Learning-Material-of-22628-Emerging-Trends-in-Electrical-Engineering.pdf

A Learning Manual for Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering (22628) Semester– VI (EE/EP/EU) Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai (Autonomous) (ISO:9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013) Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai (Autonomous) (ISO:9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013) 4th Floor, Government Polytechnic Building, 49, Kherwadi, Bandra (East), Mumbai -400051. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Certificate This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. …………………………………. Roll No……………………….of ………… Semester of Diploma in……...……………………..………………………….of Institute …………………………………….………(Code………………..) has attained pre-defined practical outcomes(PROs) satisfactorily in course Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) for the academic year 20…….to 20…..... as prescribed in the curriculum. Place ………………. Enrollment No…………………… Date:…..................... Exam Seat No. ………………...... Course Teacher Head of the Department Principal Seal of the Institute Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Preface The primary focus of any engineering work in the technical education system is to develop the much needed industry relevant competency & skills. With this in view, MSBTE embarked on innovative “I” scheme curricula for engineering diploma programmes with outcome based education through continuous inputs from socio economic sectors. The industry experts during the consultation while preparing the Perspective Plan for diploma level technical education categorically mentioned that the curriculum, which is revised and implemented normally further revised after 4-5 years. The technological advancements being envisaged and faced by the industry in the present era are rapid and curriculum needs to be revised by taking care of such advancements and therefore should have a provision of accommodating continual changes. These views of industry experts were well taken & further discussed in the academic committee of MSBTE, wherein it was decided to have a dynamism in curriculum for imparting the latest technological advancements in the respective field of engineering. In order to provide an opportunity to students to learn the technological advancements, a course with a nomenclature of “Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering” is introduced in the 6 th semester of Electrical Engineering Group. The technological advancements to be depicted in the course called emerging trends was a challenging task and therefore it was decided to prepare a learning material with the involvement of industrial and academic experts for its uniformity in the aspect of delivery, implementation and evaluation. Over the coming year’s technological developments through the use of the internet and other forms of communication along with the smart controls of the various day to day activities will have a significant impact in the world of work and employment triggering far reaching changes. This dynamic course will give insight to the recent practices adopted by the Industries and awareness of these techniques will enhance career opportunities of Diploma in Electrical Engineering pass outs. The manual consists of five units viz. Digitization beyond automation, Smart Grid, Smart City (Electrical Features), Intelligent Motor Control Centers and Tariff, Metering and Billing. Each chapter essays to give an insight to the learner about the latest developments in the relevant fields. This learning manual is designed to help all stakeholders, especially the students and teachers and to develop in the student the pre-determined outcomes. It is expected to explore further by both students and teachers, on the various topics mentioned in learning manual to keep updated themselves about the advancements in related technology. MSBTE wishes to thank the Learning Manual development team, specifically Mr. S.A. Gaikwad, Chairman of the Course Committee, Industry Experts, Dr. S.S. Bharatkar Co- ordinator, Mr. V.K.Harlapur, Co-coordinator of the Programme and academic experts for their intensive efforts to formulate the learning material on “Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering”. Being emerging trend and with the provision of dynamism in the curricula, any suggestions towards enrichment of the topic and thereby course will be highly appreciated. (Dr. Vinod M.Mohitkar) Director MSBTE, Mumbai Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education i Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) List of Content Chapter Name of Topic/sub topics Page No. No Digitization beyond automation 1.1 Industrial Revolutions 1.2 Components of Industrial Revolution 4.0 1. 1 1.3 IoT principle and features 1.4 IoT application areas in electrical systems 1.5 IoT initiatives in power distribution systems Smart Grid 2.1 Smart Grid: Need and evolution 2. 31 2.2 Micro-Grid & Distributed Energy Resources 2.3 Smart Substation Smart City (Electrical Features) 3.1 Smart City: Features 3. 60 3.2 E-car 3.3 Smart Home Intelligent Motor Control Centers 4.1 General/traditional Motor Control Center. 4. 4.2 Intelligent or Smart MCCs. 86 4.3 Devices and Components typical to IMCCs. 4.4 Selection of MCC. Tariff, Metering and Billing 5.1 Tariff 5.2 Tariff design 5. 111 5.3 Special Tariffs 5.4 kVAh Tariff 5.5 Metering and Bill Management Appendix (answer key) Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education ii Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Unit I Digitization beyond automation This unit focuses on following aspects: 1.1 Industrial Revolutions: Versions 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0; the driving energies/powers for these revolutions. 1.2 Components of Industrial Revolution 4.0: CPS (Cyber Physical Systems), IoT (Internet of Things), Cloud Computing and Cloud Manufacturing. 1.3 IoT principle and features. 1.4 IoT application areas in electrical systems: building automation SCADA, Smart metering, Illumination systems (public lighting). 1.5 IoT initiatives in power distribution systems. 1.1 Industrial Revolutions: 1.1.1 Introduction Professor Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum and author of The Fourth Industrial Evolution describe an industrial evolution as the appearance of “new technologies and novel ways of perceiving the world which triggered a profound change in economic and social structures.” The first industrial revolution began with the mechanization and mechanical power generation in 1800s. It brought the transition from manual work to the first manufacturing processes; mostly in textile industry. It is characterized by use of water and steam to mechanize production, an improved quality of life was a main driver of the change. The second industrial revolution was triggered by electrification that enabled industrialization and mass production. The third industrial evolution is characterized by the digitalization with introduction of electronics, IT and automation. In manufacturing this facilitates flexible production, where a variety of products is manufactured on flexible production lines with programmable machines. The fourth industrial evolution is the IoT, robotics, Augmented Reality (AR) Virtual Reality (VR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are changing the way we live and work. Fig. 1.1 shows the industrial revolutions from 1 to 4. It began at the turn of this century and builds on the digital revolution. It is characterized by a much more global and mobile Internet, by smaller and more powerful Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 1 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) sensors that have become cheaper, and by artificial intelligence and machine learning. The world is at the cusp of the fourth industrial evolution. It is current and developing environment in which disruptive technologies and trends such as the Internet, AI, IoT, Autonomous Vehicles, 5G Telephony, Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Robotics, Quantum 3D printing, Cloud Computing and the like marked the era of 4th industrial evolution.. Fig. 1.1: The industrial revolutions from 1 to 4. 1st Industrial Evolution: Agrarian societies to Mechanized production. The first industrial revolution began in the 18th century involved a change from mostly agrarian societies to greater industrialization as a consequence of the steam engine and other technological developments. It is marked by a transition from hand production methods to machines through the use of steam power and water power. It is started with use of steam power and mechanization of production. It is also called as the Age of Mechanical Production. Its effects had consequences on textile manufacturing, which was first to adopt such changes, as well as iron industry, agriculture, and mining. What before produced threads on simple spinning wheels, the mechanized version achieved eight times the volume in the same time using Steam power. The use of it for industrial purposes was the greatest breakthrough for increasing human productivity. Instead of weaving looms powered by muscle, steam-engines were used for power. Through the advent of the steam engine, the focus has shifted from agriculture to textile manufacturing. But with steam power, those agrarian societies gave way to urbanization. