HCMT3001 Policy Final Exam Review PDF

HCMT3001: Policy Final Exam review Made with love What are the Factors influencing parenting? • Psychological attributes influence the way they manage their children. – Parents who are exposed to negative emotional states, such as desperation or anger tend to be less responsive and harsher with the...

HCMT3001: Policy Final Exam review Made with love What are the Factors influencing parenting? • Psychological attributes influence the way they manage their children. – Parents who are exposed to negative emotional states, such as desperation or anger tend to be less responsive and harsher with their childrens. – Extrovert parents tend to be more engaged, emotionally sensitive and have positive response and emotional with their childrens. • Parent who are agreeable Compared to other parents who are not agreeable they are less reliable, helpful, and forgiving and more negative especially when it comes to punishments. 2 Link between Work and Health Positive effect of Work: – Provide individuals with a sense of purpose and structure, which can promote positive mental health. – Work can provide financial stability, which can enable individuals to access healthcare services and afford healthy lifestyle choices. Link between care provision and Health Positive effect of Care provision or Caregiving: • Sense of purpose and fulfillment. Negetive effect of Care provision on health: – physically and emotionally demanding, leading to caregiver stress, burnout, and other negative health outcomes. – Interfere with an individual's ability to engage in selfcare due to the work load: activities such as exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep. – financial strain: which can limit access to healthcare services and other healthpromoting resources. Healthcare Professionals & Workplace Hazards • An estimated 59 million people work in healthcare facilities globally (WHO) • This accounts for roughly 12% of the working population. • All healthcare workers, including healthcare professionals, are exposed to occupational hazards. • Millions of healthcare workers suffer from work-related diseases and accidents, and many succumb to occupational hazards. • Healthcare workers at greatest risk are doctors, healthcare professionals, nurses, laboratory technicians, and medical waste handlers. 5 Healthcare Professionals & Workplace Hazards • Occupational hazard definition: the short-term and long- term dangers or risks associated with unhealthy workplace environments. • Health definition (WHO) : “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. • Healthy workplace: “a workplace that contributes to the physical, mental and social well-being of its users.” 6 What factors affect the Health and Safety of workers • Physical Factors: Examples of such hazards include: electrical dangers; ergonomic-related risks (e.g., repetitive motion, awkward posture, or excessive force); radiation exposure, machine- related injuries; and the risk of a workrelated motor vehicle crash. • Psychosocial/ (work stressors) Factors: Examples of such hazards include: • These stressors are related to the psychological and social conditions of the workplace, including the organizational culture and the attitudes, values, beliefs and daily practices. • They can be harmful to the mental and physical health of workers, with evidence of 2 to 3 times greater risk of mental illness, injuries, back pain, and workplace conflict and violence What should managers do to minimize these Hazards? These hazards need to be recognized, assessed, minimized, eliminated, or controlled. What is the Links between work, care provision with health? Affect Physical and Mental health whether positively or negatively. 8 Healthy Work Environment • Health is the interaction between the physiological, psychological, personal and organizational resources available to individuals and the stress placed upon them by their physical and social environment at work and home. • Well-being reflects one’s feelings about oneself in relation to the world, personal feelings about motivation, competence, aspirations and degree of personal control. Voordt, T. V. D., & Jensen, P. A. (2021). The impact of healthy workplaces on employee satisfaction, productivity and costs. Journal of Corporate Real Estate. 35 Healthy Work Environment • Impact of the physical environment on health and well-being – poor indoor climate, noise and distraction have a negative impact on employees’ health and well-being – appropriate opportunities to communicate and to concentrate and contact with nature contribute to a healthy workplace. Voordt, T. V. D., & Jensen, P. A. (2021). The impact of healthy workplaces on employee satisfaction, productivity and costs. Journal of Corporate Real Estate. 36 Healthy Work Environment • Relationship between healthy workplaces and other values – – – – – – – – peer support work conditions quality of supervision Job demands Job resources Staffing Working hours Opportunity for growth and development 37 What is Social Care? • Social care definition: all forms of personal and practical care and assistance, aimed in supporting individuals in ways that allow them to live independently. • Social care helps vulnerable population, people who are unable to support themselves or just in need of extra support. • It tends to be provided within peoples’ homes or in care-specific establishments, as opposed to hospitals or doctor’s offices. https://www.futurelearn.com/info/blog/what-is-social-care 12 The 6 C’s of Health & Social Care • • • • • • Care Compassion (‫)ﺷﻔﻘﺔ‬ Competence (skillfull) Communication Courage (bravery) Commitment https://www.futurelearn.com/info/blog/what-is-social-care 13 Health & Social Services in Qatar for Youth & Elderly Empowering and Caring for the Elderly Center - Ehsan • Vision: Pioneering in enabling the elderly to enjoy a decent, safe, and productive life. • Mission: In harmony with the mission of QSW (Qatar Social Work) we contribute to elderly empowerment in the State of Qatar and provide them with all needed care services. We also work on integrating the elderly into society and helping them remain in their homes rather than center facilities thereby reduce sheltering. We also spread awareness about their societal rights and basic concerns, in addition to maintaining intergenerational communication. 