Final Manual Workbench Practice Lab EEE PDF

WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE) WBP Lab, 1st Semester B.Tech. (ALL Branch) WORKBENCH PRACTICE (WBP) LABORATORY List of Experiments 1. Study of cables, wires, switches, fuses, MCB, fuse...

WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEE) WBP Lab, 1st Semester B.Tech. (ALL Branch) WORKBENCH PRACTICE (WBP) LABORATORY List of Experiments 1. Study of cables, wires, switches, fuses, MCB, fuse carriers in an electrical network 2. Study of earthing and electrical safety. Demonstration of the precautionary steps adopted in case of Electrical shocks. 3. Calculation of current and power for series and parallel connected lamp load. 4. Study and design of house wiring. 5. Study of digital measuring equipment and calculation of energy consumption in an electrical system Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 1  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 01 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Study of cables, wires, switches, fuses, MCB, fuse carriers in an electrical network. OBJECTIVE: - (a) To study the different types of basic electrical components. (b) To learn working of fuses and MCBs. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: - Name of the Sl. No. Specification Quantity Instruments 1 Wires 1 mm2, 2.5 mm2, 4 mm2, 6 mm2 As required 2 Fuses 6A 3 Ammeter 20 A 1 4 Multimeter Digital 1 3 MCBs 6 A, 10 A, 16 A 4 Connecting Wires - As required 5 SWG meter - 1 6 Lamp load 3.6 kW 1 THEORY: - Connecting Wire: The most common type of wiring in modern homes is in the form of non-metallic (NM) cable, which consists of two or more individual wires wrapped inside a protective plastic sheathing. NM cable usually contains one or more “hot” (current-carrying) wires, a neutral wire, and a ground wire. The electric power line enters our house through three wires- namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire. To avoid confusion, we follow a colour code for insulating these wires. The red wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral. The earth wire is given green plastic insulation. Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 2  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Cable: An Electric cable is a cable used to distribute and transmit electrical power. The Electric Cable is used to transmit high voltage where overhead lines are impractical to use. ▪ The conductor provides the conducting path in the Electric Cable. The insulation or dielectric withstands the service voltage and isolates the live conductor with another subject. ▪ The sheath protects the Cable from all external influences like chemical and fire attacks. Also, it prevents moisture from harming the electric Cable. ▪ Electric cables are usually made of copper Because electricity moves well in copper. Copper is not as expensive as silver, making the work easier. Sometimes Aluminum is used in cable making because it is cheaper than copper. A cable is made when many wires come together. ▪ Electrical cables are shielded conducting wires, used in the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power. Electrical cables, in a circuit, are joined through connectors. A combination of cables and connectors is known as a cable assembly. Strand: The diameter of a strand is the diameter of the smallest, all wires enclosing enveloped circle. SWG: British Standard Wire Gauge (often abbreviated to Standard Wire Gauge or SWG) is a unit for denoting wire size Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 3  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Switch Switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or connect the conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current or diverting it from one conductor to another. One-way switch: One Way Switches: When a light switch is a one-way switch, it means it's just an on/off switch. It controls a single light or lighting circuit. Two-way switch: Two-way switch, there are two, one-way switches combined in one. One of the terminals can be connected to either of the two, but not both at the same time. The advantage of a two-way switch is the ability to control a single device from two separate locations. Fuse Fuse is an electrical safety device that operates to provide over current protection of an electrical circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows through it, thereby stopping or interrupting the current. Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) These are automatic switches which open when the current flowing through them exceeds the value for which they have been set. The circuit breaker is labelled with the rated current in amperes prefixed by a letter, which indicates the instantaneous tripping current that causes the circuit breaker to trip. Based on tripping characteristics, MCBs are available in ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘D’ curve to suit different type of applications. ‘C’ Curve for protection of electrical circuits with equipment that causes surge current (inductive loads and motor circuits). Short circuit release is set to 5-10 times of In. Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 4  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Internal View of MCB Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 5  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: - A AMMETER FUSE MCB AC SUPPLY LAMP LOAD PROCEDURE: - (i) Connect the equipment as per the circuit diagram. (ii) Set the load at its rated value and Switch ON the supply. (iii) Note down the current at which the Fuse and MCB is tripping. (iv) Make a table of voltage, current, tripping time for various readings. OBSERVATION: - Sl. Voltage Load in Current in Tripping Tripping Time No. in Volts Watt Amp Equipment CONCLUSION: - DISCUSSION: - 1. What is a Fuse and mention the types, rating and application of Fuse. 2. What is a MCB and mention the types, rating and application of MCB. 3. Define SWG. Mention the specification of wires used for various applications. Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 6  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 02 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Study of earthing and electrical safety. Demonstration of the precautionary steps adopted in case of Electrical shocks. OBJECTIVE: - (a) To study the types of Earthing and measurement of earthing resistance. (b) To learn precautionary steps adopted in case of Electrical shocks. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: - Sl. No. Name of the instrument/ Equipment Specification Quantity 1 Electric Safety Chart - 1 2 Earthing Pit - 1 3 Digital Earth Clamp Tester Digital 1 4 Earth Electrodes Plate, Rod 1 5 PPE Kit - 1 THEORY: - Earthing is a critical safety measure in electrical installations. It involves connecting the non- current-carrying parts of electrical equipment or the neutral point of the supply system to the ground. This ensures that in case of a fault, the excess electrical current is safely dissipated into the earth, reducing the risk of electric shock or fire. Earthing is defined as “the process in which the instantaneous discharge of the electrical energy takes place by transferring charges directly to the earth through low resistance wire.” In homes, there shall be three types of wires, live, neutral, and earth. Live and neutral carry electric current from the power station and the earth is connected to the buried metal plate. Electric appliances like refrigerators, iron boxes, and TV are connected to the earth wire while operating. Hence, these devices are protected from the surge or faulty electrical supply. Local earthing is done near the electrical meter of the house. Types of Earthing: Plate Earthing: Involves burying a metal plate (usually copper or galvanized iron) in the ground. Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 7  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Rod Earthing: Involves driving a metal rod into the ground to achieve a low- resistance path. Strip Earthing: Involves burying metal strips in a horizontal trench to ensure better contact with the soil. Earthing Process: The earthing process involves creating a low- resistance path for electrical current to flow safely into the ground, thereby protecting people and equipment from electric shock or damage. This is achieved by connecting non-current- carrying parts of electrical installations, such as metal enclosures and neutral points, to an earthing system. Common methods include plate earthing, where a metal plate is buried in a pit filled with conductive materials; rod earthing, which involves driving a metal rod deep into the ground; and strip earthing, where metal strips are laid in a horizontal trench. Each method is selected based on factors like soil resistivity and the specific requirements of the installation. Earthing Resistance: Typical Type of Suitable Soil Resistance Comments Earthing Conditions Values Various Plate Effective for large installations; requires regular 1-5 ohms (improved with Earthing maintenance to maintain low resistance. salt and charcoal) Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 8  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Common in residential and commercial Rod Low to moderate 2-10 ohms buildings; may need multiple rods in high- Earthing resistivity resistivity soil. Strip Provides large surface area; effective in power 1-5 ohms Various Earthing distribution systems and industrial plants. Perforated pipes help retain moisture, Pipe 2-8 ohms Dry or rocky soil improving conductivity in challenging soil Earthing conditions. Earthing resistance measurement: Measuring earthing resistance is essential to ensure the safety and effectiveness of an earthing system. The most common method for this measurement is using an Earth Resistance Tester or Earth Megger. Digital Earth Clamp Tester (DECT) is used to measure the earthing resistance near equipment or at the earth pit. Precautionary steps adopted in case of Electrical shocks: Electrical shocks can be life-threatening and require immediate action. Here are the precautionary steps to take in the event of an electrical shock: 1. Do Not Touch the Victim Directly: If the person is still in contact with the electrical source, do not touch them directly with your bare hands, as you could also receive a shock. 2. Turn Off the Power Source: Immediately disconnect the power supply if it is safe to do so. This could mean turning off the circuit breaker, unplugging the device, or switching off the main power supply. 3. Use Non-Conductive Materials: If you cannot turn off the power, use a non-conductive object such as a wooden stick, plastic broom, or a piece of dry cloth to push the victim away from the electrical source. 4. Call for Emergency Help: Dial emergency services immediately to get professional medical assistance. Provide them with all necessary details, including the nature of the incident and the condition of the victim. 5. Check for Responsiveness: Once the victim is free from the electrical source, check if they are responsive and breathing. Gently shake them and ask if they are okay. 6. Administer CPR if Necessary: Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 9  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY If the victim is not breathing or has no pulse, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately. Continue CPR until emergency personnel arrive. 