Chapter 1 Public Speaking PDF

**CHAPTER 1: SPEAKING IN PUBLIC** \- Crucial method of communication throughout history. -Public speaking is a form of communication that includes a presenter and an audience \- It is more formal than casual conversation Purpose of Public Speaking is to inform or change the audience's though...

**CHAPTER 1: SPEAKING IN PUBLIC** \- Crucial method of communication throughout history. -Public speaking is a form of communication that includes a presenter and an audience \- It is more formal than casual conversation Purpose of Public Speaking is to inform or change the audience's thoughts and actions. - **Inform** - **Persuade** - **Entertain** **B. History of Public Speaking** Public speaking has been taught and studied around the globe for thousands of years. speaking draws upon ancient Greek, Roman, and Western thought. ** The Classical Period (500 BCE- 400 BCE):** ancient Greeks valued public political engagement, where public speaking was a critical tool. These **four ancient Greek philosophers,** are known as the **"Fantastic Four".** **1. Aspasia of Miletus (469 BCE)** known as**"The Mother of Rhetoric".** she taught Socrates rhetoric. She was a scholar and philosopher whose influence Athenian society. - **Pericles-** anthenian ruler who became partner of apasia. **2. Socrates (469-399 BCE) --** altered the course of the classical period. **\"SPEAKING IS HONORABLE THAN WRITING\"** He feels that the spoken words may be delivered with great understanding and credibility of the speaker. 3\. **Plato (429-327 BCE)** wrote/ define rhetoric in the form of dialogues with Socrates the main character. rhetoric was based on his negative thoughts about the art. **Plato died in 347 BCE** **4. Aristotle --** the most famous Greek scholar. Aristotle studied at Plato's academy He used the 3 pillars to persuade people. he established his school of: - politics - science - philosophy, and - rhetoric. **St. Augustine-** he expand the Public Speaking ** 3 Pillars of Public Speaking and Persuasion:** - **Ethos** - used when the source is reliable and displays authority. \" **Human character\"** - **Logos** - the speaker presents facts to back up their claims. \"**logical reasoning\"** - **Pathos** - is on emotional appeal ** The Romans:** **Cicero (106-43 BCE) -** important rhetoricians. known for developing the five canons of rhetoric. **FIVE CANONS** 1. **Invention**- come up with new idea 2. **Arrangement**- how to organize 3. **Style**- choice of word 4. **Memory**- know the speech going to present 5. **Delivery**- way to present **Quintilian (35-95 CE) -** he expanded on Cicero\'s ideas. he said a \"**good man speaking well\"** ** The Medieval Period (400-1400 CE) -**the dark age era of academic study in public speaking. ** The Renaissance Period (1400-1600 CE) -** great deal of attention paid to the concepts underlying speaking style. **Francis Bacon (1561-1626) -** pursuit of truth was essential to understanding and executing communication. ** The Enlightenment (1600-1800 CE) -** mid-1700s to the mid-1800Os, the elocutionary (or relating to voice production, delivery, and gesture in speech). ** Public Speaking in the Modern Age:** Over the course of the 20th century, rhetoric emerged as a focused area of study, leading to the **creation of rhetorical classes** in both high schools and colleges. **Fundamental Greek principles** are applied in speech analysis and public speaking courses, which also chart the evolution of rhetoric throughout history. ** Public Speaking in the 21st Century:** Effective communication is essential for success in the 21st century. It can **mean anything between getting your dream job** or giving a moving wedding speech. More and more, we find ourselves required to speak in public. ** Evolutions of Public Speaking in the 21st Century:** **Emerging technologies are creating new opportunities** for speakers to adapt to audiences, but they may also be changing the way audiences process information and create meanings. **C.Similarities and Differences of Public Speaking** **Speaking and Conversation** The Similarities: The Differences In **PUBLIC SPEAKING:** \- Proving knowledge - Formal \- Influencing the audience - Structured and Plan \- Tailoring the message to the audience - Requires different method of delivery COMMON SIM & DIFF. - One-sided - **Delivering Method** - **Content Structure In CONVERSATION :** - **Preparation** Informal - **Audience** Casual Approach -- Exchanging of ideas SKILLS REQUIRED IN PUBLIC SPEAKING: - Organization - Feedback - Time D. Developing Confidence ** Stage Fright --** known as [performance anxiety. I]t is the intense fear ** Nervousness --** **Heather Jones (2024)-** is a feeling of fear, worry, or apprehension - **Positive Nervousness-** controlled nervousness that help energize speaker Dealing with Nervousness (Strategies): **- Mindfulness Exercise 5 of 10 - Lifestyle - Know your