Anthropology Exam 1 Review Sheet PDF

[Part 1: Multiple choice] Part 1: Fieldwork: first-hand gathering of information, Ethnography: written/filmed report on the findings of our fieldwork Culture Shock: is a common emotion experienced when individuals are placed in an unfamiliar cultural environment, such as when living or traveling...

[Part 1: Multiple choice] Part 1: Fieldwork: first-hand gathering of information, Ethnography: written/filmed report on the findings of our fieldwork Culture Shock: is a common emotion experienced when individuals are placed in an unfamiliar cultural environment, such as when living or traveling abroad. Feeling you are out of place Participant Observation: is an essential method, involving spending time with the group, participating in their activities, and making detailed observations Informants (fixers): are people who are a part of the culture and explain why what you're doing may be wrong to the culture. Ethnographic Present: Past / hokey of the culture written as if it were the present. Applied Anthropology: Create a project with the Community to figure out what they want as a gift for letting you work with them Collaborative Anthropology: Involve the community in the projects to help continue the projects after you leave Anthropology: The study of human experience; past, present, and future Paleoanthropology: The study of human origins (Genetics and fossils) =\> focus Archaeology: The study of Material culture (objects we make use of and give value to) =\> Focus Material Culture: the objects we make use of and give value to Cultural Anthropology: The study of living, changing cultures (people) =\> Focus Culture: A set of learned behaviors and beliefs that humans use to create social networks and adapt to and change the natural order to increase their chances of survival. Social Networks: Our complex matrix of relationships FOMO: fear of missing out Cooperation: allows us to be a part of the social networks Enculturation: The process of learning the appropriate beliefs and behaviors of a culture Sanctions: punishment for violations of appropriate behavior or beliefs of the enculturation process External Sanctions: something that is taken away from you Internal Sanctions: Sanctions that are meant to make you feel like you have done something wrong Reflexivity: Asking why we believe what we believe Cultural Relativism: trying to see the world the way others see it Ethnocentrism: judging others by your cultural standards Dominant Discourse: is un-reflexive, shorthand, and ethnocentric language about others. Symbolic Communication: Symbolic communication is the oldest form of communication. It is an abstract way of signifying belonging and explaining, manipulating, and attempting to control reality Swastika: An ancient symbol; meaning good luck in Sanskrit The Stainless Banner (The Confederate Flag): symbolizes a fight for a white Christian nation as opposed to the federal government\'s actions of freeing \"inferior\" people and bringing in others. From the reading high population density what region of the world did modern behavior first emerge? **Sub-Saharan Dessert, Africa, and Europe** From the reading "How are humans unique" what tests did human children perform better at? Social skills From the reading [Mask On, Smile Off, Or Is It?"] which group finds masks making their lives difficult (or dangerous?) Deaf people and black people [From the article, "Cultural Differences" Where are the Tswana from?] The Tswana are from southern Africa [From the article, "Why Our Stories Matter" Where are the Agta from?] The Agta is from the Philippines [From the article, "Why Our Stories Matter" what is a ​​value of the stories that the Agta emphasize ] The three values are gender equality, friendship, and the social acceptance of difference [From the article, "How To Build A Successful Health Clinic" Where did this research take place?] in Toronto Canada and a Non-Governmental Organization in Kikuyu Kenya [Part 2: List questions] [1) What are the four themes of Cultural Analysis?] a. b. c. d. [7) Explain the four critical issues addressed by Anthropology in the 1970s.] [Four Issues for Anthropology in the 1970\'s] [1) Only make Anthropologists/Informants] [2) Ethnographic Present] [↳ Past/hokey of the culture written as if it was the present. Writing on the cultures wasn\'t updated until the 70s when technology w/ travel was upgraded, now we can keep up with the culture/ethnography] [3) Power / Colonialism/Racism] [4) Universal education grows and people of the Cultures] [read the (ethnographies) -\> Must be very accurate now] [What riddle has long puzzled evolutionary biologists? Where might we find the answer?] [The riddle that has long puzzled evolutionary biologists is How did humans learn cooperative behavior such as food-sharing, the care of others, the coordination of tasks, and the acceptance of social norms. We might find the answer, it seems, has everything to do with the stories, we tell.] [The three values are gender equality, friendship, and the social acceptance of difference.] [Anthropological fieldwork is critical because it has helped build a much-needed community health clinic. Two tools that would be very useful in this project were my Anthropological and Historical understanding of Refugees, Africa, Kenya, the Kikuyu people, and my experience in cross-cultural communication] [What are aspects of Fieldwork, Applied and Collaborative Anthropology?] 3\) What are three important subfields of Anthropology? Paleoanthropology, Archeology, cultural anthropology What are the three reasons why the study of culture is both fascinating and frustrating? 1\. Humans are a complex species 2\. We are a species that is always changing 3\. The invisibility of culture: culture influences everything we do and believe but its influence is often invisible to us and so we must understand cultures in order to understand the human species What are the four main contributions that culture makes to our lives? 