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 2 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Developments such as the steamship or the steam-powered locomotive brought about further massive changes because humans and goods could move great distances in fewer hours. The world began to rely on steam power and machine tools, while steamships and railroads revolutionized how people got from A to B and what emerged as the new center of community life? Ultimately, advancing industrialization created a middle class of skilled workers. Cities and industries grew more quickly than ever before, and economies grew along with them. 2nd Industrial Revolution: The Age of Science and Mass Production The Second Industrial Evolution better known as the technological evolution is the period between 1870 and 1914. It began with the discovery of electricity and assembly line production. Henry Ford took the idea of mass production from a slaughterhouse in Chicago: The pigs hung from conveyor belts and each butcher performed only a part of the task of butchering the animal. Henry Ford carried over these principles into automobile production and drastically altered it in the process. By the early part of the 20th century, Henry Ford’s company was mass producing the groundbreaking Ford Model T, a car with a gasoline engine built on an assembly line in his factories. While before one station assembled an entire automobile, now the vehicles were produced in partial steps on the conveyor belt - significantly faster and at lower cost. It was made possible with the extensive railroad networks and the telegraph which allowed for faster transfer of people and ideas. It is also a period of great economic growth, with an increase in productivity. It, however, caused a surge in unemployment since many workers were replaced by machines in factories. Things started to speed up with a number of key inventions. Think gasoline engines, airplanes, chemical fertilizer. All inventions that helped us go faster and do more. But advancements in science weren’t limited to the laboratory. Scientific principles were brought right into the factories. Most notably, the assembly line, which effectively powered mass production. People follow the jobs, and the early 1900s saw workers leaving their rural homes behind to move to urban areas and factory jobs. By 1900, 40% of the population lived in cities, compared to just 6% in 1800. Along with increasing urbanization, inventions such as electric lighting, radio, and telephones transformed the way people lived and communicated. 3rd Industrial Evolution: Digital Revolution The Third Industrial Evolution called the digital revolution involved the development of computers and Information Technology (IT) since the middle of the 20th Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 3 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) century. This began in the 70’s of the 20th century through partial automation using memory-programmable controls and computers. Since the introduction of these technologies, user can now able to automate an entire production process - without human assistance. Known examples of this are robots that perform programmed sequences without human intervention. The third industrial evolution or Industry 3.0 occurred, after the end of the two big wars, as a result of a slowdown with the industrialization and technological advancement compared to previous periods. It is also called digital evolution. The global crisis in 1929 was one of the negative economic developments which had an appearance in many industrialized countries from the first two evolutions. The production of Z1 (electrically driven mechanical calculator) was the beginning of more advanced digital developments. This continued with the next significant progress in the development of communication technologies with the supercomputer. In this process, where there was extensive use of computer and communication technologies in the production process. Machines started to abolish the need for human power in life. Beginning in the 1950s, the third industrial evolution brought semiconductors, mainframe computing, personal computing, and the Internet—the digital evolution. Things that used to be analog moved to digital technologies, like an old television you used to tune in with an antenna (analog) being replaced by an Internet-connected tablet that lets you stream movies (digital). The move from analog electronic and mechanical devices to pervasive digital technology dramatically disrupted industries, especially global communications and energy. Electronics and information technology began to automate production and take supply chains global. Fourth Industrial Evolution: Cyber Physical Systems, IoT and Networks: The Fourth Industrial Evolution is characterized by the application of information and communication technologies to industry and is also known as "Industry 4.0". It builds on the developments of the Third Industrial Evolution but considered as new era because of the explosiveness of its development and the disruptiveness of its technologies. Origin of Industry 4.0 concept comes from Germany, since Germany has one of the most competitive manufacturing industries in the world and is even a global leader in the sector of manufacturing equipment. Industry 4.0 is a strategic initiative of the German government that traditionally supports development of the industrial sector. In this sense, Industry 4.0 can be seen also as an action towards sustaining Germany’s position as one of the most influential countries in machinery and automotive manufacturing. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 4 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) The basic concept was first presented at the Hannover fair in the year 2011. Since its introduction, Industry 4.0 is in Germany a common discussion topic in research, academic and industry communities at many different occasions. The main idea is to exploit the potentials of new technologies and concepts such as: 1. Availability and use of the internet and IoT, 2. Integration of technical processes and business processes in the companies, 3. Digital mapping and virtualization of the real world, 4. ‘Smart’ factory including ‘smart’ means of industrial production and ‘smart’ products. Besides being the natural consequence of digitalization and new technologies, the introduction of Industry 4.0 is also connected with the fact that, many up to now exploited possibilities for increasing the profit in the industrial manufacturing are almost exhausted and new possibilities have to be found. Namely the production costs were lowered with introduction of just-in-time production, by adopting the concepts of lean production and especially by outsourcing production to countries with lower work costs. When it comes to the decreasing costs of industrial production, Industry 4.0 is a promising solution. Advantages and reasons for the adoption of this concept including: 1. A shorter time-to-market for the new products, 2. An improved customer responsiveness, 3. Enabling a custom mass production without significantly increasing overall production costs, 4. More flexible and friendlier working environment, and 5. More efficient use of natural resources and energy. Production systems that already have computer technology are expanded by a network connection and have a digital twin on the Internet so to speak. These allow communication with other facilities and the output of information about themselves. This is the next step in production automation. The networking of all systems leads to "cyber- physical production systems" and therefore smart factories, in which production systems, components and people communicate via a network and production is nearly autonomous. The advent of 5G telecommunication technologies will make real-time downloads possible. This will enable a whole host of things, such as a majority of driverless cars plying on the roads, and talking to each other using the IoT. The autonomous vehicle, enabled by 5G technology, will result in a lower demand for automobiles and release parking space for parks. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 5 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) When combined with an increasing population of non-polluting electrical vehicles, it will benefit the environment. The electrical vehicles will be powered by renewable energy, and the use of fossil fuel would reduce. The cost of solar panels is likely to drop. Real-time speeds using 5G would allow devices to be connected and to communicate with each other through the IoT. Thus cars on the road will talk to each other, avoiding accidents. Machines in factories will talk to each other, leading to productivity gains. 1.1.2 Benefits of Industry 4.0 The main benefits of industry 4.0 are: 1. Improved Efficiency and thus Productivity: Industry enables you to do more with less. That is, user can produce more and faster while allocating your resources more cost- effectively and efficiently. User production lines will also experience less downtime because of enhanced machine monitoring and automated/semi-automated decision-making. Overall Equipment Effectiveness will improve as your facility moves closer to becoming an Industry 4.0 Smart Factory. Multiple areas of user production line will become more efficient as a result of Industry 4.0- related technologies. These efficiencies are less machine downtime, the ability to make more products and make them faster. Other examples of improved efficiency include faster batch changeovers, automatic track and trace processes, and automated reporting. New Product Introductions also become more efficient as does business decision making and more. 2. Increased Knowledge Sharing and Collaborative Working: Traditional manufacturing plants operate individually and in isolation. This results in minimal collaboration or knowledge sharing. Industry 4.0 technologies allow your production lines, business processes, and departments to communicate regardless of location, time zone, platform, or any other factor. This enables, for example, knowledge learned by a sensor on a machine in one plant to be disseminated throughout your organization. Best of all, it is possible to do this automatically, i.e. machine-to-machine and system- to-system, without any human intervention. In other words, data from one sensor can instantly make an improvement across multiple production lines located anywhere in the world. 3. Flexibility and Agility: The benefits of Industry 4.0 also include enhanced flexibility and agility. For example, it is easier to scale production up or down in a Smart Factory. It is also easier to introduce new products to the production line as well as creating opportunities for one-off manufacturing runs, high-mix manufacturing, and more. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 6 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) 4. Better Customer Experience: Industry 4.0 also presents opportunities to improve the service you offer to customers and enhance the customer experience. For example, with automated track and trace capabilities, you can quickly resolve problems. In addition, you will have fewer issues with product availability, product quality will improve, and you can offer customers more choice. 