Final Term Notes On Biotechnology PDF

J he term biotechnology representsa fusion or an DEFTNTTTON(SI OF BTOTECHNOLOGY I alliance between biology and technology. T h e t e r m b i o t e c h n o l o g yw a s i n t r o d u c e d i n 1 9 1 7 Fra...

J he term biotechnology representsa fusion or an DEFTNTTTON(SI OF BTOTECHNOLOGY I alliance between biology and technology. T h e t e r m b i o t e c h n o l o g yw a s i n t r o d u c e d i n 1 9 1 7 Fran klyspe ak ing,biot ec hnologyis as old as hu m a n b y a H u n g a r i a n e n g i n e e r ,K a r l E r e k y. H e u s e d t h e civilizatio n, and is an int egr al par t of hum an l i f e. term for large-scale production of pigs by using Thus, biotechnology is a newly discovered sugar beets as the source of food. Ereky defined discipline for age-old practices. There are records biotechnology as 'all lines of work by which th at win e an d beer wer e pr epar ed in as ear l y a s products are produced from raw materials with 6 00 0 8.C., bre ad and c ur d in 4000 B. C. Toda y ,w e the aid of living thingt This definition was almost know that all these are the processesbased on the ignored for many years. For most people, n atu ral ca pa bilit iesof m ic r oor ganis m s. biotechnology represented two aspects of OL D AND NEW BI O TEG HNO LO G Y engineering-industrial fermentation and study of the efficiencv at work olace. Manv authors prefer to use the term old or traditional biotechnology to the natural processes T h e f a c t t h a t b i o t e c h n o l o g yi s i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r yr n that have been in use for many centuriesto produce nature, with a wide range of applications has beer, wine, curd, cheese and many other foods createdsome confusion with regardto its definition. This is mainly because scientists from each The new or modern biotechnology embraces all d i s c i o l i n e h a v e d e s c r i b e dt h e t e r m f r o m t h e i r o w n the genetic manipulations, cell fusion techniques perspective Around a dozen of the selected a nd th e im pr ov em ent s m ade in t he o l d d e f i n i t i o n so f b i o t e c h n o l o g ya r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 1 , 1. biotechnological processes. T h e E u r o p e a nF e d e r a t i o no f B i o t e c h n o l o g y( E F B ) We have to accept that the present day b r o a d l y c o n s i d e r sb i o t e c h n o l o g ya s " t h e i n t e g r a t i o n bio techn olo gy is not s om et hing new bu t i t of natural sciences and organisms, cells, parts representsa series of technologies, some of them thereof, and molecular analoguesfor products ancl d atin g b ack to t hous andsof y ear s e. g. pr odu c t i o n s e r vi c e s ". of foods, beverages, modification of plants and an imals with des ir edt r ac t s.lt is only in r ec ent y e a r s In whichever way the term biotechnology has that these traditional practices are being subjected been defined, it essentially represents the use of to scientific scrutiny, understood and improved, at microbial, animal or plant cells or enzymes to least in some instances. synthesize, breakdown or transform materials. 4 B IOTE C HNO LO CY fermentation, (between 1857-1876) as the father of biotechnology. The development of biotechnology, in the first 1. Theapplications of scientific andengineeringprinciples half of twentieth century is associated with the to the processing of materials agentst0 by biological f i e l d s o f a p p l i e d m i c r o b i o l o g y a n d i n d u str i a l provide goodsandservices. f e r m e n tations (production of penicillin, organlc etc.) Theapplications of biological organisms, and solvents systems processes to manufacturingandservice induStries. The development of modern biotechnology is agentssuch as c l o s e l y l i n k e d w i t h t h e a d v a n c e sm a d e i n mo l e cu l a r The controlleduse of biological microorganisms or cellular componentsfor beneiicialbiology. A selectedlist of historicalfoundationsthat purp0ses. contributed to the advancementof biotechnology is given in Table 1.2. Theintegrated microbiology useof biochemistry, and engineeringsciences technological The biotechnologyrevolution began in the 1970s in orderto achieve applicationof the capabilities and early 1980s when the scientistsunderstoodthe of microorganisms, cultured andpartsthereof. tissues/cells genetic constitution of living organisms. A strong. 