Triggers - prepare Positive Nervousness** **Eustress** -- good kind of stress refers to positive stress, that motivates us, helps us perform better, and enhances our overall wellbeing. ** Ways to turn Nervousness from a Negative force to a Positive one:** **- Positive Self-Talk - Preparation** **- Progressive Muscle Relaxation - Visualize Success** **- Tips for dealing with Nervousness during your First Speeches:** \- Know your Topic \- Get Organized \- Practice, Practice, Practice \- Focus on the Material, Not the Audience \- Embrace Silence \- Know the Room **E. Public Speaking and Critical Thinking** ** Critical Thinking --** applying reasoning to find faults in arguments and form sensible choices. Sadness of evidence between fact and opinion. ** Critical Thinking in Public Speaking:** \- Aids in the coherent organization and presentation of ideas. \- A well-structured speech demonstrates coherent, clear reasoning. \- A discourse that is haphazard implies hazy thinking. **STEPS IN CRITICAL THINKING:** 1. **Process-** how to think, feel and do 2. **Question-** needs of the listenes 3. **Information-** to support goal and purpose 4. **Content-** idea wants the listener to understans 5. **Assumption-** knowlede of level 6. **Inferences-** support and suggestions of speaker 7. **Points of view-** acknowledge the points of view 8. **Implications-** result and position **Name-Calling-** language to defame, demean, degrade **Ethnocentrism-** one group or culture is superior to other group. **Adreline-** hormone released into bloodstream **Visualization**- mental imaging which speaker vividly picture herslef/himself. ** Beyond Organization:** - Ideas are shaped by critical thought, not just arranged. ** Significance in History:** - They enable people to communicate effectively and think critically. **F. The Communication Process** ** Speaker-** individual who creates a message and starts to convey a message. ** Message** -- it is the content ** Channel** -- refers to the medium or pathway ** Listener/Receiver --** person who receive, decode, and interpret the message ** Frame of References-** unique set of knowledge, beliefs, values, experiences, ** Feedback --** Listener responds or reacts to the message ** Interference** -- hindrance or barrier/ impedes - **Internal Interference --** refers to the mental or psychological factors - **External Interference** -- this refers to physical or environmental factors ** Situation** -- specific context or environment place. **G. Public Speaking in a Multicultural World** audience have in common, focusing on the similarities, showing respect for your differences, and adapting to their listening preferences. The United States has always been a diverse society. In **1673**, a visitor to what is now **New** **York** **City** was astonished to find that 18 languages were spoken among the city's 8,000 inhabitants. By the middle of the 19th century, so many people from so many lands had come to the United States that novelist Herman Melville exclaimed. **"You cannot spill a drop of American blood without spilling the blood of the whole world"** **CHAPTER 2: ETHICS AND PUBLIC SPEAKING** **ETHICS -** deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. -Course of action is normal or immoral, fair or unfair, just or unjust, honest or dishonest. **ETHICAL PUBLIC SPEAKING** pertain to personal character of public speaker and quality of content they present in a speech. **IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS** **1**. Ethics build trust between people, making it easier to work and live together harmoniously. **2**. It ensures that everyone is treated fairly andwith respect. **3**. Ethics guide us to make responsible choices that consider the impact on others. **4**. It helps prevent actions that could harm individuals or communities. **GUIDELINES FOR ETHICAL SPEAKING** **1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound** **2. Be fully prepared for each speech** **3. Be honest in what you say** **4. Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language** **5. Put ethical principles into practice.** **GUIDELINES FOR ETHICAL LISTENING** **1. Be Courteous and Attentive** **2. Evaluate the Speaker's Logic and Credibility** **3. Avoid Prejudging the Speaker** **4.Beware of the Consequences of Not Listening Carefully** **5.Maintain the Free and Open Expression Ideas** **6.Be Open to ideas** **PLAGIARISM-** \"**plagiarius**\", the Latin word \"**kidnapper**\". To plagiarize means topresent another person's language or ideas as your own. **Kinds of Plagiarism** **1. Global Plagiarism (STEALING)--** The most blatant and unforgivable. **2. Patchwork Plagiarism (SNEAKING)-** occurs when a speaker pilfers two or three sources. **3. Incremental Plagiarism (BORROWING) --**is cribbed more or less verbatim single source - **3.1. Quotations** - **3.2. Paraphrases** **STEVEN LUCAS-** Speech Instructor **R.A 8293- \"** The