5. Cost Reduction: Becoming a Smart Factory does not happen overnight, and it won’t happen on its own. To achieve it, you need to invest, so there are upfront costs. However, the cost of manufacturing at your facilities will dramatically fall as a result of Industry 4.0 technologies, i.e. automation, systems integration, data management, and more. Primary drivers for these reduced costs include: a. Better use of resources b. Faster manufacturing c. Less machine and production line downtime d. Fewer quality issues with products e. Less resource, material, and product waste f. Lower overall operating costs 6. Better return on Investment: Industry 4.0 technologies are transforming manufacturing across the world. The benefits of Industry 4.0 and potential return on investment are what is truly important, though. To stay competitive and equip your production lines for the future, the time to think about the next stage of your Industry 4.0. 7. Machine downtime reductions: Predictive maintenance in Industry 4.0 means that equipment failure will be identified before it occurs. Systems can spot repetitive patterns that precede failures, notify your teams and have them schedule an inspection. Such systems also learn over time, becoming capable to spot even more granular changes and help you continuously optimize your production process. 8. Improved supply/demand matching: Cloud-based inventory management solutions enable better interactions with suppliers. Instead of operating in “individual silo”, user can create seamless exchanges and ensure those users have: a. High service-parts fill rates; b. High levels of product uptime with minimal risk; Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 7 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) c. Higher customer service levels. By pairing user inventory management system with a big data analytics solution, user can improve his demand forecasts by at least 85%. User can also perform real-time supply chain optimization and gain more visibility into the possible bottlenecks, protruding your growth. 1.1.3 Challenges in implementation of Industry 4.0 1. Economic a. High economic costs b. Business model adaptation c. Unclear economic benefits/ excessive investment. 2. Social a. Privacy concerns b. Surveillance and distrust c. General reluctance to change by stakeholders d. Threat of redundancy of the corporate IT department e. Loss of many jobs to automatic processes and IT-controlled processes, especially for blue collar workers 3. Administrative/policy: a. Lack of regulation, standards and forms of certifications b. Unclear legal issues and data security 4. Organizational/ Internal a. IT security issues, which are greatly aggravated by the inherent need to open up those previously closed production shops b. Reliability and stability needed for critical machine-to-machine communication (M2M), including very short and stable latency times c. Need to maintain the integrity of production processes d. Need to avoid any IT snags, as those would cause expensive production outages e. Need to protect industrial know-how (contained also in the control files for the industrial automation gear) f. Lack of adequate skill-sets to expedite the transition towards the fourth industrial evolution g. Low top management commitment h. Insufficient qualification of employees Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 8 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Table 1.1 Comparisons I3.0 with I4.0 Sr. Feature I4.0 I3.0 No A fusion of technologies across physical, digital and biological spheres. Physical– Autonomous Vehicles, Digital evolution. rise of 3D Printing, Advanced Robotics, telecommunications 1 Characterized by New Materials etc. technologies and computers Digital–IoT, Block chain, AI etc. and IT Biological – Molecular biology and genetics, application of engineering principles to biology, 3DBio printing etc. For smart automation technology For automation technology Technologies used is Cyber physical systems, 2 used is mainly PLC’s and used IOT, IIoT, smart factory, Cloud, Robots. Big Data Analytics, and AI. in Industry 4.0 machines work Industry 3.0 the machines are 3 Automation level autonomously without the only automotive intervention of a human The impact of the fourth industrial evolution is global and Impact is limited to is on all the aspects of human life 4 Impact geographical and i.e. Economy, Business, manufacturing industry only Governments, Society, and Individuals. By combining machine-to- machine communication with Due to limitation of Efficiency, industrial big data analytics, technological advancements 5 Productivity and IR4.0 is driving unprecedented lower Efficiency, Productivity performance levels of efficiency, productivity, and performance and performance. Cyber physical systems, IoT, Production, planning and 6 Implemented by Smart factory, Big data, Cloud, control, IT support, ERP, MES Cyber security. and data management. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 9 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Sr. Feature I4.0 I3.0 No Real time, Interconnected global 7 Scope Not real and global in nature system. if the CNC Milling machine is in the Industry 4.0 the tool changes are automatic at the same time If a CNC Milling machine is in the spindle speeds and all other the era of Industry 3.0, the tool parameters essential to carry out changes can be done the process are recorded by the automatically but the speed at 8 Example hundreds of sensors present in the which the spindle should run is machine and the optimum to be observed by the operator settings are done on its own and the corrections should be based on the large amount of data made by him. I.e. Human there is to compare and optimize intervention/ assistance. the process. i.e. No human intervention 1.2 Components of Industry Revolutions 4.0 “Industry 4.0” is an abstract and complex term consisting of many components when looking closely into our society and current digital trends. To understand how extensive these components are, here are some contributing digital technologies as examples  Mobile devices  Internet of Things (IoT) platforms  Location detection technologies  Advanced human-machine interfaces  Authentication and fraud detection  3D printing  Smart sensors  Big data analytics and advanced algorithms  Multilevel customer interaction and customer profiling  Augmented reality/ wearable’s  Fog, Edge and Cloud computing Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 10 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628)  Data visualization and triggered "real-time" training Mainly these technologies can be summarized into four major components, defining the term “Industry 4.0” or “smart factory”:  Cyber-physical systems  IoT  Cloud computing and cloud manufacturing. 1.2.1 Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs): Cyber-Physical Systems represent systems, where computations are tightly coupled with the physical world, meaning that physical data is the core component that drives computation. Industrial automation systems, wireless sensor networks, mobile robots and vehicular networks are just a sample of cyber-physical systems. CPS’s have limited computation and storage capabilities due to their tiny size and being embedded into larger systems. CPSs extend their capabilities by taking advantage of the emergence of cloud computing and the IoT 1.2.2 The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. Data speed in 4G is 60Mbps and data speed in 5G is 700Mbps. Things: A thing, in the context of the Internet of things (IoT), is an entity or physical object that has a unique identifier, an embedded system and the ability to transfer data over a network. Things can be a part of domestic, process or manufacturing areas like smart TV, PLC, CNC machine etc. IoT evolved from machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, i.e., machines connecting to each other via a network without human interaction. M2M refers to connecting a device to the cloud, managing it and collecting data. Taking M2M to the next level, IoT is a sensor network of billions of smart devices that connect people, systems and other applications to collect and share data. As its foundation, M2M offers the connectivity that enables IoT. The IoT is also a natural extension of SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition), a category of software application program for process control, the gathering of data in real time from remote locations to control equipment and conditions. SCADA systems include hardware and software components. The hardware gathers and feeds data into a computer that has SCADA software installed, where it is then processed and presented it in a Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 11 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) timely manner. The evolution of SCADA is such that late-generation SCADA systems developed into first-generation IoT systems. 1.2.3 Cloud Computing and Cloud Manufacturing. 