5. Theuseof livingorganisms andtheircomponentsin foundation of genetic engineering and modern food,andotherindustries. agriculture, biotechnology was laid down by Cohen and Boyer in 1973 when they could successfullyintroduce the 6. Theuseof biological organisms or theirconstituents desired genes of one organism into another, and for the transformation of inoutsinto commercial clone the new genes(For more details,referChapter 0ut0uts. 6). lt is an acknowledged fact that of all the A technology usingbiologicalphenomena forcopying scientific development, related recombinant DNA andmanufacturing variouskindsof use{ul substances,technology (rDNA technology) triggend the most 8. Controlledand deliberateapplicationof simple significant and profound advancements in biological agents-living or deador cellcomponents-inbiotechnology. Thus, rDNA technology laid firm technicallyuseful operations, eitherof productive foundations for genetic engineering. manufacture or as serviceoperation. Theuseof livingorganisms in systems or processes BIOTECHNOLOGY-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY for manufacture of usefulproducts, lt may involve GROWING TREE algae,fungi,yeast,cellsof higherplantsor bacteria, B i o t e c h n o l o g y i s a n i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y p u r su i t animalsor subsystems of any of theseor isolated w l t h m u l t i d l s c i p l i n a r y a p p l i c a t i o n s ,a n d it m a y b e componenls fromlivingmatter. represented as a growing biotechnology tree 10.Theuseof livingorganisms to solveproblems or make (Fig. 1.1). This figure gives an overview of usefuloroducts. biotechnology with special reference to the 11. The industrial productionof goodsand servicesby f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e s a n d s c i e n t i f i c f o un d a ti o n s, processes usingbiological organisms, systems and b i o t e c h n o l o g i c a l t o o l s a n d a p p l i c a ti o n s o f pr0cesses. biotechnology. tz. A setof techniques andprocesses involving biological malerials. Scientific foundations of biotechnology T h e r e i s a l m o s t n o d i s c i p l i n e a m o n g t he sci e n ce subjects that has not contributed either directly or HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY indirectly for the growth of biotechnology.About a dozen specialized branches of science that have From the h istorical perspective, the predominantlyprovided the inputsfor biotechnology biotechnology datesbackto the time (around6000 are shown These may be appropriatelyregardedas BC)when the yeastwas first usedto producebeer the roots of biotechnology, and include and wine, and bacteriawere first usedto prepare biochemistry,genetics,molecular biology, chemical yogurt. engineeringand bioinformatics.A large number of Some researchersconsider Louis Pasteur, scientists working in these specialities have w h o i d e n ti fi e dth e ro l e o f mi crooreani sms i n contributed to the development of biotechnology. Chaot er1 : T H E S C OP EOF BIOT E C H N OLOC \ Year Development Tlsrr 1.2 A selected list of historical foundationsfor the developmentof 1977 Firstgenome (ofbacteriophage QX174) biotechnology sequenced. Development 1978 Production ol human insulin in E coli 1980 mutagenesis Site-directed byGillam et a/. 6000Bc Winepreparation (using yeast) 4000Bc Bread making (employing yeast) 1980 U.S.SupremeCourlrulesthatgenetically engineeredmicroorganisms can be 1670-1680 Useof microorganisms forcopper patented (thecasewasfoughtby Anand minrng. Chakrabarty). 1865 ol genetic Inheritance characters of Gregor Mendel. 