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What significant change occurred among Samurai families during the civil wars of the 14th and 15th centuries?
What significant change occurred among Samurai families during the civil wars of the 14th and 15th centuries?
Which farming technique did the Aztecs use to reclaim land from the lake?
Which farming technique did the Aztecs use to reclaim land from the lake?
What is the primary method by which the Inca recorded their history?
What is the primary method by which the Inca recorded their history?
In the literary work 'The Decameron', what is the setting of the story?
In the literary work 'The Decameron', what is the setting of the story?
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What was a unique characteristic of each Sapa Inca?
What was a unique characteristic of each Sapa Inca?
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What system describes the relationship between serfs and landowners in medieval Europe?
What system describes the relationship between serfs and landowners in medieval Europe?
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Which significant event did Mansa Musa undertake in 1325?
Which significant event did Mansa Musa undertake in 1325?
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What was the outcome of Mansa Musa's lavish spending in Cairo?
What was the outcome of Mansa Musa's lavish spending in Cairo?
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What role did Empress Theodora play in the Byzantine Empire?
What role did Empress Theodora play in the Byzantine Empire?
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Which significant contributions did Mansa Musa make to education in his empire?
Which significant contributions did Mansa Musa make to education in his empire?
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What was the primary focus of Sufi Islam?
What was the primary focus of Sufi Islam?
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Who was Zhu Xi and what is he known for?
Who was Zhu Xi and what is he known for?
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What approach did Thomas Aquinas take in his teachings?
What approach did Thomas Aquinas take in his teachings?
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What does Jihad of the Heart refer to?
What does Jihad of the Heart refer to?
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Which of the following empires is likely to have collapsed due to the events of 536 CE?
Which of the following empires is likely to have collapsed due to the events of 536 CE?
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What is the primary focus of bhakti worship in Post-Gupta India?
What is the primary focus of bhakti worship in Post-Gupta India?
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What characterizes the Sogdian traders?
What characterizes the Sogdian traders?
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Which of the following statements about Cahokia is accurate?
Which of the following statements about Cahokia is accurate?
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In Mesoamerican mythology, what does the term 'Tollan' refer to?
In Mesoamerican mythology, what does the term 'Tollan' refer to?
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What is the significance of the Popol Vuh in Mayan culture?
What is the significance of the Popol Vuh in Mayan culture?
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What does Jihad of the Sword specifically refer to?
What does Jihad of the Sword specifically refer to?
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What was a common trait of the new states in southeast Asia during the period discussed?
What was a common trait of the new states in southeast Asia during the period discussed?
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Which of the following accurately describes the preservation of the Nag Hammadi Library?
Which of the following accurately describes the preservation of the Nag Hammadi Library?
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What was a significant outcome of The Great Schism in 1054 CE?
What was a significant outcome of The Great Schism in 1054 CE?
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What was one of Genghis Khan's achievements by 1206 CE?
What was one of Genghis Khan's achievements by 1206 CE?
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What was the cause of the Black Death between 1346-1353 CE?
What was the cause of the Black Death between 1346-1353 CE?
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How did the Golden Horde utilize biological warfare?
How did the Golden Horde utilize biological warfare?
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What was the primary objective of Pope Urban II when he called for the 1st Crusade?
What was the primary objective of Pope Urban II when he called for the 1st Crusade?
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What impact did Zheng He's voyages have on Southeast Asia?
What impact did Zheng He's voyages have on Southeast Asia?
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What event led to the spread of the plague to Europe in 1347 CE?
What event led to the spread of the plague to Europe in 1347 CE?
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What was one reason for the cessation of Zheng He's voyages after his death?
What was one reason for the cessation of Zheng He's voyages after his death?
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What philosophical approach did the figure referred to in the content promote?
What philosophical approach did the figure referred to in the content promote?
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What was a notable characteristic of the Mongols during Genghis Khan's childhood?
What was a notable characteristic of the Mongols during Genghis Khan's childhood?
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Study Notes
Chapter 8
- Nag Hammadi Library: A collection of non-canonical Christian texts from the 300s CE, found in Egypt and preserved due to the dry climate.
- Texts were hidden after the non-canonical texts were banned.
- 536 CE: A disastrous year marked by multiple volcanic eruptions, extreme winter temperatures in the northern hemisphere, crop failures, and wars, possibly contributing to the collapse of empires, exacerbated by the Plague of Justinian five years later.
Early Islam and its Spread
- Muhammad and his followers waged jihad against Mecca.
- Jihad means "struggle," with four types:
- Jihad of the Heart: resisting the Devil and temptation.
- Jihad of the Tongue: speaking honestly and spreading Islam.
- Jihad of the Hand: doing what is right and combating injustice.
- Jihad of the Sword: armed fight; holy warfare.