1.2.3.1 Cloud Computing Cloud is a parallel and distributed computing system consisting of a collection of inter- connected and virtualized computers that are dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing resources based on service-level agreements (SLA) established through negotiation between the service provider and consumers. Roots of cloud computing is as shown in Fig. 1.2. Fig. 1.2 Roots of cloud computing. Cloud has the responsibility of accepting large amount of information from the IoT gateway, store and process them into actionable resources and send them to the user interface (web app/mobile app/dashboard). There is an inextricable link between IoT and Cloud. The data collected by the sensors is quite huge in the case of an industrial application of IoT and a gateway is not capable of processing and storing it. This data is stored in cloud (a secure database) and processed in an affordable and scalable way. Cloud basics are as shown in Fig. 1.3. The cloud is connected to the IoT gateway through the internet and receives all the data fed to the gateway by the sensors. There are a few protocols that connect gateways to the IoT cloud applications and the most common among them is MQTT. Sensors collect and feed data at all times and this huge chunk of data after the aggregation and some pre-processing is transferred to the cloud for storage and processing Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 12 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Fig. 1.3: Cloud basics Depending on the nature of the IoT implementation the cloud may have varying degrees of complexity. In simple applications, the cloud may consist of a database that stores the data collected by the IoT as well as the information of the users who possess the right to access/modify the data. In bigger and more complex implementations the IOT cloud applications may also have the capability of machine learning, performing analytics, generating reports and more. IoT Cloud Applications: Cloud is where the real action takes place. IoT cloud application along with the APIs and other interfaces manage the data and commands to and from the sensors or the gateways is as shown in Fig. 1.4. Different APIs need to be integrated so that the data is read and stored accurately. Fig. 1.4: Cloud Application Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 13 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Some of the protocols such as MQTT, Web socket, CoAP, and AMQP are used to develop a powerful and secure interface that facilitates seamless communication between the sensors and the cloud. In order to ensure that there is no data loss during heavy inflow of data, a robust database is designed as well. Benefits of Cloud in an IoT ecosystem: 1. Caters the data storage and processing demands of IoT: IoT has huge potential and in near future, all kinds of physical entities connected to each other. This would require raw computing power and only cloud can provide that. 2. Advanced analytics and monitoring: With ‘things’ now being connected, there would be a need for constant analysis and monitoring in order to ensure seamless IoT experience to the users. Advanced cloud application development will ensure that the cloud is equipped with such capabilities. 3. Smoother inter-device connectivity: In an IoT, the sensors not only talk to the users, they also interact with each other. IoT Cloud applications along with the IoT gateway ensure that different sensors and actuators are able to talk to each other without any incompatibility. 1.2.3.2 Cloud Manufacturing. Cloud manufacturing (CMfg):Cloud manufacturing is a new manufacturing paradigm developed from existing advanced manufacturing models (e.g., ASP, AM, NM, MGrid) and enterprise information technologies under the support of cloud computing, Internet of Things (IoT), virtualization and service-oriented technologies, and advanced computing technologies. It transforms manufacturing resources and manufacturing capabilities into manufacturing services, which can be managed and operated in an intelligent and unified way to enable the full sharing and circulating of manufacturing resources and manufacturing capabilities. CMfg can provide safe and reliable, high quality, cheap and on-demand manufacturing services for the whole lifecycle of manufacturing. The concept of manufacturing here refers to big manufacturing that includes the whole lifecycle of a product (e.g. design, simulation, production, test, maintenance).The concept of Cloud manufacturing was initially proposed by the research group led by Prof. Bo Hu Li and Prof. Lin Zhang in China in 2009. Related discussions and research were conducted hereafter, and some similar definitions (e.g. Cloud-Based Design and Manufacturing (CBDM)) to cloud manufacturing were introduced. Cloud manufacturing is a type of parallel, networked, and distributed system consisting of an integrated and inter-connected virtualized service pool (manufacturing cloud) of manufacturing resources and capabilities as well as capabilities of Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 14 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) intelligent management and on-demand use of services to provide solutions for all kinds of users involved in the whole lifecycle of manufacturing. 1.3 IoT Principle and features: 1.3.1 Principles of IoT In the near future, our everyday lives will be more and more filled with intelligent, connected objects. They will appear in our homes, in our working environments and in the cities we live in as well as travel with us everywhere we go in the form of wearable’s, smart clothing and things we cannot even imagine right now. This development is called the internet of things, IoT. For designers focused on designing SW services and screen based interfaces or physical products, designing IoT solutions creates totally new design challenges. IoT solutions consist of multiple elements: physical devices like sensors, actuators and interactive devices, the network connecting these devices, the data gathered from these devices and analyzed to create a meaningful experience and last but definitely not least, the physical context in which user interacts with the solution. You need to do various types of design, from industrial product design to service and business design. All of these factors have their impact to the total UX of the IoT system and the task of designing in this context may feel quite overwhelming. To make it a little easier, I have gathered my list of the 7 most important design principles for IoT. 1. Focus on value: In the world of IoT, user research and service design are more crucial than ever. While early adopters are eager to try out new technology, many others are reluctant to take new technology into use and cautious about using it, due to not feeling confident with it. For your IoT solution to become widely adopted, you need to dig deep into users’ needs in order to find out where lies a problem truly worth solving and what is the real end user value of the solution. You also need to understand what might be the barriers of adopting the new technology in general and your solution specifically. For deciding on your feature set, you need research too. The features that might be valuable and highly relevant for the tech early adopters may be uninteresting for the majority of the users and vice versa, so you need to plan carefully what features to include and in which order. 2. Take a holistic view: IoT solutions typically consist of multiple devices with different capabilities and both physical and digital touch points. The solution may also be provided in co-operation with multiple different service providers. It is not enough to design one of the touch points well, instead you need to take a holistic look across the whole system, the role of each device and service, and the conceptual model of how user understands and perceives the Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 15 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) system. The whole system needs to work seamlessly together in order to create a meaningful experience. 3. Put safety first: As the IoT solutions are placed in the real world context, the consequences can be serious, when something goes wrong. At the same time the users of the IoT solutions may be vary of using new technology, so building trust should be one of your main design drivers. Trust is built slowly and lost easily, so you really need to make sure that every interaction with the product/service builds the trust rather than breaks it. What it means in practice? First of all, it means understanding possible error situations related to context of use, HW, SW and network as well as to user interactions and trying to prevent them. Secondly, if the error situations still occur, it means appropriately informing the user about them and helping them to recover. Secondly, it means considering data security & privacy as key elements of your design. It is really important for users to feel, that their private data is safe, their home, working environment and everyday objects cannot be hacked and their loved ones are not put at risk. Thirdly, quality assurance is critical and it should not only focus on testing the SW, but on testing the end to end system, in a real-world context. 4. Consider the context: IoT solutions exist at the crossroads of the physical and digital worlds. Commands given through digital interfaces may produce real world effects, but unlike digital commands, the actions happening in the real-world cannot necessarily be undone. In the real world context lots of unexpected things can happen and at the same time user should be able to feel safe and in control. The context places also other kind of requirements to the design. Depending on the physical context, the goal might be to minimize distraction of the user or e.g. to design devices that hold up against changing weather conditions. IoT solutions in homes, workplaces and public areas are typically multi-user systems and thus less personal than e.g. screen based solutions used in smart phones, which also brings into picture the social context where the solution is used and its’ requirements for the design. 5. Build a strong brand: Due to the real world context of the IoT solutions, regardless of how carefully you design things and aim to build trust, something unexpected will happen at some point and your solution is somehow going to fail. In this kind of situations, it is of utmost importance, that you have built a strong brand that truly resonates with the end users. When they feel connected to your brand, they will be more forgiving about the system failures and will still keep on using your solution. While designing your brand, you must keep in mind, that trust should be a key element of the brand, one of the core brand values. This core value should also be reflected in the rest of the brand elements, like the choice of color, tone of voice, imagery etc. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 16 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) 6. Prototype early and often: Typically HW and SW have quite different lifespans, but as successful IoT solution needs both the HW and SW elements, the lifespans should be aligned. At the same time, IoT solutions are hard to upgrade, because once the connected object is placed somewhere, it is not so easy to replace it with a newer version, especially if the user would need to pay for the upgrade and even the software within the connected object may be hard to update due to security and privacy reasons. Due to these factors and to avoid costly hardware iterations, it’s crucial to get the solution right, from the beginning of implementation. What this means from the design perspective is that prototyping and rapid iteration of both the HW and the whole solution are essential in the early stages of the project. New, more creative ways of prototyping and faking the solution are needed. 7. Use data responsibly: IoT solutions can easily generate tons of data. However, the idea is not to hoard as much data as possible, but instead to identify the data points that are needed to make the solution functional and useful. Still, the amount of data may be vast, so it’s necessary for the designer to understand the possibilities of data science and how to make sense of the data. Data science provides a lot of opportunities to reduce user friction, i.e. reducing use of time, energy and attention or diminishing stress. It can be used to automate repeated context dependent decisions, to interpret intent from incomplete/inadequate input or to filter meaningful signals from noise. Understanding what data is available and how it can be used to help the user is a key element in designing successful IoT services. 1.3.2 Features of IoT The most important features of IoT on which it works are connectivity, analyzing, integrating, active engagement, and many more. Some of them are listed below: i) Connectivity: Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection between all the things of IoT to IoT platform it may be server or cloud. After connecting the IoT devices, it needs a high speed messaging between the devices and cloud to enable reliable, secure and bi- directional communication. ii) Analyzing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time analyzing the data collected and use them to build effective business intelligence. If we have a good insight into data gathered from all these things, then we call our system has a smart system. iii) Integrating: IoT integrating the various models to improve the user experience as well. iv) Artificial Intelligence: IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the use of data. For example, if we have a coffee machine whose beans have going to end, then the coffee machine itself order the coffee beans of your choice from the retailer. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 17 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) v) Sensing: The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and measure any change in the environment and report on their status. IoT technology brings passive networks to active networks. Without sensors, there could not hold an effective or true IoT environment. vi) Active Engagement: IoT makes the connected technology, product, or services to active engagement between each other. vii) Endpoint Management: It is important to be the endpoint management of all the IoT system otherwise; it makes the complete failure of the system. For example, if a coffee machine itself orders the coffee beans when it goes to end but what happens when it orders the beans from a retailer and we are not present at home for a few days, it leads to the failure of the IoT system. So, there must be a need for endpoint management. 1.4 IoT application areas in electrical systems 1.4.1 Building Automation IOT based solutions enable the efficient way of monitor and control of buildings to property owners as they connect lighting systems, elevators, environmental systems and other electrical appliances with internet and communication technologies. It saves the power consumption by automatically turning off the lights when rooms are not occupied and also by making sure of not drawing too much power by appliances. IOT based appliances provide remote monitoring and control through mobile and web applications to the end users or owners. Building automation system is as shown in Fig. 1.5. Fig. 1.5: Building automation system. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 18 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) 1.4.2 SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition): SCADA is one of the major application areas of IOT. SCADA allows the centralized monitoring and control of remote located generation and transmission systems. It consists of sensors, actuators, controllers and communication devices at the remote field place, and central master unit with communication systems at the controlling side. It collects the data from sensors in the field and provides a user interface in HMI at central station. Also, it stores the time-stamped data for later analysis. Fig. 1.6: SCADA system. IOT SCADA is a step beyond SCADA that has been in use from earlier days. It provides real- time signal acquisition and data logging through IOT servers and internet technologies. It integrates the individual devices, machines, sensors and other electrical equipment with internet by realizing the functionality of supervision and control. One of the examples of SCADA system is as shown in Fig. 1.6. 1.4.3 Smart Metering A smart meter is an electronic device that records consumption of electric energy and communicates the information to the electricity supplier for monitoring and billing. Smart meters typically record energy hourly or more frequently, and report at least daily. Smart meters enable two-way communication between the meter and the central system. Such an advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) differs from automatic meter reading (AMR) in that it enables two-way communication between the meter and the supplier. Communications from the meter to the network may be wireless, or via fixed wired connections such as power line carrier (PLC). Wireless communication options in common use include cellular communications (which can be expensive), Wi-Fi (readily available), wireless adhoc networks over Wi-Fi, wireless mesh networks, low power long Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 19 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) range wireless (LoRa), ZigBee (low power, low data rate wireless), and Wi-SUN (Smart Utility Networks). Smart metering offers potential benefits to householders. These include, a) an end to estimated bills, which are a major source of complaints for many customers. b) a tool to help consumers better manage their energy purchases-stating that smart meters with a display outside their homes could provide up-to-date information on gas and electricity consumption and in doing so help people to manage their energy use and reduce their energy bills. An academic study based on existing trials showed that homeowners' electricity consumption on average is reduced by approximately 3-5%. Fig. 1.7 shows the block diagram of smart metering system. Advance metering system: -Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) refers to systems that measure, collect, and analyze energy usage, and communicate with metering devices such as electricity meters, gas meters, heat meters, and water meters, either on request or on a schedule. Fig. 1.7: Smart metering system. These systems include hardware, software, communications, consumer energy displays and controllers, customer associated systems, meter data management software, and supplier business systems. The network between the measurement devices and business systems allows collection and distribution of information to customers, suppliers, utility companies, Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 20 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) and service providers. This enables these businesses to participate in demand response services. Consumers can use information provided by the system to change their normal consumption patterns to take advantage of lower prices. Pricing can be used to curb growth of peak demand consumption. AMI differs from traditional automatic meter reading (AMR) in that it enables two-way communications with the meter. Systems only capable of meter readings do not qualify as AMI systems. Fig 1.8 shows block diagram of smart meter. Fig. 1.8: Block diagram Smart Meter. Smart metering is an essential element in smart grid implementations as they are using Internet of Things technologies to transform traditional energy infrastructure. Smart metering through IOT helps to reduce operating costs by managing metering operations remotely. It also improves the forecasting and reduces energy theft and loss. These meters simply capture the data and send it back to the utility companies over highly reliable communication infrastructure. Fig. 1.9 shows one of such smart meter. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 21 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Fig. 1.9: Smart Meter. 