1\. foundations of social identity 2\. culture gives goals to pursue 3\. explanations of reality deeply rooted in culture 4\. The values which make life worth living; religion, freedom, material wealth 15\) What are the three main ways in which we are enculturated? What is the main purpose of enculturation? The main purpose of enculturation: is to reproduce the culture 3 main ways we are enculturated: 16\) What are sanctions? Be able to give an example of both an external and an internal sanction. \- Sanctions: Punishment for violations of Appropriate behavior or beliefs of the enculturation process. \- external Sanctions: Prisons/something that is taken away from you/Familiar \- internal sanctions: sanctions that are meant to make you feel like you have done something wrong/ examples: shame, guilt, embarrassment. What are the three main forms of Symbolic Communication? 3 main forms of symbolic communication 21\) What are the two main categories of symbols? Give an example of an explicit and implicit symbol. The two main categories of symbols are explicit and implicit. Simple - explicit: very important / one accepted meaning/non-controversial Traffic lights tell how to behave or to stop implicit: different meanings/ very controversial; having different meanings to different people ) What are two ways that the Swastika might be interpreted? One: as a good luck symbol Second: Negative Connotations: Following this association, the Swastika became an implicit symbol associated with hate, racism, genocide, and the atrocities of World War II. Be able to explain the three kinds of cultures represented by the Confederate flag and the controversy 1. \- Some individuals argue that the flag represents their distinct culture, emphasizing regional differences in food, speech, and customs as well as pride in being from the South. \- It symbolizes a different way of living, speaking, and socializing that is unique to the American South. \- It is seen as a symbol of saying \"I\'m from the South, and I\'m proud of it. I\'m part of southern culture.\" 2. - - - - - - - - 3. \- While the Civil War ended long ago, the flag continues to be a representative of the culture wars and is still a topic of contention today. \- Its presence has diminished somewhat due to ongoing debates, but it continues to be prevalent in the American South, seen on display in various forms. 3\. Controversy and Modern Interpretations \- The implicit nature of the Confederate flag is intertwined with the cultures of the American South, emphasizing the differing perspectives associated with its symbolism. \- It continues to be a source of conflict and debate, with some viewing it as a representation of heritage and others as a symbol of hate and oppression. 2\) In which three regions of the world did modern behavior first emerge? **Sub-Saharan Dessert, Africa, and Europe** Which two groups might find masks making their lives difficult (or dangerous?) How? **One group that might find masks making their lives difficult is deaf people who rely on visual cues, like the movement of another person's lips to communicate. Another group that might find masks making their lives difficult is black people because they feel like they will be harassed if they wear face coverings in public.** Part 3: Essay questions **What is the relationship and the symbolic meaning between these symbols in the space?** Introduction: \- Brief overview of the two symbols -- the Charging Bull and the Fearless Girl. \- Mention of essay question focusing on the relationship of these symbols to space, economics, politics, and gender relations. \- Statement about the importance of understanding the symbolic meanings of these statues. Symbolic Meaning of The Charging Bull: \- Origin and placement: Created in 1989 by an Italian artist without permission at the end of Broadway. \- Symbol of encouragement during the 1989 recession, representing the bull market and capitalism. \- Association with economic conflicts during the Occupy Wall Street movement in 2011 and the need for police protection due to its symbolic representation of capitalism. Symbolic Meaning of The Fearless Girl: \- Unveiled in 2017, officially known as the Fearless Girl, placed facing the Charging Bull. \- Symbol of gender equality and women\'s empowerment in the workforce, particularly during the 2017 Me Too movement. \- Relocation from the original site near Charging Bull to in front of the Stock Exchange due to congestion issues and symbolism of confronting traditional gender dynamics in capitalism. Relationship between Space and Symbols: \- Geographical connection: Placed at the end of Broadway, near Water Street, Battery Park, and Staten Island, symbolizing the economic and financial heart of Manhattan. \- Social and political relevance of location, such as the association with Occupy Wall Street and economic tensions. \- Connection to public spaces like Bowling Green Park, sparking debates and interpretations about the role of symbols in societal discussions. **What is the relationship and the symbolic meaning between these symbols in economics?