intellectual property code of the philippines\" **National Communication Association ( ACA)** - **Truthfulness and Honesty-** refraining from lying, cheating, stealing - **Integrity-** maintaining consistency of belief and action - **Fairness**- Achieving right balance for interest - **Respect-** show regard or consideration of other - **Responsibility-** Being accountable of one\'s action **THINGS TO AVOID PLAGIARISM** 1. Paraphrase without altering 2. Present your own idea 3. Cite your sources 4. Use quotation marks **CHAPTER 3: LISTENING** **HEARING** Hearing and listening are not the same. Natural Process -Physiological process **Components of Hearing:** - **Reception of sound** - **Recognition of Sound** - **Meaning-Giving** **LISTENING called "Lost Art". Also known as "Active Listening" is a** **-technique used in communication.** **-Listening is a skill.** **-Sub process of communication** **WHY LISTENING IS IMPORTANT?** Listening helps People understand each other better. **IMPORTANCE OF LISTENING** **1.Enhance Leadership Skills** **2.Absorb Information Better** **3.Builds Stronger Relationship by Making People Feel Valued** **4.Effective Communication** **5.Enhanced Problem-Solving** **6.Builds Empathy** **WHAT IS ACTIVE LISTENING** Active Listening is what says on the tin, it is fully concentrating on what is being said, digesting it without pre-judgement rather than hearing the general message. **CRITICAL LISTENING** Is a form of listening that is usually not mentioned, since it involves analysis, Critical thinking and judgment **EMPATHY** -Putting yourself the shoes of the other / -You emphatize the person **TYPES LISTENING** **1.Appreciative Listening** **2.Emphatic Listening** **3.Comprehensive Listening** **4.Critical Listening** **FOUR CAUSES OF POOR LISTENING** 1.Not Concentrating 2.Listening Too Hard 3.Jumping to Conclusions 4.Focusing on Delivery and Personal Appearance **HOW TO BECOME A BETTER LISTENER** 1.Take listening seriously 2.Be an active listener 3.Resist distractions 4.Do not be diverted to the speaker's appearance and delivery 5.Suspend judgement 6.Focus your listening - 6.1Listen for main points - 6.2 Listen for evidence - 6.3Listen for techniques 7.Develop note taking skills **STAGES OF LISTENING** **1. The Receiving Stage-** is the intentional focus on hearing as peaker's message **2. The Understanding Stage-** context and meanings that are heard through / **called decoding.** **3. The Evaluating Stage -** evaluating, or judging the value of the message. **4. The Remembering Stage-** categorizes and retains the information he or she has gathered **5. The Responding Stage -** referred to as feedback/ fifth and final stage of the listening **CHAPTER 4: SELECTING A TOPIC AND A PURPOS**E **CHOOSING** **A** **TOPIC** -The first step to speechmaking. **Topic** -- It is the subject of the speech. **Two broad categories of potential topics :** \(1) Topic you know a lot about and \(2) subjects you want to know more about. **BRAIN STORMING FOR TOPICS** **Brainstorming --** a creative thinking technique **BRAINSTORMING PROCEDURE:** 1\. **Personal inventory-** self-assessment method, 2\. **Clustering**-expands searches with terms that are similar to terms mentioned. 3.**Reference** **Search** - finding articles that have cited a previously publish work. 4\. **Internet** **Search** -search online to make your topic more specific. **DETERMINING THE GENERAL PURPOSE** **General Purpose-**The broad goal of the speech. **Two overlapping categories:** 1\. **To Inform** - goal is to provide information to your audience that they don't already know. 2\. **To** **Persuade** - trying to convince your audience to adopt or take a specific action. **DETERMINING THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE** **Specific** **Purpose** - 5 W\'s **Specific** **Purpose** **Statement**- a single infinitive phrase. **Lucas (1989) -** \" Formulating a specific purpose statement is the most important early step in developing a successful speech\". **TIPS FOR FORMULATING THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE STATEMENT** **(GENERAL PRINCIPLES)** 1\. Write the purpose statement as a full infinitive phrase, not as a fragment. 2\. Express your purpose as a statement, not as a question. 3\. Avoid figurative language in your purpose statement. 4\. Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea. 5\. Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general. **QUESTIONS TO ASK ABOUT YOUR SPECIFIC PURPOSE** 1\. Does my purpose meet the assignment? 2\. Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? 3\. Is the purpose relevant to my audience? 4\. Is the purpose too trivial for my audience? 5\. Is the purpose too technical for my audience? **PHRASING THE CENTRAL IDEA** The central idea is a concise statement of what you expect to say. Whatever the term, the central idea is usually expressed as a simple declarative sentence. **Central idea** -- a one sentence statement that sum up or encapsulates **Residual message --** audience try remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech. **Step in getting the central idea** **1. Choose your topic.