1.4.4 Illumination systems (Public lighting) Smart switches are the most cost-effective way to make the lights in home work with a mobile app or smart home system, because it doesn’t need to replace every light bulb in the home with a smart one, which is more expensive than replacing a few switches. Controlling lights with voice have smart lighting systems to make a feel all-powerful. Smart lighting generally uses mesh networking, where each smart bulb wirelessly connects to its nearest neighbor. That network is controlled by a hub that plugs into router, enabling other networked devices - such as phone or tablet - to communicate with bulbs. Some systems also have an away from home mode that enables to control the lights when far away, which is handy if just remembered that the lights were left on. Smart light systems can also be accessorized with additional items such as dimmer switches or motion detectors, and in some cases they can be linked to the IFTTT (If This Then That) service to create complex rules that trigger particular recipes for particular things. Smart Lighting includes- i) Smart Light Bulbs ii) Smart Dimmers iii) Smart Ceiling fans iv) Smart flash mount lighting v) Smart lighting kits vi) Smart light switches vii) Smart outdoor lighting Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 22 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) viii) Smart outlets ix) Smart plugs 1.5. IoT initiatives in power distribution systems: Industrial manufacturing plants are becoming increasingly networked, are automated in the way they work together, and collect data and monitor systems. This is all made possible by products and systems for electrical power distribution that integrate seamlessly into digital environments. In this way, operational energy efficiency and plant availability can be significantly increased, operating procedures and maintenance optimized and the entire value- added process in control cabinet and plant engineering simplified. This chapter describes the specific demands on electrical power distribution in automated production plants. These include, in particular, automated engineering, fail-safe power supply, the integration of power distribution into comprehensive energy efficiency concepts, and connection to industrial automation and cloud-based IoT operating systems like Mind Sphere. Efficient engineering with digital twins: Like the entire energy system, electrical power distribution is also changing, influenced by factors like changing load conditions, a growing number of electrical consumers and, in particular, the increasing networking and automation in industrial environments, buildings and infrastructure. In addition, there are stricter standards and increased demands on operational energy management. As a consequence, planning and operation of electrical power distribution systems are becoming more complex and the technical demands on the underlying products and systems are increasing – especially with regard to their flexibility, and communication and integration capability. Smooth interaction between hardware and software, with systematic data management, is necessary to ensure the appropriate support for dynamic, networked production environments. Fail-safe power supply: In situations where everything is interlinked, system and component availability is more important than ever. In a worst-case situation, if a single element in the manufacturing process fails, the entire system may be damaged, bringing the whole production process to a standstill. The electrical power distribution in automated environments must therefore combine maximum safety with maximum flexibility. An integrated protection concept for industrial applications includes components for the continuous protection of all plants, machines and systems. That means devices to protect semiconductors and machines, and also to provide protection against short circuits, overloads, voltage spikes, fire and contact. Selectivity also plays an important part in circuit protection: if a fault occurs in a circuit with Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 23 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) several overcurrent protection devices connected in series, like circuit breakers or fuses, only one device will be tripped: the one directly upstream of the fault location. Despite the fault at that one point, the power supply for the rest of the system will continue to run. The error will also be easier to locate and faster to fix. Incorporation into industrial automation: The technical basis for integrating electrical power distribution in automated environments is provided by communication-capable components like the 3VA molded case circuit breakers and 7KM PAC measuring devices from the Siemens Sentron portfolio. The molded case circuit breakers and measuring devices are directly integrated into the TIA Portal and the TIA Portal Energy Suite. Electrification is thus an integral part of the automation solution. Integration in end-to-end energy efficiency concepts: The data gathered on current, voltage and energy can be used for detailed evaluations and systematic management of processes in production automation. Faults in the plant are identified at an early stage, failures are prevented, and operation is made more energy- efficient overall. The energy data can be used to assess the state of the system and the quality of the network, as well as to optimize energy consumption and capacity utilization. Data management in the cloud: Finally, Mind Connect components enable all captured energy data to be made available in Mind Sphere, the cloud based IoT operating system from Siemens, making it available for specific evaluations. With Mind Sphere, Siemens offers an open operating system for the Internet of Things. This platform as a service (PaaS) makes it possible to develop, operate and provide applications (apps) and digital services. Huge volumes of data from countless intelligent devices can be captured and analyzed quickly and efficiently in this way. Automated, networked production plants are making new demands on the electric power supply, particularly with regard to security and flexibility. Sr. No. Reference Books/ Website used https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revolution#Potential_future_technol 1. ogical_revolutions https://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/global/en/our-story/glossary/industry-4- 2. 0/29278 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 24 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) https://www.industry.siemens.com/topics/global/en/digital-enterprise- 3. suite/Documents/PDF/PLMportal_Industrie-40-Internet-revolutionizes-the- economy.pdf 4. https://iot-analytics.com/the-leading-industry-4-0-companies-2019/ 5. https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT 6. https://www.sequiturlabs.com/secure-edge-gateway/ 7. https://electronicsforu.com/technology-trends/tech-focus/IoT-sensors 8. https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/IoT-gateway https://www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/role-of-cloud-backend-in-IoT-and- 9. basics-of-IoT-cloud-applications https://www.automation.com/automation-news/article/the-next-generation-of-hmi- 10. and-scada https://solace.com/blog/understanding-IoT-protocols-matching-requirements-right- 11. option/ https://www.mouser.com/blog/gateways-the-intermediary-between-sensors-and-the- 12. cloud MCQs and Answer key Chapter 1 Sr. Marks Choose the correct option for each of the following: No. Identify which is not an element of IoT? a. People. 1. b. Process. 1 c. Security. d. Things. Internet of things is natural extension of ---------------- a. Smart Factory 2. b. Computer 1 c. SCADA d. I3.0 Which of the following is first and most commonly used smart, interactive IoT device? a. Smart Watch 1 3. b. ATM c. Health Tracker d. Video Game. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 25 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Sr. Marks Choose the correct option for each of the following: No. IOT is evolved from --------------- communication a. B2B 4. 1 b. M2B c. M2H d. M2M ------------------ are smart devices that uses embedded processors, sensor and communication hardware to collect and send data which is acquired from environment 5. 1 a. Computers b. Network c. Things d. Protocols -------------- is the physical device or software program that serves as the connection point between the cloud and controllers 6. a. SCADA 1 b. PLC c. Actuator d. IOT Gateway Sequence of devices in IoT architecture from bottom layer to top layer is a. Sensosrs->things->IoTgateway->Edge IT-> Data Center/ Cloud 7. b. Things ->Sensosrs ->IoTgatway->Edge IT-> Data Center/ Cloud 2 c. Things ->Sensosrs -> Edge IT->IoTgatway-> Data Center/ Cloud d. Data Center/ Cloud-> Edge IT ->IoTgatway->Sensosrs->Things The role of internet technologies and IoT in the context of Industry 4.0 is__________. a. They from the base to connect everyday items. 8. b. They from the base for an environmental friendly products 2 c. They form among others base for corporate communication d. IoT and internet have no role to play ----------------- is the direct contact between two smart objects when they share information instantaneously without intermediaries a. Device to device 1 9. b. Device to gateway c. Gateway to data systems d. Between data systems Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 26 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Sr. Marks Choose the correct option for each of the following: No. Top layer in IOT architecture is a. Sensors, connectivity and network layer 10. 2 b. Application layer c. Management Service d. Gateway and network Agriculture IoT stick is smart gadget work on principle of a. Plug & sense 11. b. Plug and play 2 c. Plug and work d. Plug and socket Data speed in 4G is________. a. 10Mbps 12. b. 64Kbps 2 c. 2 Mbps d. 2.4 Kbps Electrical power and locomotives are the inventions of a. First revolution 13. b. Second revolution 2 c. Third Revolution d. Fourth revolution Industrial revolution is a. Significant change that affects a single industry only b. New technologies and novel ways of perceiving the world that trigger 14. a profound change in economic and social structures 1 c. An event that happened in a previous century and doesn't affect modern society d. A series of technological advances that may or may not have a profound effect on societies Which series of events best describes the transformations of the first three industrial revolutions? a. Mechanization of production; introduction of mass production; the digital revolution 15. b. Mechanization of production; invention of steamships and railroads; 2 the digital revolution c. Discovery of electricity; the growth of mass production; the digital revolution d. Mechanization of production; the agrarian revolution; the digital revolution 16. IOT cloud application may have capability of 2 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 27 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Sr. Marks Choose the correct option for each of the following: No. a. Only Machine learning b. Only Performing analytics c. Only Generating reports d. All of the above IoT, Cyber Physical Systems, AI and Machine learning is characterized by 17. a.First revolution 1 b.Second revolution c.Third Revolution d. Fourth revolution 18. Key impact of the Third Industrial Revolution is a. Agrarian societies become more urban. b. The world became less reliant on animals and humans for energy creation. 1 c. Mass production created more jobs for skilled workers. d. Electronics and information technology began to automate production. 