Final Prep - Microbiology PDF

**Final Prep -- Micro** **Week 8 microbiology and infectious diseases** **Kingdoms/ Domains** **Classification** **Prokaryotes** **Eukaryotes** -------------------- -------------------- ------------------------------------ **Domains** Archaea, Bacteria Eukarya **Kingdom...

**Final Prep -- Micro** **Week 8 microbiology and infectious diseases** **Kingdoms/ Domains** **Classification** **Prokaryotes** **Eukaryotes** -------------------- -------------------- ------------------------------------ **Domains** Archaea, Bacteria Eukarya **Kingdoms** Not typically used Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista **💖 *LIVING MICROORGANISMS - CELLULAR*** ➡️ Prokaryotes: Archea, Bacteria (*Rickettsias* and *Chlamydias*) - simpler cells without nucleus. *Primitive* - Bacteria: ---\> Bacteria helicobacter produces urease - can have different shapes (cocci, curve and spiral, bacilli) - Can be facultative (capable of surviving in either presence or absence of O2) - Can be obligated - need a host to complete its life cycle (survival and reproduction) - Few can generate spores - Can have flagella - photosynthetic bacteria - Can be gram -ve (endotoxins) or -ve (exotoxins): Endotoxins: gram (-)ve, integral parts of the cell walls of bacteria, cause fever and shock, when it dies. Exotoxins: gram (+)ve, toxins that are produced within cells and then released from the cells, poisonous proteins secreted by pathogens. Bacteria is alive. - cytotoxins - enterotoxins - neurotoxins **Simple Analogy:** - **Endotoxin**: Think of it like a **safety feature** of a car that only becomes dangerous when the car is **crashed** (the bacteria dies). - **Exotoxin**: Think of it as a **poison** that the car **deliberately releases** to make you feel sick while it's still running (the bacteria is alive and producing toxins). **In Summary:** - **Endotoxins**: Part of the bacteria\'s structure, cause problems when the bacteria die. - **Exotoxins**: Poisons that are produced and secreted by bacteria while they are alive, causing immediate harm. ➡️ Eukaryotes: have nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. *Evolved* 1. **Animalia (Animals)** - **Multicellular** organisms, including helminths (e.g., tapeworms, roundworms). - helminths are not considered m/o - Classification of Helminths x2: **Classification** **Type** **Examples** **Characteristics** ----------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **1. Platyhelminths** **Trematodes** Lung fluke, liver fluke, blood fluke. fluke=worm All named by the specific tissue of their definitive host **Cestodes** Tapeworms Primarily intestinal parasites **2. Nematodes** **Enterobius vermicularis** Pinworm \- Lifecycle: Occurs exclusively in human hosts- Transmission: Eggs spread via fomites **Ascaris lumbricoides** Human roundworm A human parasite that does not require an intermediate host **Necator americanus** and **Ancylostoma duodenale** Hookworms Inhabit the small intestine of humans 2. **Fungi (Fungi)** - Can be unicellular or multicellular; they absorb nutrients from organic materials. - the study of fungi is mycology - Yeast and molds **Yeast** **Mold** -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- unicellular multicellular reproduce asexually by budding or fission. reproduce asexually by spores production. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker\'s yeast) penicillum (penecillin invented by Alex Fleming) 3. **Plantae (Plants)** - **Multicellular** autotrophs (organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis). **☠️ *NON LIVING- NONCELLULAR (INFECTIOUS AGENTS)*** 1. Virus - nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, - Can be RNA, DNA or reverse transcribing 2. Viroids - like mini viruses, but they don't have a protein coat and are only found in plants 3. Prions - Like a protein that have gone rogue, instead of doing their normal job, fold incorrectly and cause trouble by making other proteins fold incorrectly. Then they become infectious particles. They have a domino effect. - Diseases are called *transmissible spongiform encephalopathies* (e.g., mad cow disease, kuru) Viral Infections: - Abortive Infection: The virus enters a cell but can't reproduce, so the infection doesn't spread. - Lytic/cytocidal: kills the host - Transformative Infection: - The virus's DNA stays hidden in the host cell without making new viruses. - It may cause the cell to change and become cancerous (like papilloma virus causing cervical cancer). Transformative infections don\'t produce new viruses, but the viral DNA messes with the host cell, which may trigger cancerous growth. - Chronic Infection: - The virus makes new viruses slowly over time but doesn\'t destroy the cell. - Example: Hepatitis B can stay in the body and continue producing viruses without immediate damage. - Latent: limited synthesis - no viral synthesis. Virus remains in asymptomatic host for long periods - cold sores, shingles 3 main Symbiosis relationships **1.Mutualism** **Both organisms benefit** ***E. coli* in the human gut -- the bacteria help with digestion and get nutrients in return.** ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.Commensalism One organism benefits, the other is unaffected. *Staphylococcus epidermidis* on human skin -- the bacteria get nutrients, but the host is unaffected. 3.Parasitism One organism benefits, the other is harmed. *Plasmodium falciparum* in humans -- the parasite causes malaria, harming the host. Amensalism - ANTIBIOSIS One organism is harmed, the other is unaffected. - no intentional interaction *Penicillium* mold produces penicillin, killing bacteria. The mold is unaffected. **🦠 *INFECTION PROCESS*** Virulence: disease-provoking power of a specific microbe Pathogenicity: is the ability of a microbe to cause disease, r/t: - **of m/o** - portal of entry - host defense - intrinsic characteristic of organism - virulence factors Respiratory tract is the most frequently used portal of entry Stages of Infection aka Components of Infection Process **Stage** **Description** **Key Mechanisms/Characteristics** -------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **1.Adhesion** The first step where pathogens attach to host cells. \- Utilizes structures like pili and fimbriae.- **Specific adhesion** to receptors or **nonspecific** electrostatic attraction. **2.Colonization** The establishment and growth of pathogens in the host\'s tissues. \- Pathogens settle in exposed tissues (e.g., urogenital, digestive, respiratory tracts).- Involves spreading to new areas. **3.Invasion** The penetration of pathogens into host tissues, allowing for deeper infection. \- Pathogens produce **invasins** that damage host cell membranes.- Breakdown of primary and secondary barriers for easier growth. **4.Evasion** Mechanisms employed by pathogens to avoid detection and destruction by the host\'s immune system. \- **Capsules** protect against immune response.- **Protein production** to bind antibodies.- **Mutation** of surface antigens.- Strategies against phagocytes (e.g., avoiding contact or surviving within phagocytes). **Additional Notes** - **Contamination**: This is when microbes are present on or in the body but do not necessarily cause infection. - **Infection**: Defined as the entry and growth of microorganisms in the body, which may not always lead to disease. - **Opportunistic Pathogens**: Normally harmless microbes that can cause disease if the balance with normal flora is disrupted, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems. **Week 9 Infections of the CVS** **Kingdoms/ Domains** **Classification** **Prokaryotes** **Eukaryotes** -------------------- -------------------- ------------------------------------ **Domains** Archaea, Bacteria Eukarya **Kingdoms** Not typically used Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista **💖 *LIVING MICROORGANISMS - CELLULAR*** ➡️ Prokaryotes: Archea, Bacteria (*Rickettsias* and *Chlamydias*) - simpler cells without nucleus. *Primitive* 1. Bacteria: ---\> Bacteria helicobacter produces urease - can have different shapes (cocci, curve and spiral, bacilli) - Can be facultative (capable of surviving in either presence or absence of O2) - Can be obligated - need a host to complete its life cycle (survival and reproduction) - Few can generate spores - Can have flagella - photosynthetic bacteria - Can be gram -ve (endotoxins) or -ve (exotoxins): Endotoxins: gram (-)ve, integral parts of the cell walls of bacteria, cause fever and shock, when it dies. Exotoxins: gram (+)ve, toxins that are produced within cells and then released from the cells, poisonous proteins secreted by pathogens. Bacteria is alive. - cytotoxins - enterotoxins - neurotoxins **Simple Analogy:** - **Endotoxin**: Think of it like a **safety feature** of a car that only becomes dangerous when the car is **crashed** (the bacteria dies). - **Exotoxin**: Think of it as a **poison** that the car **deliberately releases** to make you feel sick while it's still running (the