Lecture 1 - Biotechnology Overview PDF

Test 1 : 26th Sept (week 4) LECTURE 1 BIOC 3260...

Test 1 : 26th Sept (week 4) LECTURE 1 BIOC 3260 PRINCIPLES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY DR. ANGELA T. ALLEYNE 1 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  AT THE END OF THIS LECTURE YOU WILL BE ABLE TO 1. DEFINE BIOTECHNOLOGY* 2. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY 3. GIVE EXAMPLES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS 4. EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF RECOMBINANT DNA* 5. EXPLAIN WHY GENE REGULATION IS* LEARNING IMPORTANT TO BIOTECHNOLOGY OUTCOMES 2  HISTORY "coined" First used by Karl Ereky in 1919 The use of living organisms on a given raw material(substrate) for the purpose of obtaining a new product (Almeida et al. 2011). Exploitation of living organisms, systems and process for the benefit of society, the environment and industry (merriam-webster 2016) Traditionally associated with food and medicine * Damage mitigation must be employed. 3  TRADITIONAL EXAMPLES: ̶ Fermentation processes- makes and USE OR MANIPULATION OF improves alcoholic beverages, organic BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS OR BIO- acids etc., , MOLECULES TO MAKE ̶ Antibiotics made from microorganism NEW PRODUCTS (TO SOLVE HUMAN ̶ Vaccines made from bio-molecules PROBLEMS) FOR NEW PROCESSES. ̶ Breeding of animals and plants to improve their performance 4  RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AS AN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS MODERN EXAMPLES: ̶ GENE CLONING ̶ GENETIC ENGINEERING ̶ GENE EDITING ̶ RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY ̶ GENOMICS ̶ PROTEOMICS MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY 5 * Usually involves manipulation at the gene level to make , something new  TRADITIONAL SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 6  Food or Nutrition Green- White- Agricultural Chemical Biotechnology Biotechnology COLOURS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Blue- Red- Marine Medical Biotechnology Biotechnology Food or Nutrition 7 202110-BIOC3260-C-L01: Introduction to Biotechnology (uwi.edu) 8 PRODUCT Biotech solution Organism citric acid production Food additive Fungus/Aspergillus niger Insulin Treat Diabetes Covaxin Antiviral compound from Inactivated SARS CoV2 Covaxin - Wikipedia attenuated virus- SARS CoV2. Vaccine Types | HHS.gov Round up Ready plants Kills weeds Bacterium/Agrobacterium tumefaciens Botox cosmetic industry- Bacterium- clostridium The Many Faces Of neurotoxin – muscle relaxer botulinum 9 Botox - Biotech Primer Klas initially used to control plant WEEKLY RECOMBINANT disease PRODUCTS industry in (green industry ( the cotton rDNA technology was used to make and market Humulin® R (rapid) and N (NPH, intermediate-acting), in 1982. GENETIC MODIFICATIONS 10  1. Generation of DNA or nucleotide fragments 2. Insertion of these fragments into an organism (cloning vector)- assembly 3. Introduction of cloning vector into host or higher organism (delivery agent) 4. Multiplication of cloned nucleotides and PRINCIPLES OF selection of clones in host RECOMBINANT DNA METHODS 5. Expression of desired nucleotide product in host as proteins 11 * cloning in higher organisms is more difficult , why ?  Gene cloning CORE Gene editing- CRISPR, Talens TECHNIQUES PCR- amplification of small sequences Sequencing- being able to read the data generated Bioinformatics- being able to understand and store the data generated 12  SOME MOLECULAR TOOLS RESTRICTION ENZYMES CLONING VECTORS POLYMERASE ENZYMES COMPETENT HOST CELLS SEQUENCING CRISPR- HTTPS://TIME.COM/5642755/CRISPR- GENE-EDITING-HUMANS/ 13 RNAI  ̶ Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material to ultimately change the phenotype of a host organism. ̶ Maintenance of sterile conditions in a biochemical engineering processes to enable growth of only the desired GENETIC microbe/eukaryotic cell in large quantities ENGINEERING for the manufacture of biotechnological products. 14  PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY introduction of alternate genes into economically important plant species plant tissue culture and resulting in crop plant genetic improvement and/or the engineering production of novel products in plants. 15  APPLICATIONS OF GREEN BIOTECH ̶ Production of genetically modified plants with: ̶ resistance against pest, drought and abiotic stress. ̶ short life-span or ability to grow in different season to increase the number of crops in a year to ultimately increase the food production. ̶ multiple colours, shades, aroma to increase the production of natural colours and scent. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc212689/ http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-37619154 16  Blue chrysanthemums Golden rice- fortified with vitamin A Virus resistant papaya Orange sweet potatoes-fortified with vitamin A (Naturally bred) http://www.ipsnews.net/2001/09/development-jamaica-pins- its-hopes-on-transgenic-papaya/ 17  MICROBIAL/INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY MANIPULATION OF MICROORGANISMS SUCH AS YEAST AND BACTERIA ̶ CITRIC ACID, VITAMINS AND ANTIBIOTICS ̶ CREATE BETTER ENZYMES ̶ MORE EFFICIENT DECONTAMINATION PROCESSES FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE PRODUCT REMOVAL ̶ USED TO CLONE AND PRODUCE LARGE AMOUNTS OF IMPORTANT PROTEINS USED IN HUMAN MEDICINE 18  ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins Antibodies Transgenic animals Female transgenic animals express therapeutic Dolly- first cloned animal- photo courtesy atalleyne 2019 Edinburgh museum proteins in milk (contains genes from another source) Animals as important models in basic research Gene "knockout" experiments Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies Animal cloning Source of transplant organs HTTPS://WWW.CNBC.COM/2017/05/25/LOREAL-IS-MAKING-LAB-PRODUCED-HUMAN-SKIN-TO-CURB-ANIMAL- TESTING.HTML 19  ENVIRONMENTAL/BLUE BIOTECHNOLOGY BIOREMEDIATION Use of biotechnology to process and degrade a variety of substances that contribute to environmental pollution Example – stimulated growth of bacteria that degrade components in crude oil 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska 2010 deep water horizon spill promoted research into natural oil-degrading organisms and enzymes 20  MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine, human genome & proteome Preventive medicine Diagnosis of health and illness Treatment of human diseases New information from human genome project Gene therapy Stem cell technologies Nanotechnology Pharmacogenomics 21  Environmental Health BIOTECHNOLOGY RISKS? Legal Consumer rights/labelling issues 22  http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bjps/v47n2/v47n2a02.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2 12689/ WEB https://www.cnbc.com/2017/05/25/loreal-is- RESOURCES making-lab-produced-human-skin-to-curb-animal- testing.html 23