19. The following applications are included under smart lighting: i. Smart bulbs ii. Smart dimmers. iii. Smart flash mount lighting. a. Only i 1 b. Only ii c. Only iii d. i, ii and iii. 20. E-learning helps in: i. Increases Effectiveness. ii. Improves productivity iii. Hands on advanced technological tools. 1 a. Only i b. Only ii c. Only iii d. i, ii and iii. 21. The objective of industry 4.0 is a. Increase efficiency b. Reduce complexity 1 c. Enabled self-controlling d. All above 22. SCADA is abbreviation of a. Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition b. Smart Control And Data Acquisition 1 c. Sensors Control And Data Acquired d. Smart Control And Data Acquired Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 28 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Sr. Marks Choose the correct option for each of the following: No. 23. Data speed in 5G is__________. a. 1Gbps b. 64Kbps 1 c. 2 Mbps d. 2.4 Kbps 24. _______________devices are able to intervene the physical reality like switching of the light or adjust the temperature of room. a. IoT Gateway 2 b. Cloud c. Sensors d. Actuators 25. Data is aggregated , summarized, filtered and forwarded by ______________ for further processing a. IOT gateway 2 b. Cloud c. Sensor d. Actuator 26. ________ is the other way of referring to IoT devices. a. Connected. b. Smart 2 c. Both A and B d. None of the above 27. IIoT means a. Information Internet of things. b. Industrial Internet of things. c. Innovative Internet of things. 1 d. Itemized Internet of things. 28. Advance analytics and monitoring in IoT ecosystem is provided by a. IoT Gateway b. Cloud c. Sensors 2 d. Actuators 29. _________is best described about industry 4.0. a. Analytics b. Speed 1 c. Smart factory d. Prediction 30. CPS means a. Central Power System b. Central Physical System 2 c. Cyber Power System d. Cyber Physical system Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 29 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Sr. Marks Choose the correct option for each of the following: No. 31. CMfg means a. Cloud Manufacturing b. Cloud Making Fix Gadgeting 2 c. Cloud Making Fix gateway d. Cone Manufacturing 32. Following is the feature of IoT a. Connectivity b. Analyzing 1 c. Sensing d. All of the above 33. AMR means a. Automatic Meter Recycling b. Automatic Monitoring Record 1 c. Automatic Monitoring Reading d. Automatic Meter Reading 34. Following is the application of Industry 4.0 a. 3D Printing b. Mobile Devices 1 c. Smart Sensors d. All of the above 35. Electrical Energy is related to which industry revolution a. Industry Revolution 1.0 b. Industry Revolution 2.0 1 c. Industry Revolution 3.0 d. Industry Revolution 4.0 36. Top First layer in IOT architecture is a. Sensors Connectivity b. Application Layer 1 c. Management Service d. Network Layer 37. Who is the founder of Industry Revolution 4.0 a. Prof. Paul Dirac b. Prof. Klaus Schwab 1 c. Prof. Richard Feynman d. Prof. William Gilbert 38. The first revolution is about a. Water and steam to mechanize production b. Mass production Electronics & IT 1 c. Electric Power d. Mass production Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 30 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Unit II Smart Grid This Unit focuses on following aspects: 2.1 Smart grid  Introduction  What is Smart grid?  Need of Smart grid in present scenario  Stages in evolution of smart grid  Layout and components of smart grid  Comparison of smart grid and Conventional Power grid  Advantages of Smart Grid  Barriers and challenges of smart grid  Smart Grid Projects in India. 2.2 Micro-Grid & Distributed Generation  Introduction of Micro grid  Difference conventional grid and micro-grid  Difference between smart grid and micro-grid  Need and Significance of Micro-grid  Major Components of Micro-grids  Operation of micro grid  Types of Micro Grid  AC & DC Grid  Distributed generation system  Technologies for Distributed Generation  Role of Distributed Generation in Smart Grid  Distributed Generation in India 2.3 Smart Substation:  Introduction of Smart substation  Need and Significance of Distributed Generation  Layout and Components  Specifications of existing Smart substations in India. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 31 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) 2.1 Smart Grid:- 2.1.1 Introduction Fig 2.1 In the present era, due to increased power demand to meet up the industrial requirements, the shortfalls in power generation have been attempted to mitigate between supply and demand through developments of National Grid connected systems where all the national power generation sources are connected to National grid and on the basis of the zonal requirement, the energy management is implemented. An “electricity grid” is not a single entity but an aggregate of multiple networks and multiple power generation companies with multiple operators employing varying levels of communication and coordination, most of which is manually controlled With this concept, the earlier power shortage has been to some extent equated and is able to control the transmission losses and improve the transmission efficiency to some extent. This contrasts with 60 percent efficiency for grids based on the latest technology which may be the solution for the above problem. A smart grid is an umbrella term that covers modernization of both the transmission and distribution grids. The concept of a smart grid is that of a “digital upgrade” of distribution and long distance transmission grids to both optimize current operations by reducing the losses, as well as open up new markets for alternative energy production An electric grid is a network of synchronized power providers and consumers that are connected by transmission and distribution lines and operated by one or more control centers. When most people talk about the power "grid," they're referring to the transmission system for electricity. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 32 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Many countries and electricity markets are looking at Smart Grid as advanced solutions in delivering mix of enhanced values ranging from higher security, reliability and power quality, lower cost of delivery, demand optimization and energy efficiency. Its advanced capabilities - demand optimization, delivery efficiency and renewable energy optimization will lead to lower carbon footprint and overall lower energy cost and investment in energy related infrastructure. It is to ensure sustainable development in the electricity sector and many benefits of the all stakeholders. 2.1.2 What is smart grid? The word smart grid has many definitions. It may be looked upon as a reform process by which the balance is accomplished between available energy and demand by putting in place appropriate policies and operational framework. Simply put, it is the integration of information and communication technology in to electric transmission and distribution networks. The smart grid is “an automated, widely distributed energy delivery network characterized by a two-way flow of electricity and information, capable of monitoring and responding to changes in everything from power plants to customer preferences to individual appliances.” Definition by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA: A modernized grid that enables bidirectional flows of energy and uses two-way communication and control capabilities that will lead to an array of new functionalities and applications. Refer fig 2.2 Fig. 2-2 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 33 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Definition: Smart grid an electric grid that uses information and communication technology to gather data and act on information about the behavior of suppliers and consumers in an automated fashion. Hence Smart Grid is a generic label for the application of computer, intelligence and networking abilities to the existing dumb electricity distribution systems. Definition as per IEEE: Smart grid is a large ‘System of Systems’, where each functional domain consists of three layers: (i) the power and energy layer, (ii) the communication layer, and (iii) the IT/computer layer. The last two layers enable the infrastructure that makes the existing power and energy infrastructure ‘smarter’. The basic concept of Smart Grid is to add monitoring, analysis, control, and communication capabilities to the national electrical grid system. This in turn maximizes the output of equipment, helps utilities lower costs power generation and transmission, improves the reliability, decreases interruptions in supply and reduce fuel consumption. In simple way Smarter Generation, Smarter transmission, Smarter Distribution, Smarter Operations and participation of Customer Markets Service Providers.Overall objective of smart grid is Smart/best/optimal utilization of all the available resources. 2.1.3 Need of Smart grid in present scenario:  The economic activity of any country supported by industrial growth, citizen‘s life style, agriculture, trade and research is a drive for sustained energy demand more in the form of electrical energy. The growth is phenomenal but inadequate to meet the demand. This is typical situation in many countries.  As per research reports the current energy path is unsustainable and the world will need at least 50% more energy in 2030 than it uses today. Since most of this energy is emanating from fossil fuels the carbon emissions is also a concerned issue.  The inter dependence of economic activity, energy demand and Green-House Gas (GHG) emissions has forced to an innovative approach towards energy generation, distribution and utilization.  The smart grid is a fall out of the growing concern on energy security, climate change and the urgency to embrace in a big way the renewable form of energy sources.  A need of power grid more efficient and reliable, improving safety and quality of supply in accordance with the requirements of the digital age.  Higher Penetration of renewable resources or distributed generation adopted in power sector forced the major transformation in power grid. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 34 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628)  Higher operating efficiency and greater resiliency against attacks and natural disasters is required for raising the reliability of supply.  