bacteria is alive and producing toxins). **In Summary:** - **Endotoxins**: Part of the bacteria\'s structure, cause problems when the bacteria die. - **Exotoxins**: Poisons that are produced and secreted by bacteria while they are alive, causing immediate harm. ➡️ Eukaryotes: have nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. *Evolved* 1. **Animalia (Animals)** - **Multicellular** organisms, including helminths (e.g., tapeworms, roundworms). - helminths are not considered m/o - Classification of Helminths x2: **Classification** **Type** **Examples** **Characteristics** ----------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **1. Platyhelminths** **Trematodes** Lung fluke, liver fluke, blood fluke. fluke=worm All named by the specific tissue of their definitive host **Cestodes** Tapeworms Primarily intestinal parasites **2. Nematodes** **Enterobius vermicularis** Pinworm \- Lifecycle: Occurs exclusively in human hosts- Transmission: Eggs spread via fomites **Ascaris lumbricoides** Human roundworm A human parasite that does not require an intermediate host **Necator americanus** and **Ancylostoma duodenale** Hookworms Inhabit the small intestine of humans 2. **Fungi (Fungi)** - Can be unicellular or multicellular; they absorb nutrients from organic materials. - the study of fungi is mycology - Yeast and molds **Yeast** **Mold** -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- unicellular multicellular reproduce asexually by budding or fission. reproduce asexually by spores production. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker\'s yeast) penicillum (penecillin invented by Alex Fleming) 3. **Plantae (Plants)** - **Multicellular** autotrophs (organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis). **☠️ *NON LIVING- NONCELLULAR (INFECTIOUS AGENTS)*** 1. Virus - nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, - Can be RNA, DNA or reverse transcribing 2. Viroids - like mini viruses, but they don't have a protein coat and are only found in plants 3. Prions - Like a protein that have gone rogue, instead of doing their normal job, fold incorrectly and cause trouble by making other proteins fold incorrectly. Then they become infectious particles. They have a domino effect. - Diseases are called *transmissible spongiform encephalopathies* (e.g., mad cow disease, kuru) Viral Infections: - Abortive Infection: The virus enters a cell but can't reproduce, so the infection doesn't spread. - Lytic/cytocidal: kills the host - Transformative Infection: - The virus's DNA stays hidden in the host cell without making new viruses. - It may cause the cell to change and become cancerous (like papilloma virus causing cervical cancer). Transformative infections don\'t produce new viruses, but the viral DNA messes with the host cell, which may trigger cancerous growth. - Chronic Infection: - The virus makes new viruses slowly over time but doesn\'t destroy the cell. - Example: Hepatitis B can stay in the body and continue producing viruses without immediate damage. - Latent: limited synthesis - no viral synthesis. Virus remains in asymptomatic host for long periods - cold sores, shingles 3 main Symbiosis relationships **1.Mutualism** **Both organisms benefit** ***E. coli* in the human gut -- the bacteria help with digestion and get nutrients in return.** ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.Commensalism One organism benefits, the other is unaffected. *Staphylococcus epidermidis* on human skin -- the bacteria get nutrients, but the host is unaffected. 3.Parasitism One organism benefits, the other is harmed. *Plasmodium falciparum* in humans -- the parasite causes malaria, harming the host. Amensalism - ANTIBIOSIS One organism is harmed, the other is unaffected. - no intentional interaction *Penicillium* mold produces penicillin, killing bacteria. The mold is unaffected. **🦠 *INFECTION PROCESS*** Virulence: disease-provoking power of a specific microbe Pathogenicity: is the ability of a microbe to cause disease, r/t: - **of m/o** - portal of entry - host defense - intrinsic characteristic of organism - virulence factors Respiratory tract is the most frequently used portal of entry Stages of Infection aka Components of Infection Process **Stage** **Description** **Key Mechanisms/Characteristics** -------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **1.Adhesion** The first step where pathogens attach to host cells. \- Utilizes structures like pili and fimbriae.