** **2. Determine your general purpose.** **3. Write your specific purpose statement.** **4. Tie it all together by composing a clear concise thesis statement/Central idea.** **GUIDELINES FOR CENTRAL IDEAS** **1.Should be expressed in a full sentence.** **2.Should not be in the form of a question.** **3.Should avoid figurative.** **4.Should not be vague or overly general.** **Statement Form:** It is a clear statement, not aquestion. **Specific** a**nd Concrete:** "social media,""global connectivity," and "decline in face to-face communication," **Single Sentence:** It is articulated in one complete sentence. **CHAPTER 5: ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE** **ANALYZING YOUR AUDIENCE-** gain a favorable response **AUDIENCE-CENTEREDNESS-** Keeping the audience foremost in mind **Identification** -- seek to create a bond, emphasizing common values, goals, and experience. **YOUR CLASSMATES AS AN AUDIENCE** Classroom speeches as artificial, but they are valuable practice for real-world communication. **1. Practice for real world Communication** Skill Development feedback **2. Respect and seriousness** professional approach Credibility **3. Influencing and improving Lives** knowledge sharing perspective change **4. Long-Term impact** Gradual influence skill building **THE PSYCHOLOGY OF AUDIENCE** We listen and respond to speeches not as they are but as we are. **Egocentric --** tendency of people to be concerned with their own values, beliefs and well-being. **TWO METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR AUDIENCE:** **1. Demographic Audience Analysis-** basic characteristics/ can be used Improperly. **Stereotyping --** creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people **To avoid stereotyping, you can follow these STRATEGIES:** Recognize Individual Differences Avoid Generalizations Question Your Assumptions Educate Yourself **Here are few of the major demographic factors you should consider:** - **Age:** - **Gender** - **Sexual Orientation:** - **Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background:** - **Religion:** - **Group Membership:** **2. Situational Audience Analysis** \- is an audience analysis that focuses on traits situational factors. **Traits that situational audience analysis examines:** **1. Size:** language, choice of appeals, and use of visual aids. **2. Physical Setting:** venue, layout, acoustics, lighting, and seating arrangement. **3. Disposition Toward the Topic:** - Interest - Knowledge - Attitude **4.Disposition Toward the Speaker:** **5.Disposition Toward the Occasion:** event or context in which the speech occurs, including **GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUDIENCE -** following a few basic guidelines **Three Major Types of Questions** **1. Fixed-alternative questions --** offer a fixed choice between two or morealternatives. **2. Scale questions --r**equire responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers. **3. Open-ended questions --allow respondents to answer however they want.** **keep the following principles in mind:** **1**. Plan the questionnaire carefully to elicit precisely the information you need. 2\. Use all three types of questions -- fixed alternative, scale, and open-ended. 3\. Make sure the questions are clear and unambiguous. 4\. Keep the questionnaire relatively brief. **ADAPTING THE AUDIENCE-** critical for reaching your communication goals. **There are two major stages process:** **1. Audience Adaptation before the speech - f**irst acquire information on your audience. **- Demographics:** age, gender, location, education level, occupation, and socioeconomic status. **- Psychographics: V**alues, views, interests, hobbies, and lifestyle choices reveal their motives and preferences **-Knowledge and experience: D**etermine their past understanding of the subject and personalize your presentation to their existing knowledge base. **Communication Preferences: C**onsider their preferred communication channels **2. Audience adaptation during a speech-** tailoring your message based on the audience's characteristics, needs, and expectations. **- Language:** Use language that is clear, brief, and appropriate to their level of comprehension. **- Tone: U**se a tone that is respectful, engaging, and suitable to the situation. **Content:** Concentrate on content that is relevant and appealing **-Structure:** Organize your message in a way that is easy to follow and understand. **Example** Marketing teaching public speaking **CHAPTER 6:GATHERING MATERIALS** Gathering materials ensures a credible, engaging, and well-organized speech. \- Using your own knowledge and experience can help your presentation feel more authentic, relatable,and engaging. **Methods in using knowledge and experience:** **1. Personal Stories --** assist to clarify crucial ideas and make abstract concepts more tangible and relatable to your audience. **2. Expertise and Insights --** can help you clarify complex ideas, provide practical guidance. **3. Past Experiences --** experiences can provide useful guidance and methods **THREE WAYS IN GATHERING MATERIALS:** **1. Self-Reflection** **2. Interview** **3. Library and Computer -aided research** **\> Doing Library Search** \- libraries remain valuable for speech preparation, offering **5 resources:** 1. **Librarians** 2. **Card catalogs** 3. **Databases/ Periodical data base** 4. **Newspapers** 5. **Reference Works.