Presently the Indian Electricity System faces a number of challenges such as shortage of power, power theft, and poor access to electricity in rural areas, huge losses in the grid, inefficient power consumption, and poor reliability. To overcome these problems smart grid is needed. 2.1.4 Stages in evolution of smart grid: Elementary stage Evolutionary stage Fully Integrated Smart Grid To large extent Manual metering Use of Smart meters Use of Advance and some automated with automated meters with real time Metering meters are used for meter reading and rate changes and large industrial real time display remote on/off facility users. Full automation of HV Manual operation of Enduring automation system and substations Transmission Transmission lines of HV system and with remote controlled Grid ,switches and substations switches and power substations flow Manual operation of Partial automation in Fully automated distribution lines, control circuits remotely operated circuit breakers and (switches, circuit Distribution distribution network substation. Also breakers) for fault network with remote sensing finding faults identification. and voltage control manually. Manual operation capacity. with LV network Basic communication Online monitoring Total integration of exists between grid of load flows in supply and use of components. Limited transmission grid electricity. Ability to Integration ability to control the and ability to control load dispatch load dispatch. maintain balance in and usage remotely. the system. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 35 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) 2.1.5 Layout and Components of Smart grid: As shown typical smart grid network consists of following components. i. Grid domain: It includes bulk energy generation, transmission and distribution. In generation system has transformed into a mix generation system where various types of renewable and non-renewable generating technologies are used. Power System operator has to coordinate the operation of the generation plants and ensure the stable and secure operation of the grid system. Wide-area measurement system (WAMS) enabled by communication technologies need to be used to control the operation of the generating stations. Communication infrastructure needs to be in place between the generating facilities and the system operator, electricity market, and the transmission system. Fig 2-3 The transmission system that interconnects all major substation and load centers is the backbone of an integrated power system. Transmission lines must tolerate dynamic changes in load and contingency without service disruptions. Efficiency and reliability at an affordable cost continues to be the ultimate aims of transmission planners and operators. Energy-efficient transmission network will carry the power from the bulk generation facilities to the power distribution systems. Communication interface exists between the transmission network and the bulk-generating stations, system operator, power market, and the distribution system. Now the transmission network needs to be monitored in real-time, and protected against any potential disturbance. The power flow and voltage on the lines need to be controlled in order to maintain stable and secure Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 36 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) operation of the system. An important task of the system operator is to ensure optimal utilization of the transmission network, by minimizing the losses and voltage deviations, and maximizing the reliability of the supply. The distribution system is the final stage in the transmission of power to end users. Primary feeders at this voltage level supply small industrial customers and secondary distribution feeders supply residential and commercial customers. At the distribution level, intelligent support schemes will have monitoring capabilities for automation using smart meters, communication links between consumers and utility control, energy management components, and AMI.Smart Distribution system will have Substation automation and distribution automation. Increasing use of distributed energy resources (DERs) will be an important feature of future distribution systems. Distribution system operator typically controls the distribution system remotely. Communication infrastructure to exchange information between the substations and a central distribution management system (DMS) therefore should be in place. An important job of the distribution system operator is to control the DERs in a coordinated way to ensure stability and power quality of the distribution system. Information exchange between the distribution system operator and the customers for better operation of the distribution system is a new feature of the smart distribution systems. ii. Customer’s domain: Customers can be classified into three main categories: residential, commercial, and industrial. In smart grids, customers are going to play a very important role through demand response. By peak-load shaving, valley-filling, and emergency response, customers are going to play an active role in better operation of the distribution system. Building or home automation system will monitor and control the power consumption at the consumer premises in an intelligent way. Proper communication infrastructure will be required for the consumers to interact with the operators, distribution systems, and the market. iii. Service provider domain: Third party Service providers are used where system vendors, operators, web companies etc. work as third party. Real-time information exchange with the power market needs to be established in order to implement power trading and scheduling. The operators need to interact with various service providers for ensuring proper functioning of the smart grid. iv. Communication network domain: Smart Grid is based on Digital Technology that is used to supply electricity to consumers via Two-Way Digital Communication. Smart grid operations require communication interface with the bulk generating facilities, transmission system, substation automation, distribution automation, DMS, consumers, and the market. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 37 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Communication network (Connects smart meters with consumers and electricity company for energy monitoring and control operations, include various wireless technologies such as zig- bee, wifi, Home Plug, cellular (GSM, GPRS, 3G, 4G-LTE) etc. Smart Devices work as Interface Component for monitoring and control form part of the generation components real- time information processes. These resources need to be seamlessly integrated in the operation of both centrally distributed and district energy systems. v. Smart metering: The intelligence of smart grid is built over by deployment of SCADA, AMI and Smart Meters and by leveraging the potential of ICT. Metering, recording, and controlling operations come under the purview of the smart grid operations. Smart meters Consumer domain (HAN -Home Area Network) consists of smart appliances and more). 2.1.6 Comparison of smart grid and Conventional Power grid Sr. No. Smart Grid Conventional grid 1. Digital grid Electromechanical grid 2. Two-way communication One-way communication 3. Distributed generation Centralized generation 4. Self-monitoring Manual monitoring/ BLIND 5. Self-healing Manual restoration 6. Pervasive control Limited control 7. Network Hierarchical 8. Increased customer participation Total control by utility 9. Transaction between supplier to Direct Transaction between supplier customer through Third party to customer 10. Smart metering Mostly analog metering 11. Adaptive and Islanding Failures and Blackouts 12. Excessive real time monitoring Lack of real time monitoring 13. Energy storage No energy storage 14. Many customers choices Few customers choices 2.1.7 Advantages of Smart Grid: 1. Accommodates all generation plants as well as distributed generation with storage options. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 38 Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) 2. Integration of the resources – including renewable, small-scale combined heat and power, will increase the value chain, from suppliers to marketers to customers. 3. Enhances the Reliability and power quality of supply. 4. Advanced control methods monitor essential components, enabling rapid diagnosis and solutions to events that impact power quality, such as lightning, switching surges, line faults and harmonic sources. 5. Enables participation of customers in the stability of the system by modifying the way they use and purchase electricity, Real Time Monitoring of consumption, Control of smart appliances, Building Automation 6. Enables new products, services and market. 7. Enhancing Power System Efficiency by asset Management and optimal utilizations, Distribution Automation and Protection 8. Provides resiliency to disturbances, attacks and natural disasters 9. Power Quality by Self-Healing, Frequency Monitoring and Control, Load Forecasting, Anticipation of Disturbances 10. Reduced operating costs for utilities along with increased efficiency and conservation. 11. Lower the greenhouse gas (GHG) and other emissions. 12. Intelligent devices can automatically adjust to changing conditions to prevent blackouts and increase capacity. 13. Provision for adoption of development/ new technologies and markets. 14. Self-Healing A smart grid automatically detects and responds to routine problems and quickly recovers if they occur, minimizing downtime and financial loss. 15. A smart grid gives all consumers industrial, commercial, and residential-visibility in to real-time pricing, and affords them the opportunity to choose the volume of consumption and price that best suits their needs. 16. Improves National Security , Improved Environmental Conditions , Improved Economic Growth 2.1.8 Barriers and challenges of smart grid: Among the issues as the followings: - Lack of recognition or rewards on operational efficiency - Customer concerns over privacy and transfer of data without their knowledge, - Fair distribution of electricity demand - Social concerns over information abuses Maharas

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