14 Health & Social Services in Qatar for Youth & Elderly Social Development Center – Nama • Vision : A pioneer institution for fostering a capable and efficient youth. • Mission : In harmony with QSW mission, we contribute to expanding the choices of Youth, build their capacities and empower them in the State of Qatar. Address : Building No. 22, Suhaim Bin Hamad Street, C Ring Road Phone : +97440363000 Fax : +97440363080 EMail : [email protected] Web Address www.nama.org.qa 15 Health & Social Services in Qatar for Youth & Elderly Shafallah Center for Persons with Disabilities – Shafallah • Vision : Pioneering in empowering and integrating persons with mental disabilities and autism. • Mission : In harmony with the mission of QSW, we contribute through providing model services to persons with mental disability and autism in the State of Qatar, in the areas of education, rehabilitation, societal awareness, and legal support in order to enhance their independence and deeper integration in society. Address : 69 Lusail Street, West Bay Area Phone : +97444956666 Fax : +97444956644 EMail : [email protected] Web Address www.shafallah.org.qa 16 Health & Social Services in Qatar for Youth & Elderly Social Protection and Rehabilitation Center – Aman • Vision : A pioneering institution that works on enhancing social protection and rehabilitation. • Mission : In harmony with the mission of the QSW, we contribute to the raising of public awareness about and knowledge against violence. We also provide needed protection and rehabilitation that help in limiting family violence and disintegration among target groups in the State of Qatar. Address : Building No. 135, Al Jazira Al Arabiya St, Al Messila Phone : +97444090999 Fax : +97444666607 Web Address www.aman.org.qa 17 Health & Social Services in Qatar for Youth & Elderly Behavioral HealthCare Center – Daam • Vision: to enhance, promote and support the behavioral health within the community and the ability of the youth to confront and resolve problems resulting from behavioral disorders. • Mission: we are committed to offer effective educative, curative and rehabilitative services in the field of behavioral health. Hence, through this, we are upgrading the services directed to those individuals with gender identity disorders. We also aim to develop a team that is highly trained in the field of behavioral and cognitive therapy and sex education, as well as establishing the needed partnerships with various institutions which will facilitate a better quality of the life within the community. Address : Al Najma - Crowne Plaza - Business park Area : 26 , Street 310, Building 58A Po Box 3474 Phone : +97444250000 Fax : +44272030 EMail : [email protected] Web Address https://www.bhc.org.qa/ 18 Comparison of Social Care Youth Age Group: children and adolescents who are under 18 years old Services: for youth may include services such as foster care, group homes, educational support, counseling, and mental health services. Funding: for youth is often funded by government agencies, non-profit organizations, and private donations Legal Framework: for youth is typically governed by child welfare laws, which aim to protect the rights and well-being of children Family Involvement: for youth, there is often a strong emphasis on family involvement such as in family reunification and foster care placement. Elderly Age Group: 65 years and older Services: for elderly may include home care, assisted living, nursing homes, medical care, and socialization activities. Funding: for elderly is usually funded by government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, as well as private insurance. Legal Framework: for elderly is governed by laws and regulations related to aging, healthcare, and long-term care. Family Involvement: involve more independent living and less family involvement, although family support and involvement can still be an important aspect of care. 19 Why is legislation important in health and social care? • Social care is a sensitive area, so legislation help in keeping those in need of care safe and protected. • This is particularly important when working with vulnerable individuals as they may be at risk of being exploited ( ‫) اﺳﺗﻐﻼل‬or not having their voices heard. https://www.futurelearn.com/info/blog/what-is-social-care 20 What is the duty of care in health and social care? • Duty of care definition: " the legal obligation to act in the best interest of individuals rather than acting in a way that results in harm." • In health and social care, this is important as the area deals with vulnerable people that may need additional care and support in order to get by. • With vulnerable people we must ensure that they are treated fairly. https://www.futurelearn.com/info/blog/what-is-social-care 21 Definition of Terms • Influence: – The ability of an individual or entity to affect the thoughts, attitudes, behaviors, or decisions of others. • Influencer: – A person or entity with a significant following and credibility in a specific domain or industry, capable of impacting the opinions, attitudes, and actions of their audience. • Social Influencer: – Have the ability to influence the opinions, behaviors, and purchase decisions of their followers. (bloggers, vloggers, celebrities, industry experts, or other personalities who have established a substantial presence and credibility in their niche.) 