** **Types of Libraries:** **1. Public Library:** open for everyone and funded by the Government. 2**. Academic Library:** found in Colleges and Universities. 3\. **School Library:** A library for students from K-12. 4**. Special Library:** Cater to specific fields or organization / based on unique personal needs 5\. **National Library:** preserve a nation's cultural heritage 6\. **Digital Library:** Existing solely online/ provide access to a vast array of digital materials **Librarian --** is the one who's in charge in the library.one that is responsible **Duties of a Librarian:** 1\. Managing Information 2\. Assisting people to find information or resources. 3\. Educational Programs: Conducting workshops and community outreach initiatives. 4\. The Catalogue in Library Sources **Types of Library Catalogues:** **1.Author catalogue:** sorted alphabetically by authors' or editors' names. **2.Title catalogue:** sorted alphabetically by titles. **3.Dictionary catalogue:** all entries(author, title, subject, series) interfiled single alphabetical order. **4.Keyword catalogue:** sorted alphabetically by keywords. **5.Systematic or Classified catalogue:** systematic subdivision of subjects **6.Shelf list catalogue:** systematic order as bibliographic items are shelved. ** Call Number --** displayed on the spine of the book and are crucial for organizing library collections. **Classification Systems of Call Number** **Libraries primarily use two classification systems:** **1. Dewey Decimal Classification --** common in public and school libraries, organizing books, broad subject areas. **2. Library of Congress Classification --** used in academic libraries, focusing more special topics - Periodical Databases -- anything comes out everyday, weekly, or monthly. Ex.Magazines, newspapers, and journals. - Abstract -- enable researchers to efficiently determine if an article is worth reading in detail. **Librarians can also use abstracts to help patrons find relevant sources.** **\> Searching The Internet** \- While the internet offers vast information, it lacks the organized support of a library, so experts suggest using it to complement, not replace, traditional library research. \- refers to the process of using search engines, directories, databases, and other tools to find information, data, images, videos, and other content available online. **What is the purpose of Online Searching?** \- To acquire, to retrieve, to analyze information using technology. **What is a search engine?** \- set of programs that searches for and identifies items in a database that match specified criteria. \- Search engines are used to access information on the world wide web. **What is the goal of search engines?** - help people search for and find information **Specialized Research Resources-** refers to tools, databases, websites, and online platforms that are designed to help researchers find, access, and analyze academic, scientific, and technical information. **Example of Specialized Research Resource:** - \- Virtual Libraries - Government Libraries - Wikipedia **Virtual Libraries** \- online collection of digital resources that provides access to various digital materials such as **e-books, journals,** **databases, audio and video recordings, and other digital media.** **Here are the two best:** **1. Librarians' Internet Index** -serve as a trustworthy guide to online information across various topics, offering annotated links to websites that been evaluated for their credibility, accuracy, and usefulness. **2. Internet Public Library.** \- first public library created/ Internet community, style and service is similar to any large library. **Government Resources** \- great strengths of the internet as a research tool is the access it provides to government documents and publications \- These include **Statistical Abstract and World Factbook.** **Multicultural Resources** \- provide access to information, tools, and educational materials that celebrate and explore the diversity of cultures, languages, traditions, and histories worldwide. \- multicultural dimensions, use **Yahoo! Regional, WWW Virtual Library, Princeton University Library, Asian-American Studies, etc.