Those who are financially backward, are eligible to receive monthly social assistance from the Government. Find links to online services for the poor: - - - - - -   According to Federal Law No. 2 of 2001, monthly assistance is provided to: - - - - - - - - - - - -   Read about [[social welfare programmes]](https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/social-affairs/social-welfare) in the UAE.     The UAE provides high-quality education and plenty of job opportunities in the knowledge-driven economy of the UAE. It undertakes many efforts to maintain the standard of high-quality education and provide a fair job market. It ensures that citizens and residents are capable of earning a decent livelihood and enjoy quality life in the UAE.   The UAE aims to promote an inclusive environment that integrates all segments of society while preserving the UAE\'s unique culture, heritage and traditions and reinforces social and family cohesion.   [[Read more]](https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/leaving-no-one-behind/1nopoverty) about how the UAE reduces poverty through education, jobs, social support and financing businesses. **Human rights in the UAE** Protection of human rights is guaranteed as per the UAE\'s Constitution. Special efforts and initiatives are undertaken to protect the rights of women, children, seniors, people of determination and foreign workers in the UAE.  **The Permanent Committee for Human Rights** [[The Permanent Committee for Human Rights (PCHR)]](https://pchr.gov.ae/en/home) is at the center of the UAE's ongoing efforts in protecting and promoting human rights. Acting as the national liaison and coordinator between relevant ministries and human rights bodies within the UAE, the PCHR aims to advance the human rights agenda in line with internationally recognized standards. The PCHR also works closely with global human rights organizations and partner countries to support progress and uphold human dignity. The Permanent Committee for Human Rights (formerly named the National Human Rights Committee) was established by the Council of Ministers in October 2019. Its members include several UAE ministries and institutions.   **Duties** - - - - -   **Combatting human trafficking** The UAE condemns, prohibits and penalises human trafficking through a comprehensive action plan to fight it regionally and abroad. The plan includes: prevention of human trafficking, prosecution and punishment of traffickers, protection of survivors and promotion of international cooperation. **Report human trafficking and get support** UAE Government established the [Ewa\'a Shelters for women and children] victims of human trafficking and sexual exploitation. In Abu Dhabi, [['Abu Dhabi Shelter and Humanitarian Care Centre' (Ewa'a)]](https://twitter.com/admediaoffice/status/1283785513187651586), an affiliate of the [[Department of Community Development]](https://addcd.gov.ae/), is responsible for providing care, safe shelter and health and psychological care to victims of human trafficking and all forms of violence including domestic violence. The centre's responsibilities include developing awareness programmes to prevent human trafficking and all types of abuse in coordination with relevant entities.   In Dubai, [[Dubai Foundation for Women and Children (DFWAC)]](https://www.dfwac.ae/) is the first licensed non-profit shelter for women and children who are victims of domestic violence, abuse and human trafficking in the UAE. It was established in July 2007 to offer victims immediate protection and support services in accordance with international human rights obligations.   The foundation provides free services to women and children who are victims of violence. It offers a helpline, safe shelter, case management, medical care, psychological support, counselling and legal, consular and immigration assistance. In addition to those core services, DFWAC also provides secondary support services including children\'s education, recreational activities, vocational services, physical fitness, all-round empowerment and skills training.   In Sharjah, Women\'s Protection Centre of the [[Social Services Department of Government of Sharjah]](https://sssd.shj.ae/en/) (SSSD) has allocated a toll free number 800-800-700 to provide social, psychological and legal counselling and solutions to domestic issues by legal, social and psychological specialists. SSSD also provides [[family consultations]](https://sssd.shj.ae/en/e-service?app=consultation) through its website.   In addition, there are several social support centres under the supervision of Abu Dhabi Police that look after victims of human trafficking. They render all necessary support in co-ordination and co-operation with various relevant institutions.   There is also the General Directorate for Human Rights Protection that works under the supervision of Dubai Police and provides psychological, social and legal support to women and children who are victims of human trafficking. The Directorate provides victims with support such as temporary shelter, temporary visas and air tickets to return to their homelands. Protection of human rights is guaranteed as per the UAE\'s Constitution. Special efforts and initiatives are undertaken to protect the rights of women, children, seniors, people of determination and foreign workers in the UAE.  **National Human Rights Institution** The National Human Rights Institution is an independent entity. It enjoys financial and administrative autonomy to carry out its functions, conduct its activities and competencies for the promotion and protection of human rights. The National Human Rights Institution is an independent legal entity that enjoys a financial and administrative autonomy in the exercise of its functions, activities, and competencies for the promotion and protection of human rights; as per the [[Federal Law No. 12 of 2021]](https://nhriuae.com/assets/NHRI-Law-12-en.pdf) (PDF, 1 MB) which was issued by the late His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and in accordance with the [[Paris Principles for the National Human Rights Institutions]](https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/resources/handbook-for-parliamentarians-on-the-convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/chapter-seven-creating-national-institutions-to-implement-and-monitor-the-convention-3.html) that were adopted in 1993. **Protection of workers' rights** The UAE implements several employment-related laws and has ratified international conventions to ensure safety and protection of labour. Find digital services to make labour-related complaints. **Online services for workers from foreign countries** - - - - - -   Find out more [[digital services for workers from foreign countries]](https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/services.aspx) on the website of Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation.   The UAE issued a guide titled 'Know Your Rights' to educate the labourers about their rights and obligations. The guide communicates seven key messages to workers from foreign countries. The messages are: 1.You are expected to sign your employment contract after arriving in the UAE. 2.The costs of the recruitment and travel, as well as the expenses for obtaining your residency permit in the UAE shall be borne by the employer with whom you have agreed to conclude a contract. 3\. The terms and provisions of your employment contract must be consistent with the job offer you have signed in your country.   You are expected to: 4\. maintain a copy of the job offer you have signed 5\. contact Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation (MoHRE) promptly, if the employer did not provide you with the agreed-upon job opportunity, or in case you did not receive your salary in full and on time 6\. maintain your identification documents in a secure place. 7\. You are entitled to leave your job at any time. However, you shall be fully aware of your legal obligations.   Find out more about your rights and obligations as a worker from foreign country in the UAE. 'Know Your Rights' guide is available in the following languages: - - - - - -   **Labour Claims and Advisory Call Centre** Workers can seek assistance for any  labour-related grievances or legal matters by contacting MoHRE's \'[[Labour Claims and Advisory Call Centre\']](https://dubins-wpp.ae/en) on the toll-free number 80084.   The UAE has established offices in courts to provide legal support to workers in labour disputes and labour care units have been established across the UAE to provide protection for workers and raise their awareness on their rights. Workers are exempt from paying litigation fees for claims less than AED 100,000. Articles 54 and 56 of the '[[UAE Labour Law]](https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/laws-and-regulations/laws.aspx)' spell provisions for individual labour disputes and collective labour disputes. **Laws and initiatives to protect workers from foreign countries** The UAE is a [[significant recipient of foreign labour]](https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/data-library/statistical-report.aspx). As a member of the [[International Labour Organization]](https://www.ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm) (ILO), the [[Arab Labour Organization]](https://alolabor.org/) and other labour-focused multilateral organisations, the UAE seeks to work transparently and objectively with regard to its labour obligations.   The UAE has re-evaluated every aspect of working in the country from recruitment to housing, ensuring that all workers from foreign countries are treated respectfully and able to report instances of mistreatment easily. Charging recruitment fees to prospective employees is illegal in the UAE. The confiscation of workers\' passports is prohibited and workers do not require their employer\'s permission to leave the country.   Other reforms for workers from foreign countries include: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -   Find out more about worker's protection in these resources: - -   Find out in these reports a set of policies and programmes implemented by MoHRE from 2016 onwards and their impact on reforming the labour market: - - **Efforts to enhance work conditions for migrant workers and nationals** The UAE made enormous efforts to enhance the work conditions for all employees and create job opportunities. Some of these efforts are: - -   The UAE adopted Emiratisation programmes which mandate the inclusion of Emiratis in the job sector, particularly in the private sector. The latest was [[NAFIS]](https://nafis.gov.ae/), a comprehensive federal programme which includes reforms and financial incentives to drive work opportunities for both: young and experienced Emiratis in the private sector. **\ Women's rights in the UAE** Women in the UAE enjoy the same constitutional rights as men. They have access to education, jobs, social and health benefits and holding government offices. The UAE has set special policies, laws and initiatives to protect women and promote gender equality in all aspects of the society. Women in the UAE enjoy the same constitutional rights as men. They have access to education, jobs, social and health benefits and holding government offices. The UAE has set special policies, laws and initiatives to protect women and promote gender equality in all aspects of the society. The initiatives include: - - - - - - - - -