22 Social Influencer • Influencers have a strong relationship with their communities, in this case with their followers. • Audiences often perceive influencers as their peers (friends). 23 Characteristics of social influencers • Credibility: Social influencers are trustworthy and knowledgeable in their position, which helps influence their audience effectively. • Trustworthiness: build trust with their followers through authenticity, transparency, and consistent engagement. • Likeability: have likable personality, making their content appealing to their audience. • Relatability: ability to connect with their followers on a personal level, by sharing their own experiences 1 Modes of Influence • Informational Influence: influencers provide valuable information, facts, and advice to their followers, which can shape their beliefs and decisions. • Normative Influence: Influencers set social norms and influence behavior by promoting practices or discouraging bad ones 2 Targets of social influencers • Social influencers can target health-related behaviors, such as promoting healthy eating, encouraging physical activity, advocating for vaccination, or raising awareness about mental health. 3 Strategies to engage social influencers • Collaboration: Partnering with influencers to promote health campaigns • Tailored Content: Providing influencers with relevant, personalized content to align with audience's interests • Authenticity: Allowing influencers to communicate in their authentic style 4 Ethical Considerations • Ethical considerations is indeed when using social influencers to promote health behavior change. • While it can be effective in reaching audience, there are several ethical concerns that should be taken into account: 1. Disclosure and Transparency: Influencers should disclose any financial relationships with the brands or organizations they are promoting. to maintain trust. 2. 5 Ethical Considerations 2. Misrepresentation of Expertise: some influencers provide health advice without proper qualifications, that promotes inaccurate info. 3. Balancing Personal Interests with Health Promotion: Influencers may prioritize their personal interests over the health and well-being of the audience. Collaboration should be based on shared values to promote positive health behavior. 1 Ethical Considerations 4. Targeting Vulnerable Populations: Care should not take vulnerable populations, such as children, adolescents, or individuals with specific health conditions, for commercial or promotional purposes. 5. Misleading Content: Social influencers should not promote stuff that scientifically may have health effects. 2 Ethical Considerations 6. Informed Consent: When collaborating with social influencers, it's essential to ensure they fully understand the purpose and potential impact of the health behavior change campaign. 7. Potential for Harm: In some cases, health behavior change campaigns may have unintended negative consequences. – Ethical considerations should include evaluating potential harm and mitigating risks. 3 Ethical Considerations 8. Privacy and Data Protection: Influencer partnerships may involve sharing personal information or data. – Ethical considerations should address privacy concerns and comply with relevant data protection regulations. 4 Modes of Influence • Value Expressive Influence: Influencers showcase their lifestyle and values, and followers may adopt similar behaviors. – Values influence our behaviors because we use them to decide between alternatives. – Values, attitudes, behaviors and beliefs shape who we are and how we do things. 6 Using social media influencers to increase knowledge and positive attitudes toward flu vaccine The problem: • Seasonal influenza affects millions of people across the United States. • African Americans and Hispanics have lower vaccination rates. • Large campaigns have difficulty increasing vaccination among these two groups. The Intervention: • Use of social influencers was used to determine if vaccination rates would improve Method: • Influencers were recruited (from influencer software) who had African American or Hispanic followers. • To ensure that influencers had followers, influencer software provided a credibility score that estimated how many followers were actively engaged and follower growth chart to detect fraudulent behaviors. 7 Social media influencers & attitudes toward flu vaccine Method – messaging: • Influencers created personal messages, images, and/or videos promoting the flu vaccine and posted them on their social media accounts. • Influencers were asked to create their own original content, in either English or Spanish, promoting flu 8 Social media influencers & attitudes toward flu vaccine Method – messaging (cont’d): • Influencers were asked to ensure that their post referenced at least one preselected fact that was provided to them. 1) The importance of protecting yourself, your family, and the community; 2) Everyone needs a flu shot, even those who are healthy; 3) Addressing myths (i.e., ‘the flu shot cannot give you the flu’); 4) Highlighting convenience of flu shot locations; 5) The seriousness of the flu; 6) It’s “never too late” to get the flu shot; 7) Safety and efficacy of the flu shot; and 8) Minimal side effects of the flu shot, especially compared to being infected with the flu. 9 Social media influencers & attitudes toward flu vaccine Results: • 117 influencers were used • 69,495 engagements • Results from the region that received the campaign showed significant increases in positive beliefs about the flu vaccine, and significant decreases in negative community attitudes toward the vaccine. 