** **\> Evaluating Internet Documents-** known as **online** **sources**,important skill in today's digital age \- Do not believe everything you read" **Criteria for Evaluating Internet Documen**ts \* Look for the author's name and credentials:Are they an expert the field \* Check the date of publication: Is it recent or outdated \* Check for factual accuracy: Are facts supported by credible sources or evidence \* Verify any statistics or data cited in the document \* Check for links to primary sources or references **Authorship** -- act of creating or producing written works, such as books, articles, research papers, or other types of written content. Types of Authorship **1. Primary Authorship-** author who is the primary creator of the written work. 2**. Co-authorship**- collaboration between two or more authors who contributed 3**. Contributing Authorship --**authors who contribute to a written work but do not take primary responsibility for it. Challenges in Authorship 1\. **Plagiarism** -- act of passing off someone else's work as one's own 2\. **Citation and Referencing --** must ensure accurate citation and referencing of sources. **3. Sponsorship --** is a form of partnership between two organizations, 4\. **Access to New Audiences --** can be valuable for business looking to reach new customers 5\. **Credibility** -- organization as the are associated with high quality events and speakers. **6. Recency --** a fascinating psychological concept that can have a significant impact on our behavior and decision making. **What is Recency?** \- tendency to give more weight or importance to the most recent events **Memory**- when recalling/ tend to remember the most recent items **Decision**-**making** -- most recent information or experiences can influence our decisions more strongly than earlier ones. ** Social Behavior --**tend to judge others based their recent behavior, rather than their past actions \> **Interviewing** \- formal meeting / Is a conversation in which a journalist puts questions The Interview Process: **1. Before the Interview** - A. Define the purpose of the interview - B. Decide Whom to Interview - C. Arrange the Interview - D. Decide whether to Record the Interview - E. Prepare Your Questions **2. During the Interview** - A. Dress Appropriately and Be on Time - B. Repeat the Purpose of the Interview - C. Set up the Recorder - D. Keep the Interview on Track - E. Listen Carefully - F. Do not Overstay Your Welcome **3. After the Interview --** - A. Review Your Notes as Soon as Possible - B. Transcribe Your Notes **\> Tips for Doing Research** - Start early - Make a preliminary bibliography - Take Notes Efficiently taking notes - Record notes in a consistent format - Make aseparate entry for each note. - Distinguish Among Direct Quotations, **CHAPTER 7: SUPPORTING YOUR IDEAS** WHAT IS SUPPORTING YOUR DEAS AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT IN A SPEECH? **1. Examples** - a\. Brief Examples - b\. Extended Examples - c\. Hypothetical Examples **2. Statistics** **3. Testimony** - a\. Example Testimony - b\. Peer Testimony An **example** is like a story or scenario that makes your point clearer and more relatable. So why Example is Important? Examples support your main or sub-points by making ideas more relatable and memorable. **TYPES OF EXAMPLES** **Brief Examples-** are examples that quickly illustrate a point with minimal detail. **Extended Examples-** provides a detailed story or scenario to explain a complex idea. **Hypothetical Examples-** describes a fictional or imagined scenario to clarify a concept. **TIPS ON USING EXAMPLES** 1\. Use Examples to Clarify Ideas 2\. Use Examples to Reinforce Your Ideas 3\. Use Examples to Personalize Your Ideas 4\. Make Your Examples Vivid and Richly 5\. Practice Delivery to Enhance Your Extended Examples **What is Statistics?** **Statistics**- this are knowledge that is expressed numerically. Statistics supports ideas by providing quantitative evidence that can validate claims or ideas. **Why is statistics important to understand?** \- Is essential for making informed decisions and accurately interpreting data. **Are the Statistics Representative?**the data accurately reflects the proportions of the respondents or group. **Are statistical measures used correctly?** 1. Mean 2. Median 3. Mode **Are statistics a reliable source?** Statistics can be a reliable source when collected and analyzed properly, providing objective data to support arguments and inform decisions. **TIPS FOR USING STATISTICS** 1\. Use statistics to quantify your ideas. 2\. Use statistics sparingly. 3\. Identify the sources of your statistics. 4\. Explain your statistics. 5\. Round off complicated statistics. 6\. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends. **What is Testimony?