7. Treat Burns and Injuries: If the victim has visible burns, cover them with a sterile gauze bandage or a clean cloth. Do not apply any ointments or creams. Avoid moving the victim unnecessarily, as they may have sustained internal injuries or broken bones. 8. Keep the Victim Comfortable: Ensure the victim is lying down in a comfortable position. Keep them warm and calm until help arrives. Monitor their breathing and pulse continuously. 9. Prevent Future Incidents: After the incident, inspect the area and the electrical equipment involved. Identify the cause of the shock and take corrective measures to prevent future occurrences. Educate others about electrical safety and the importance of following proper procedures when handling electrical equipment. Seek Medical Attention: Even if the victim appears to recover fully, it is crucial to seek medical attention. Electrical shocks can cause internal injuries that are not immediately apparent. Important Tips: Wear Protective Gear: Always use insulated gloves and shoes when dealing with electrical equipment. Use Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs): Install GFCIs in areas prone to moisture, such as kitchens, bathrooms, and outdoor spaces, to prevent electrical shocks. Regular Maintenance: Ensure all electrical installations and devices are regularly inspected and maintained by qualified professionals. Educate: Make sure everyone in the household or workplace knows the proper steps to take in the event of an electrical shock. Safety measures Safety measures are activities and precautions taken to improve safety, i.e. reduce risk related to human health. Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 10  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 11  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY OBSERVATION: Earthing Resistance Measurement using DECT: For Pipe earthing, R = For Plate earthing, R = CONCLUSION: DISCUSSION: 1. What is the purpose of earthing in electrical systems? 2. How does earthing help in protecting electrical appliances and humans? 3. What immediate steps should be taken if someone receives an electrical shock? 4. What personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for working with electrical systems? Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 12  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 03 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: - Calculation of current and power for series and parallel connected lamp load. OBJECTIVE: - (a) To calculate power consumption of same and different rated lamps connected in series & parallel. (b) To observe the intensity (brightness) of the lamps connected in series and parallel. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:- SI. NO EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION QUANTITY 1. Voltmeter MI type (0-300) V 1 2. Ammeter MI type (0-1) A 1 3. Wattmeter (UPF) 5 A, 300 V 1 4. Single-phase variac (0-270) V, 5A 1 5. Patch chord SP-6 As per required 6. Lamp load 100 W, 200 W As per required THEORY: - Series Circuit: A circuit is said to be connected in series when the same current flows through all the components in the circuit. In such circuits, the current has only one path. Let us consider the household decorative string lights as an example of a series circuit. This is nothing but a series of multiple tiny bulbs connected in series. If one bulb fuses, all the bulbs in the series do not light up Parallel Circuit: A circuit is said to be parallel when the electric current has multiple paths to flow through. The components that are a part of the parallel circuits will have a constant voltage across all ends. Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 13  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Power Consumption and Intensity (Brightness) of Lamps connected in Series & Parallel: Three Identical Rating Bulbs (in Series): The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances. The total power consumed is lower than the sum of the rated powers due to voltage division. Each bulb receives a fraction of the total voltage, resulting in lower brightness compared to the rated brightness. Each bulb will be dimmer than if it were connected in parallel. Three Identical Rating Bulbs (in Parallel): The total power consumed is the sum of the rated powers of all bulbs. Each bulb receives the full supply voltage, and thus each bulb consumes power close to its rated power. Each bulb operates at its rated brightness since each receives the full supply voltage. The total brightness is the sum of the brightness of all bulbs. Three different Rating Bulbs (in Series): The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances calculated from each bulb's rated power and voltage. The total power consumed is less than the sum of individual rated powers due to unequal voltage distribution. Each bulb receives a different fraction of the total voltage based on its resistance, leading to varying brightness levels. Typically, bulbs with lower resistance (higher power rating) will be dimmer compared to those with higher resistance (lower power rating). Three different Rating Bulbs (in Parallel): The total power consumed is the sum of the power consumed by each bulb based on its rated voltage and resistance. Each bulb receives the full supply voltage and operates at its rated power. Each bulb operates at its rated brightness since each gets the full voltage. The total brightness is the sum of the brightness of all bulbs, with varying intensities depending on their rated power. Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 14  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:- Series connection Parallel Connection PROCEDURE:- (a) Connect the equipments as per circuit diagram. (b) Give the voltage through variac and measure the values of power, current. (c) Note down the brightness of the lamps as well. OBSERVATION:- Remark on Type of connection of lamps Voltage Current Power Brightness of Lamp Series with same ratings Series with different ratings Parallel with same ratings Parallel with different ratings Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 15  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY CALCULATION: - Theoretical Calculation of total resistance and power 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑃= ⇒𝑅= 𝑅 𝑃 PRECAUTION: - 1. Connection should be right & tight. 2. Check the circuit before switching on the supply. 3. Instruments should be connected in proper polarity. 4. Don’t touch any non-insulated part of an Instruments/equipment. CONCLUSION: - DISCUSSION: - 1. What are the differences between series and parallel circuits? 2. How do you calculate the total resistance in a series circuit versus a parallel circuit? 3. How does the brightness of a lamp change when connected in series compared to parallel? 4. What happens to the current, power, and brightness when lamps with different ratings are connected in parallel? Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 16  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 04 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Study and design of house wiring. OBJECTIVE: (a) To study the wiring of a simple circuit for controlling light/ fan point. (b) To study the wiring of one-way and two-way switches. (c) To learn power distribution arrangement using single phase MCB distribution board with ELCB, main switch and Energy meter EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Sl. No. Equipment Name Specification Quantity 1 Energy meter Single-Phase, 6400 Imp/kWh 1 2 DP MCB 32 Amp 1 3 SP MCB 10 Amp 4 4 PVC Board (8 x 4)" 3 5 PVC Board (4 x 4)" 2 6 DB BOX SP-8 1 7 Two-way switch 6 Amp 2 8 One-way switch 6 Amp 12 9 Indicator 3 10 Socket 5 pin 3 11 Fan Regulator 3 12 Holder 11 13 Holder Box (4 x 4)" 10 14 Casing capping 1.5’’ 8 15 Connecting Wire As per reqd. THEORY:- Single-phase Energy Meter: The meter which is used for measuring the energy utilizes by the electric load is known as the energy meter. The energy is the total power consumed and utilized by the load at a particular interval of time. It is used in domestic and industrial AC circuit for measuring the power consumption. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises for billing and Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 17  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY monitoring purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour (kWh). They are usually read once each billing period. DP and SP MCB: A miniature circuit breaker is an electromagnetic device that carries a complete molded insulating material. The primary function of this device is to switch the circuit. This means to automatically open the circuit (which has been connected to it) when the current passing through the circuit goes beyond a set value or limit. The device can be manually switched ON or OFF just like normal switches whenever necessary. It is the current value above which overload protection is tripped. For MCB it is fixed and the standard value range between 1A and 100A.MCB is available as: Single-Pole (SP) and Double-Pole (DP). Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 18  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Board: DB Box: A distribution board (also known as panel board, breaker panel, or electric panel) is a component of an electricity supply system that divides an electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure. Indicator: This shows the condition of the supply. If glows, then supply is given the board; if not glow, then supply has not been given to the board. It is connected in parallel with the supply, bypassing the switches on the board. Socket and Plug: Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 19  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Fan Regulator: It regulates the speed of the motor/fan by changing the voltage applied across its input. For this, triac and diac can be used for controlling the speed. Holder: A lamp holder is the device for holding a light bulb or lamp. Most light fittings or luminaires have a lamp holder. For wall and ceiling lights with a fixed lamp holder, it's important that the lamp holder is compatible with the type of bulb you want to use. CIRCUIT DIGRAM: PROCEDURE: (a) Connect all the color code wires (Red – phase, Black – Neutral, and Green – Earth) as per the circuit diagram for supply room only. (b) Use tester at appropriate places to check the supply for verifying the connections. (c) Once DB Box connection complete, you will do the connections of the different room switch boards and the loads. (d) If all the loads will function appropriately after giving the supply, then your house wiring done successfully. (e) Check the use of RCCB, MCB with creating different undesirable conditions. Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 20  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS: 1. Measure the voltages at all levels of the circuit and note it down. 2. Calculate the loads connected for all the houses. 