10 Social media influencers & attitudes toward flu vaccine Conclusion: • Flu campaigns using a ground-up rather than top-down approach can reach targeted people, and shows the potentials of using an influencerbased model to communicate information about flu vaccination on a large scale. 11 Summary • Social media has become a powerful tool for spreading information to influence people. • Social influencers play a key role in influencing people’s behaviors. • enable social influencers to influence, important characteristics they should have trustworthiness, credibility, likeability, relatability, and expertise. what are the characteristics of social influencers? 12 Social media as a dissemination tool • The use of social media platforms has become widespread in the majority of the population worldwide. • Especially younger adults use mobile platforms much more frequently than all others. • In 2018 the number of social media users grew by 13% to 3.2 billion accounts worldwide (Chaffey, 2018) 13 Definitions • Social media: computer-mediated communication, where individuals generate the content of their own, see and interact with the content of their friends’ or other users online ‫الصاحب ساحب‬ • Social influence: the phenomenon of changing opinions and actions due to the interactions with the people around us. 14 Types of Social Media • Blogs, Vlogs, Instagram and YouTube are the favorite channels for social media influencers. • Some social media influencers run blogs and personal web pages that allow interaction. • In the last years, more and more influencers have moved to vlogging (video blogging) activities by posting social videos especially on YouTube. 15 Definition of Parenting • Parenting: raising of a child or children, particularly the care, love, and guidance given by a parent. • It is a process of raising and educating a child from birth until adulthood. • It is a complex activity that includes many specific behaviors of parents or people that work individually and together to influence child outcomes. 16 Parenting • Parenting is a positive, purposeful, and nurturing activity aimed at promoting a child’s welfare, survival and development of children. • The activities of parents should provide care and love in a way that leads to a child’s total positive development. Virasiri, Saovakon & Yunibhand, Jintana & Chaiyawat, Waraporn. (2011). Parenting: What are the critical attributes?. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet. v. 94. p. 1109 - 11) 17 Parenting • Parenting is a biological and social process involving more than providing food and safety • It can shape a child’s attitude, behaviors, and emotional function. • It is the process of teaching and training children in which parents engage to encourage the child’s growth, such as nourishing, protecting, and guiding a child through the course of their development. • the process that parents perform daily, which depends on parents’ cognition, emotions, attributions, attitudes and values. 18 Parenting • Parenting is an important public health issue. • It has implications on childhood health and illness, such as – – – – – – – Accidents substance misuse school disruption Underachievement inability to become employed juvenile crime, and mental illness. Virasiri, Saovakon & Yunibhand, Jintana & Chaiyawat, Waraporn. (2011). Parenting: What are the critical attributes?. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet. v. 94. p. 1109 - 11) 19 Parental Tasks • Parental tasks include: – – – – sharing customs & traditions fostering skills for economic survival promoting interpersonal & communication skills helping children become productive & self-regulatory. Virasiri, Saovakon & Yunibhand, Jintana & Chaiyawat, Waraporn. (2011). Parenting: What are the critical attributes?. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet. v. 94. p. 1109 - 11) 20 Factors or forces influencing parenting • • • • • • • • More educated parents not only spend more time with children than less-educated parents (England and Srivastava 2013; Sayer, Bianchi, and Robinson 2004), but they also spend that time differently (Kalil, Ryan, and Corey 2012). Because parenting behaviors predict a wide range of child outcomes, these differences are theorized to play a critical role in reproducing inequalities across generations (Heckman 2006; Lareau 2015; McLanahan 2004). Furthermore, while mothers and fathers now spend similar amounts of time in more enjoyable parenting activities such as playing with and teaching children, mothers continue to perform significantly more basic childcare, childcare management, and solo parenting (Musick, Meier, and Flood 2016). Women’s disproportionate responsibility for parenting, in turn, is one of the primary explanations offered for the persistence of gender inequality in the labor market (Correll, Benard, and Paik 2007; England 2005). 21 Factors influencing children’s health • Children’s health is determined by the interaction of a multitude of influences, reflecting complex processes. • These influences include biological, behavioral, and environmental (physical and social). 22 Social well-being and its relation to health • How does social well-being relate to health? • WHO’s definition of health: – Health is ‘not merely the absence of disease or infirmity but a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being’ . • The underlying assumption is that health is a key component of well-being. • Some argue that not being healthy does not necessarily exclude a state of well-being. 5 Definition of Well-being • A definition of wellbeing needs to be holistic in contrast to health and must be inclusive of different cultures, as international comparisons cannot be made, therefore objective measurement should be considered. • This is illustrated in the following figure. 24