** **Testimony-** statement given by someone knowledgeable about a certain topic to support a point. **Importance of Testimony -**used to support your main or sub points of your speech. **Types of testimony** **Peer Testimony-** comes from ordinary people who have firsthand experience of the topic. **Expert Testimony-** refers to quotes or Insights from a recognized authority used to support an argument. Examples of experts that are known in their field of studies: **Albert Einstein Risa Hontiveros Allan Dershowitz** **QUOTING VS PARAPHRASING** **Quoting-** citing the exact words to strengthen your claim or support your idea in a speech. **Paraphrasing-** putting someone else's point or ideas into your own words. The difference between quoting and paraphrasing is that quoting is mainly use if the quote is easily to remember or witty and paraphrasing is used when a quote is to long and very complex to understand. **TIPS FOR USING TESTIMONY** 1\. Quote or Paraphrase Accurately 2\. Use Testimony from Qualified Source 3\. Use testimony from Unbiased Sources 4\. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase HOW TO CITE SOURCES PROPERLY? -there is no rule in citing sources, you just need to remember: where, who, and when. **Where**- about where the source is obtained. **Who**- is about the author or expert and how their testimonies are credible to Use. **When**- is about when the books, magazines, theses, and many more are published. **CHAPTER 8: ORGANIZING A SPEECH** **ORGANIZATION IS IMPORTANT** \- Speakers with organized speeches tend to be much more competent and trustworthy than those who do not. \- Listeners demand coherence, that is why, the speaker must be sure that the listeners can follow the progression of ideas in a speech from beginning to end. \- This requires that speeches be organized strategically. \- Strategic organization is putting up a speech together in a particular way to achieve particular result with a particular audience. \- When you work to organize your speeches, you gain practice in the general skills of establishing clear relationship of ideas. \- Using a clear, specific method of speech organization can boost your Confidence as a speaker and improve your ability to deliver a message fluently. \- The body is the longest and most important part. You will usually prepare the body first. It is easier to create an effective introduction after you know exactly what you will say in the body. \- The process of organizing the body of a speech begins when you determine the main points. **MAIN POINTS-** central features of your speech. You should select them carefully, phrase them precisely, and arrange strategically. Most speeches contain from two to five main points. Here are the main points of Some topics **Number of main Points-** speeches to develop more than four or five main points, and most speeches will contain only two or three. Two Categories: 1\. One part of practicing yoga involves proper breathing 2\. Another part of yoga involves body postures. Strategic Order of Main Points The most effective order depends on three things -- your topic, your purpose, and your audience. **Chronological** **Order**. main points follow a **time** **pattern**. useful for informative speeches. **Spatial** **Order**. main points follow a **directional** **pattern**. That is, the main points proceed from top to bottom, left to right, front to back, inside to outside, east to west, or some other route. This is good for informative speeches as well. **Causal Order.** Speeches **arranged** in causal order organize main points so as to show a **cause**-**effect** **relationship**.causal order can be used both persuasive and informative speeches. **Problem**-**Solution** **Order**. main point deals with the existence of a **problem** and then second main point presents a **solution** to the problem. This is most appropriate for persuasive speeches. **Topical** **Order**-main points divide the topic into **logical** and **consistent** **subtopics**. It is applicable almost any subject and to any other method of speech organization **Tips for Preparing Main Points** 1.Keep Main Points Separate. 2.Try to Use the Same Pattern of Wording for Main Points 3\. Balance the Amount of Time Devoted to Main Points. **SUPPORTING MATERIALS** The three major kinds of supporting materials are **examples**, **statistics**, and **testimony**. importance of organizing your supporting **CONNECTIVES** These are words and phrases that connect the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them. Without connectives, a speech is disjointed and uncoordinated - **Transitions**. These are words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has just completed one thought and is moving on to another - **Internal** **Previews**. These let the audience know what the speaker will take up next, but they are more detailed than transitions. - **Internal** **Summaries**. These are the reverse ofthe internal previews. - **Signpost-** are very brief statements that indicate exactly where you are in the speech.