1981 Firstdiagnostic kitsbasedon monoclonal antibodies approved in U.S 1876 LouisPasteur identified role microorganisms intermentation 1981 DNAsynthesizers Firstautomated sold. 1897 Extraction of enzymes lromyeastby 1982 U.S.approved (human humulin insulin), the Edward Buchner. first pharmaceutical productof rDNA 191 0 Sewage purificationby employing forhuman technology, use. microorganisms established. 1982 givenin Europe Approval fortheuseof first 1914 Productionol industrial chemicals animal vaccineproducedby rDNA (acetone,butanol, glycerol) by using technology. bacteria. UseofTi plasmids 1983 to genetically transform 1917 Thetermbiotechnology wascoined by plants, KarlEreky. 1987 bybiolistlc Genetranster transformation. 1928 Discoveryof penicillinbyAlexander Flaming. 1988 ofpolymerase Development chainreaction. 1943 production lndustrial of penicillin. 1988 U.S. patent grantedto genetically 1944 of DNAasthegenetic ldentification engineered mouse (susceptible to cancer). material(Avery, Macleod andMcOarty). 1990 granted Approval in U.S.lortrallof human 1953 Determination of DNAstructure by cellgenetherapy. somatic Watson andCrick. 1990 of humangenome Officiallaunching 1958 Semiconservative replicationof DNAby project. Messelson andStahl. 1992 (ofyeast) Firstchromosome sequenced 1961 Lacoperon model forgeneregulation, proposed byJacob andMonod. 1994-95 Geneticand physical mapsof human elucidated. chromosomes 1961 Launching of theJournal ol Biotechnology andBioengineering. 1996 Firsteukaryotic (Saccharomyces organism 1962 Microbialmining of uranium. cerevisiael sequenced. 1962-66 Entrregenetic codedeciphered. 1997 The first mammalian sheep, Doily 1970- of thefirstrestriction lsolation by nuclear developed cloning. endonuclease enzyme. 2000 Firstplantgenome (ofArabidopsis thaliana) 1972 Synthesisof IRNAgeneby Khorana ef a/. sequenced. 1973 Establishment of recombinant DNA 2001 Humangenome, the first mammalian technologyby Boyer andGohen. genome, sequenced. 1975 Productionof monoclonal antibodies by genome 2002 Firstcropplant(rice,Oryzasatival Kohler andMilstein. sequenced. 1976 NationalInstituteof Health, USAissued firstguidelinesforrDNAresearch. 2003 Mouse(Mus nusculislgenome,the animal experimental model closest to man, 1976 Sanger andGilbert developed sequenced. techniquesto sequence DNA. Table 1.2 contd. hext column 6 B IOTE C H NO LO G Y Foods Diagnostics Therapeutics Pollution Vaccines control Cropyield Applications of biotechnology Environmental ENVIRON- monitoring Food quality MENTAL AGRICUL- TURAL MEDICAL AND HEALTH Bioremediation Animal ffff / / // health.Protein engineering. Bioorocessfermentation technology. Biosensortechnology.Monoclonalantibody technology GROWINGPLANTWITH Biotechnological.Cell and tissueculture STEMS,BRANCHESetc. tools technology.Transgenesistechnology.Antisensetechnology.DNA chip technology.lmmunotechnology. Metabolicengineering ," l,,rv1 l V,' ,V, V1 ' ;r,r' ,),1I tV1 ,r,\,,, \f ry.l rr,' ),,v ' ffff \, / r ryrA(q,/ /r,!,lnqJrtl(\, / r ryr A([, // r,{1'/, / / / // ROOTS Scientific foundations of biotechnology Material , sclence Biochemical ooo engrneenng 1a"; scl€nC€ lmmunology biology biology Fig. 1.1 : The biotechnology tree.  I : T H E S C OP EO F BIOT E C H N OLOC Y ChA O t Cr Biotechnological tools States and Europe. The biotechnology-based industries can be profitably run by brains than Several methods, techniques or procedures muscles. lt is predicted that the twenty-firstcentury wh ic h may be c o l l e c ti v e l y c a l l ed as will be dominated by biotechnology driven brotechnological tools have been developedfor industries which may be considered as new money t r ans f or m i n g th e s c i e n ti fi c fo u n d a ti ons i nto plants. biot ec hno l o g i c a pl p l i c a ti o n sT.h e s eto o l s i ncl ude protein engineering, bioprocessffermentatron PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF t ec hnolog y c, e l l a n d ti s s u e c u l tu re te c hnol