** Introduction: \- Brief overview of the two symbols -- the Charging Bull and the Fearless Girl. \- Mention of essay question focusing on the relationship of these symbols to space, economics, politics, and gender relations. \- Statement about the importance of understanding the symbolic meanings of these statues. Symbolic Meaning of The Charging Bull: \- Origin and placement: Created in 1989 by an Italian artist without permission at the end of Broadway. \- Symbol of encouragement during the 1989 recession, representing the bull market and capitalism. \- Association with economic conflicts during the Occupy Wall Street movement in 2011 and the need for police protection due to its symbolic representation of capitalism. Symbolic Meaning of The Fearless Girl: \- Unveiled in 2017, officially known as the Fearless Girl, placed facing the Charging Bull. \- Symbol of gender equality and women\'s empowerment in the workforce, particularly during the 2017 Me Too movement. \- Relocation from the original site near Charging Bull to in front of the Stock Exchange due to congestion issues and symbolism of confronting traditional gender dynamics in capitalism. Relationship between Economics and Symbols: \- Significance of the bull market vs. bear market in investment, representing encouragement and belief in capitalism. \- Association with capitalism and economic conflicts of the time, such as the Occupy Wall Street movement and the symbolism of the bull as a representation of capitalism \- there was a pretty bad economic recession and the bull was meant to be an encouragement for the people to believe in capitalism and believe in the success of it **What is the relationship and the symbolic meaning between these symbols in politics?** Introduction: \- Brief overview of the two symbols -- the Charging Bull and the Fearless Girl. \- Mention of essay question focusing on the relationship of these symbols to space, economics, politics, and gender relations. \- Statement about the importance of understanding the symbolic meanings of these statues. Symbolic Meaning of The Charging Bull: \- Origin and placement: Created in 1989 by an Italian artist without permission at the end of Broadway. \- Symbol of encouragement during the 1989 recession, representing the bull market and capitalism. \- Association with economic conflicts during the Occupy Wall Street movement in 2011 and the need for police protection due to its symbolic representation of capitalism. Symbolic Meaning of The Fearless Girl: \- Unveiled in 2017, officially known as the Fearless Girl, placed facing the Charging Bull. \- Symbol of gender equality and women\'s empowerment in the workforce, particularly during the 2017 Me Too movement. \- Relocation from the original site near Charging Bull to in front of the Stock Exchange due to congestion issues and symbolism of confronting traditional gender dynamics in capitalism. Relationship between Politics and Symbols: \- The Charging Bull\'s association with the Occupy Wall Street movement and the need for police protection, reflecting the political and economic tensions of the time. \- The Fearless Girl sparking discussions about gender equality, women\'s empowerment, and societal norms in capitalism during the 2017 Me Too movement. **What is the relationship and the symbolic meaning between these symbols in gender relations?** Introduction: \- Brief overview of the two symbols -- the Charging Bull and the Fearless Girl. \- Mention of essay question focusing on the relationship of these symbols to space, economics, politics, and gender relations. \- Statement about the importance of understanding the symbolic meanings of these statues. Symbolic Meaning of The Charging Bull: \- Origin and placement: Created in 1989 by an Italian artist without permission at the end of Broadway. \- Symbol of encouragement during the 1989 recession, representing the bull market and capitalism. \- Association with economic conflicts during the Occupy Wall Street movement in 2011 and the need for police protection due to its symbolic representation of capitalism. Symbolic Meaning of The Fearless Girl: \- Unveiled in 2017, officially known as the Fearless Girl, placed facing the Charging Bull. \- Symbol of gender equality and women\'s empowerment in the workforce, particularly during the 2017 Me Too movement. \- Relocation from the original site near Charging Bull to in front of the Stock Exchange due to congestion issues and symbolism of confronting traditional gender dynamics in capitalism. Relationship between Politics and Symbols: \- The Charging Bull\'s association with the Occupy Wall Street movement and the need for police protection, reflecting the political and economic tensions of the time. \- The Fearless Girl sparking discussions about gender equality, women\'s empowerment, and societal norms in capitalism during the 2017 Me Too movement. Relationship between Gender Relations and Symbols: \- The Fearless Girl symbolizing discussions about women\'s empowerment, equal opportunities in the workforce, and challenging traditional gender dynamics in capitalism. \- The symbolism of the Fearless Girl\'s defiant stance facing the Charging Bull, representing a statement about women\'s empowerment and gender equality in the workforce. How did the survival of early humanity depend on Social Networks? Essay question \#\#\# \#\#\# Key Points on Social Networks and Early Human Survival \- \*\*Social Nature of Humans\*\*: \- Humans are inherently social creatures, driven by a need to connect and belong. \- Social networks provided safety in numbers and facilitated cooperation. \- \*\*Cooperation and Resource Sharing\*\*: \- Early humans collaborated within groups to hunt large animals and protect each other from predators. \- Sharing resources and information was crucial for group survival. \- \*\*Technological Advancements\*\*: \- High population densities encouraged complex social interactions, leading to technological innovations. \- Tools and weapons were developed, allowing humans to overcome physical limitations and defend against competitors. \- \*\*Cultural Evolution\*\*: \- Social networks enabled the transmission of knowledge and skills across generations. \- Cultural evolution ensured that innovations were preserved and improved over time. \- \*\*Modern Implications\*\*: \- Institutions like universities exemplify formalized social networks. \- These institutions prepare individuals for success by providing knowledge, skills, and expanded social connections. \#\#\# Remember: \- Social networks = safety, cooperation, technology, culture \- Key for survival: collaboration, sharing, innovation \- Modern parallels: universities as social networks for learning and success These notes should help you recall the essential role of social networks in early human survival during your exam.