3. Check the energy consumption in the energy meter as well as doing manual calculations. CONCLUSION: Questions for Discussion: 1. Describe the difference between lighting circuits and power circuits in house wiring. 2. What are the primary electrical safety standards and codes that must be followed in residential wiring? 3. How can energy efficiency be improved in house wiring systems? 4. What routine maintenance should be performed to ensure the safety and reliability of house wiring? 5. How do you select appropriate circuit breakers and fuses for different parts of a house? Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 21  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 05 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: Study of digital measuring equipment and calculation of energy consumption in an electrical system. OBJECTIVE: (a) To study the digital ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter, energy meter. (b) To calculate the energy consumption in an electrical system. EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Sl. No. Equipment Name Specification Quantity Single-Phase, 6400 1 Energy meter (Analog) 1 RPU/kWh 2 Voltmeter (Analog) (0-300) V 1 3 Ammeter (Analog) (0-5) A 1 4 Energy meter (Digital) Single-Phase, 6400 Imp/kWh 1 5 Voltmeter (Digital) (0-300) V 1 6 Ammeter (Digital) (0-5) A 1 7 Connecting Wire As per required THEORY: Voltmeter: A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electric potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. It is connected in parallel. It usually has a high resistance so that it takes negligible current from the circuit. Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 22  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Ammeter: An ammeter (abbreviation of Ampere meter) is an instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. For direct measurement, the ammeter is connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured. Single-phase Energy Meter: The meter which is used for measuring the energy utilizes by the electric load is known as the energy meter. The energy is the total power consumed and utilized by the load at a particular interval of time. It is used in domestic and industrial AC circuit for measuring the power consumption. Electric utilities use electric meters installed at customers' premises for billing and monitoring purposes. They are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt hour (kWh). They are usually read once each billing period. Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 23  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Electricity Bill Calculation: Calculation of the monthly electricity bill is based on the amount of electrical energy consumed, which is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). Steps to Calculate Monthly Electricity Bill Meter Reading - At the beginning and end of the billing period, the electricity meter records the total consumption in kWh. Subtract the previous month's reading from the current month's reading to determine the total electricity consumed during the billing period Tariff Structure - The tariff rate can vary based on the consumer category (residential, commercial, industrial) and the consumption slab. Odisha’s power distribution companies, like the Central Electricity Supply Utility of Odisha (CESU), often use a slab-based tariff system. Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 24  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY Calculate Cost Apply Tariff Rates: Multiply the units consumed in each slab by the corresponding tariff rate. Add the costs for all slabs to get the total energy charge. Fixed Charges: Include any fixed charges or minimum charges as specified in the tariff structure. These charges are not dependent on the amount of electricity consumed and are usually applied monthly. Additional Charges: Include other charges such as Fuel Adjustment Cost Charge (FAC), and if applicable, taxes or duties Calculate Total Bill: Energy Charge: The sum of the charges for each slab of consumption. Fixed Charge: A fixed amount added to the total bill. Additional Charges: Any other applicable charges. Taxes: Add any taxes or service charges if applicable. Sample Electricity Bill: Present Registered Unit Previous Registered Unit Minimum Fixed Charge Energy Charge Electricity Duty Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 25  WORKBENCH PRACTICE LABORATORY OBSERVATION: Data Sheet collection for energy calculation: Wattage Working Energy Energy Energy Load rating hour Consumption/day Consumption/month Consumption/year Problem 1: If 5 no of fan consumes energy each 80 Watts of power if it works for 12 hrs a day, 10 no of bulb consumes energy each 20 Watts of power if it works for 10 hrs a day 2 no of freeze consumes energy each 750 Watts of power if it works for 12 hrs a day using it. Calculate the energy consumption in the month of August. Problem 2: If tariff structure is as per the slab rate: 0-50 kWh: ₹3 per kWh; 51-150 kWh: ₹5 per kWh; 151- 300 kWh: ₹7 per kWh; Above 300 kWh: ₹9 per kWh, then calculate the electricity bill for the month in above problem. CONCLUSION: DISCUSSION: 1. What are the key differences between digital and analog measuring equipment? 2. Describe different types of digital measuring instruments commonly used in electrical systems. 3. What is the formula for calculating electrical energy consumption in a system? 4. How do you differentiate between active power, reactive power, and apparent power in an electrical system? Department of EEE, Silicon University, Bhubaneswar Page 26