ogy, BIOTECHNOLOGY transgenesis and antisense technology. Humans are the ultimate beneficieries of Applications of biotechnology biotechnology. This may be through healthcare, t r a n s g e n i cp l a n t s a n d a n i m a l s ,p e s t i c i d e s f, e r t i l i z e r s , The fruits of biotechnologicalresearchhave in vitro cultures etc. The public perceptions of wide rangeof applications. In fact,thereis no other biotechnology will significantly influence the rate br anc hof s c i e n c ew h i c h h a sa s ma n ya p p l i cati ons and direction of future growth of biotechnology. as biotechnology. The use of recombinant DNA technology has Biotechnology hasbenefitedmedicaland health raised safety concerns. The public attitudes to s c ienc es ( d i a g n o s ti c s ,v a c c i n e s , th e ra peuti cs, biotechnology are mostly related to matters of foods),agriculturalsciences(improvedcrop yield, i m a g i n a r y d a n g e r s o f g e n e t i c m a n i p u l a t i o n s.S o m e f ood qual i ty , i mp ro v e d a n i ma l h e a l th) and p e o p l e argue against genetic engineering, and env ir onm e n ta l s c i e n c e s (p o l l u ti o n c ontrol , m a n y t i m e s , the public and politiciansare misled. env ir onm e n tamo l n i to ri n gb, i o re m e d i a ti o n). There is a need for the biotechnology community It is desirableto describeat leastone exampleof t o f r e q u e n t l y i n t e r a c t w i t h t h e m e d i a a n d p u b l i c t o biotechnological achievementthat has helpedthe clear the unwarranted fears about the genetic m ank ind.P ri o r to 1 9 8 2 , i n s u l i n re q u i re dfor the e n g i n e e r i n g a n d b i o t e c h n o l o g y. treatmentof diabeticswas obtainedfrom pig and cow pancreases. The procedurewas tedious,and T H E F U T U R E O F B I O T E C H N O L O G Y t he us eof a n i m a li n s u l i nw a s fre q u e n tl a y s soci ated Biotechnology,with much fanfare, has become wit h c om p l i c a ti o n sT. h e n th e h u m a n g ene for a comprehensive scientific venture from the point ins ulin was i s o l a te d ,c l o n e d a n d e x p ressedrn o f a c a d e m i c a n d c o m m e r c i a l a n g l e s ,w i t h i n a s h o r t microorganisms for the large scale productionof time with the sequencingof human genome and insulin. lnsulin was the first pharmaceutical genomes of some other important organisms.The product of recombinant DNA technologyapproved future developments in biotechnology will be for humanuse.Millionsof diabeticsworldoverare exciting. lt may be rather difficult to make any benef it ed b y th e b i o te c h n o l o g y o f i nsul i n specific predictions, since new technical pr oduc t ion. innovations are rapidly replacing the existing technologies. CO M M E RC IA L IZ AT ION O F BIOTECHNOLOGY It is expected that the development in biotechnology will lead to a new scientific The progress of biotechnology, to a greatextent, r e v o l u t i o n t h a t c o u l d c h a n g e t h e l i v e s a n d f u t u r e o f is dr iv enby e c o n o mi c sT. h i si s s o s i n c eth e ul ti mate t h e p e o p l e. l t h a s h a p p e n d t h r o u g h i n d u s t r i a l objectiveof biotechnologyis the developmentof r e v o l u t i o n a n d c o m p u t e r r e v o l u t i o n A n d n o w , i t i s commercial products. Due to high stakes in the turn of biotechnology revolution that promises biotechnology,the businessand research are major changes in many aspects of modern life. closely associated. lt is a fact that many biotechnology companies(besides the government- ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK r un ins t it u ti o n sh)a v e s i g n i fi c a n tl cy o n tri b utedto the developmentof presentday biotechnology. As the subject of biotechnology rs Most of the commercial developments of m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r yi n n a t u r ew i t h s e v e r a li n p u t s ,t o o l s biotechnologyhave been centeredin the United and outputs (see Fig. t.t), the organization of the