Chapter 9
- Changes to religion in Post-Gupta India: Shift from Brahminical rituals to devotion to specific gods like Shiva and Vishnu, reflected in bhakti devotional worship and Puranas religious texts.
- New states in Southeast Asia: Many had a thalassocracy (primarily maritime or seaborne empires) like Srivijaya and Java, capitalizing on trade between India and China.
- Sogdian traders: Lived along the central section of the Silk Road in the Eurasian Steppe, building economic powerhouses instead of military states. Their language and religion were Persian, but they had influences from India and the Greek world. They traveled afar along the Silk Road, forming a trade diaspora.
Chapter 10
- Religion in Mesoamerica: Political institutions explained through mythical Tollan ("the place of reeds"), a paradise where human and animal life began, ruled by the feathered serpent Quetzalcoatl.
- Quetzalcoatl: The creator of the universe, the calendar, and maize; had to sacrifice himself to renew the universe.
- Popol Vuh: Mayan mythology pertaining to the origins, The Book of Council, of the gods, and humanity, and the exploits of the hero twins Hunahpu & Xbalanque.
- Cahokia: A well-known Mississippian settlement at the confluence of the Illinois and Mississippi rivers, with a population of 10,000-30,000, and characterized by surrounding mounds, including central 4-tiered pyramids.
Chapter 11
- Society in Medieval Europe: Self-sufficiency was a common theme even into the 11th century.
- Serfs: Peasants tied to the land; under the authority of landowners. Feudalism was the system.
- Empress Theodora of Byzantine: Ruled (842-856 CE), permanently settled iconoclasm debate; canonized as a saint; maintained Byzantine military superiority over the Bulgarians and Abbasids; deposed; co-ruler assassinated.
- Mansa Musa: Ruled Mali (1312-1337 CE), famously went on a hajj to Mecca in 1325; gave away so much gold that the price of gold fell in Egypt; expanded the empire, adding Gao/Timbuktu; brought scholars to Timbuktu; establishing educational center.
Chapter 12
- Thomas Aquinas: Lived (1225-1274 CE), Dominican friar and priest, Ascribed to the cathedral school idea; bringing together Aristotelian logic and Christianity. Combined logic, science, and Christianity as natural theology. Influential in discussions about human liberty and moral limitations of government; Summa Theologica was his best-known work.
- Sufi Islam: An alternative, mystical form of Islam emphasizing personal experience with the divine over obedience to scripture.
- Zhu Xi (1130-1200): The most influential Neo-Confucian scholar who reintroduced humanistic learning, infused education with moral purpose, saw government schools as sterile, leading to the founding of 140 schools; his teachings later used in civil service exams.
Chapter 13
- Eastern and Roman churches broke in 1054 CE when the Pope in Rome and the Patriarch in Constantinople expelled each other from the church. This fracture is known as The Great Schism.
- 1st Crusade: Called by Pope Urban II (1088-1099 CE) in 1095 to help the Byzantine emperor fend off Seljuk Turks. Promises were made to attract warriors, including full forgiveness of sins for anyone who agreed to fight.
- Genghis Khan (born Temujin): Born into a tribe on the margins of the Jin state in 1162 CE, orphaned at 9, abandoned by his father's tribe, built a large confederation of tribes, and was named Genghis Khan (“Oceanic” the Great) by 1206.
Chapter 14
- The Black Death (1346-1353 CE): Caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria, spread by rat fleas and believed to originate in Central Asia. It spread westward along trade routes. Golden Horde used the plague as biological warfare. Genoese brought the plague to Italy. Giovanni Boccaccio extensively documented the plague in his Decameron.
- Zheng He: A Muslim member of the imperial eunuch guards in Yongle's court. He led seven maritime expeditions (1405 and 1407); his voyages established Chinese dominance across Southeast Asia and reached the East African coast. Voyages stopped in 1430 after his death.
- Militarization of Japanese ruling class: Samurai warrior estates intensified in the 14th and 15th centuries. Samurai gained more land during civil wars, becoming wealthy patrons of art and literature.
Chapter 15
- Chinampas: Aztecs used this technique to create long, narrow terraces to reclaim land from Lake systems for agriculture, using dredged mud, reeds, and rocks. They were bordered by interwoven sticks/trees.
- Inca Empire: Each Inca emperor (Sapa) added territory. Each Sapa was said to be a descendant of the sun.
- Khipus: Knotted-string records left behind by the Inca; used for historical record-keeping; though not all these records have been deciphered.
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Explore the significant events from the Nag Hammadi Library to the spread of Islam. This quiz covers key concepts such as the impact of the volcanic eruptions in 536 CE and the different types of jihad defined within early Islamic teachings. Test your knowledge of early religious transformations and pivotal historical moments.