- **Specific adhesion** to receptors or **nonspecific** electrostatic attraction. **2.Colonization** The establishment and growth of pathogens in the host\'s tissues. \- Pathogens settle in exposed tissues (e.g., urogenital, digestive, respiratory tracts).- Involves spreading to new areas. **3.Invasion** The penetration of pathogens into host tissues, allowing for deeper infection. \- Pathogens produce **invasins** that damage host cell membranes.- Breakdown of primary and secondary barriers for easier growth. **4.Evasion** Mechanisms employed by pathogens to avoid detection and destruction by the host\'s immune system. \- **Capsules** protect against immune response.- **Protein production** to bind antibodies.- **Mutation** of surface antigens.- Strategies against phagocytes (e.g., avoiding contact or surviving within phagocytes). **Additional Notes** - **Contamination**: This is when microbes are present on or in the body but do not necessarily cause infection. - **Infection**: Defined as the entry and growth of microorganisms in the body, which may not always lead to disease. - **Opportunistic Pathogens**: Normally harmless microbes that can cause disease if the balance with normal flora is disrupted, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems. **Week 10 infections of the respiratory system** Bacterial Infections x8 Streptococcal Infections (first 4) 1. **Strep throat or streptococcal pharyngitis -** [A *Streptococcus, gram (+ )ve bacteria (hemolytic), thru person to person, tx with abx*] 2. **Scarlet fever -** *[Streptococcus pyogenes, gram +ve, strawberry tongue, tx with abx]* 3. ***Streptococcus pneumoniae -** [ Gram-positive, encapsulated alpha-hemolytic Diplococcus (Pneumococcus), community acquired]* 4. **Drug-resistant *Streptococcus pneumoniae* disease (DRSP) -** [Contributing factor---overuse of antimicrobial agents] 5. ***Mycoplasma pneumoniae -*** [Primary atypical pneumonia---relatively mild] 6. ***Chlamydophila pneumoniae -*** [One of the major causes of pneumonia or bronchitis, school-age children] 7. **Pertussis (whooping cough) -** [*Bordetella pertussis* , Highly contagious] 8. **Tuberculosis (TB) -** *[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]* **Sinusitis -- stand alone, no classification here** - [Caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, secondary to cold/allergy] **Rare Opportunistic Infections x9** 1. **Staphylococcal pneumonia -** [Penicillin---treatment of choice] 2. **CA-MRSA Pneumonia --** IV Vanco 3. ***Haemophilus* infections -** [*Haemophilus influenzae*---gram-negative coccobacillu] 4. ***Klebsiella pneumoniae* -** [Gram-negative, encapsulated bacillus,] Most [often hospital-acquired] 5. **Diphtheria -** *[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]*---[facultative anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus, Highly contagious, pseudo membrane on tonsils and throat]; [Bacterium produces exotoxins] 6. **Legionellosis -** [*Legionella pneumophila*---gram-negative bacillus,] Found in [water sources (ex. Long stay at a hotel)] 7. **Psittacosis -** [*Chlamydia psittaci*---obligate intracellular,] Found in [bird droppings]---[infectious for months] 8. **Inhalation anthrax -** [*Bacillus anthracis*---gram-positive, spore-forming, facultative anaerobe,] Found in [wild and domestic vertebrates] 9. **Q Fever -** [Zoonotic*---Coxiella burnetii*---gram-positive, spore-forming coccobacillus,] Globally---affects [sheep, goats, cattle, dogs, cats, birds, rodents, and ticks, Organism can be excreted in milk, urine, feces,] Is [resistant] **Viral Infections x6** 1. **Common cold --** [nasopharynx] 2. **Influenza (flu) -** [by orthomyxoviruses] 3. **Viral pneumonia** 4. **Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) -** [by hantaviruses, Deadly disease, Carried by rodents] 5. **Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) -** [SARS coronavirus,] by [respiratory droplets] 6. **Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) -** [SARS-CoV-2 virus, Pandemic 2019, Very contagious] **Fungal infections x2** **1. Histoplasmosis -** *[Histoplasma capsulatum,]* Reservoirs: [Soil around old chicken houses, starling bird roosts, bat caves] **2.** **Pulmonary aspergillosis -** [*Aspergillus*, a mold found in decaying plants, stored hay, compost piles, bird droppings, excess dust accumulations] **Week 11 Infections of the Nervous System** **[Bacterial infections:]** 1. **Bacterial Meningitis** -??? 2. **Meningococcal Meningitis** - *Neisseria meningitides* 3. ***Haemophilus influenzae* Meningitis** - *Haemophilus influenzae* 4. **Pneumococcal Meningitis** - *Streptococcus pneumoniae* 5. ***Listeria* Meningitis -** *Listeria monocytogenes* 6. **Tetanus** - *Clostridium* *tetani* 7. **Botulism** - *C. botulinum* **[Viral Infections:]** 1. **Viral Meningitis** aka "aseptic meningitis" 🦟 by ??? 2. **Poliomyelitis** - poliovirus, small, nonenveloped, mRNA virus, fecal-oral, mostly asymptomatic, asymmetric muscle weakness, replicates in GI then goes to neuro system. 95% of cases asymptomatic. 3. **Rabies** - zoonotic caused by rabies virus, by infected animal saliva, common reservoir: racoon, skunks, foxes, bats - - - 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 4. **Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)** - Polyomavirus JC, demyelination of cells in CNS, rare and fatal, affecting the immunocompromised. Symptoms rapidly progress. **[Fungal Infections]** 1.**Cryptococcosis** - by *Cryptococcosis neoformans, rare, opportunistic, encapsulated yeast, bird dropping.* **[Protozoan Infections x3]** 1. **Cerebral toxoplasmosis** - *Toxoplasma gondii, obligate, intracellular parasiste, mostly asymptomatic but serious.* 2. **African trypanosomiasis aka "*sleeping sickness*"** - by *Trypanosoma brucei, main symptoms coma* 3. **Chagas' disease aka "kissing bug"** - by *American trypanosomiasis, produce granulomas in CNS* **[Prion-Associated Diaseses/ "*transmissible spongiform encephalopathies"* (TSEs)]** Human prion diseases: Review questions What is the outermost membrane surrounding the brain? **Dura matter** What term refers to an inflammation of the brain tissues? **encephalitis** Nerve cells form long projections called: **axons** Chemicals called \_\_\_\_ are stored in neurons and released when the cell is stimulated by a signal. **Neurotransmitters** The central nervous system is made up of? **Brain and spinal column** Which of the following can't be prevented with a vaccine? **listeriosis** Which of the following animals is not a typical reservoir for the spread of rabies? (dog, bat, skunk, chicken) **Chicken** Which of these diseases results in meningitis caused by an encapsulated yeast? **cryptococcosis** **Aseptic** meningitis = CSF **clear** -- viral infections **Septic** meningitis = CSF **turbid** -- bacterial infections **Encephalitis** = brain inflammation **Meningitis** = meninges inflammation **Meningoencephalitis** = brain & meninges inflammation **Myelitis** = spinal cord inflammation **Neuropathy** = a general term for disease of peripheral nerves Week 12 Infections of the GI & Urinary System **GI** **Bacterial Infections** 1. *Helicobacter* peptic ulcer - by *H. pylori* 2.Salmonellosis - by *Salmonella* spp. 3.Typhoid fever - *Salmonella enterica*, serotype Typhi 4.Paratyphoid fever - aka Enteric fever---similar to typhoid fever---milder 5.Shigellosis - aka Bacillary dysentery 6.Campylobacteriosis - Caused by *Campylobacter jejuni*, *fetus*, *C. coli* *7.Escherichia* spp. gastroenteritis - E. *coli* part of normal flora---but some pathogenic strains 8.Yersiniosis - Caused by *Yersinia enterocolitica* 9.Listeriosis - Caused by *Listeria monocytogenes* **Bacterial Intoxications** 1.Botulism - Consumption of *Clostridium botulinum* toxin 2.Staphylococcal intoxication - *Staphylococcus aureus* 3.Bacillus intoxication - *Bacillus cereus* **Viral Infections** 1.Rotavirus - Most common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants and children 2.Hepatitis - Caused by hepatitis viruses A to E (fecal-oral) 3.Astroviruses and caliciviruses - Symptoms include diarrhea, headache, malaise, and nausea and typically last 5 days 4.Noroviruses - Cause diarrhea, nausea, muscle aches, headache, fatigue, low-grade fever 5.Adenoviruses - Cause respiratory illness, causes gastroenteritis particularly in children **Fungal Infections** 1.Candidiasis - by overgrowth of *Candida* due to changes in the normal environment 2.Aspergillosis - caused by organisms in genus *Aspergillus* 3.Ergotism - *Claviceps purpurea* **Parasitic Infections** 1.Helminths - x3 types: Trichinosis---*Trichinella spiralis - uncooked contaminated food* Taeniasis---*Taenia* *saginata* (beef), *Taenia solium* (pigs) - larvae in food Pinworm infections---*Enterobius* *vermicularis - lives in rectum in humans* 2.Ascariasis--- *Ascaris* *lumbricoides, most common nematode infection of humans* 3.Necatoriasis---hookworm - Two species cause infection in humans 1. *Ancylostoma duodenale* 2. *Necator americanus* ***Urinary see computer notes only 3 pages***