Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Interpersonal Communication : Transactional model : Communication goes both ways (classroom Physiological noise : biological factors (sick , tired...

Interpersonal Communication : Transactional model : Communication goes both ways (classroom Physiological noise : biological factors (sick , tired , hugry) Psychological noise : factors that make comm less effective (thoughts ( content meaning : actual meaning of words (pass the salt") relationalmeaning interpretations (tone "thanks a lot") : , interpersonal : uniqueness interdependence self disclosure intrinsic , , , rewards - conversations with others , proposal , forgiveness impersonal : generic independent private , , , extrensic reward answering Scheduling app , Cashier - phone , Competent Comm : effective-get what you want (yelling at server appropriate= avoids messing things up (saying "I'm fine") Cognitive complexity : thinking abt a situation in many diff ways self monitoring: paying attention to your own behavior & how it effects others mediated Communication : alienating factors: loneliness from social media , with draw , limited face to face connecting factors : enhance relationships stay in touch, connecting , mass personal : Shared wl large audience but is personal , limited privacy, N obligation - insta post , tweet , blog richness: nonverbal cues to add Clarity to a message (face-to-face) (limited wl texts synchronous: convos in real time (class Convo/online Chats asynchronous: time btwn sendinga receiving (voicemail email , disinhibition : not self monitoring , don't consider consequences , Common online  Culture : in groups : who you identify with group you feel apartof , out groups : View as diff , don't identify with high context : look at Context (nonverbal), not openly saying what you mean low context : meaning lies in the words, Clear/direct, U S., self expression. individualism : help yourself independent , unique , , friendship based on interests, selfish, autonomy collectivism : in groups matter , belonging focus , on others contribution , , ordertradition , group goals high power distance : lots of distance btwn ppl (politicians/citizens low power distance : no distance, equal , US.. (friends work, achievement : value on success dominant , masculine U S ,., voice ,. opinions nurturing: Supports relationships helping , , uncertainty avoidance : don't like uncertainty anxiety , , avoid risk , Cultural or personal (look at menu before code switching adapting : one's manners of speaking when changing Cultural Contexts ethnocentrism : attitude that your culture is superior to others intersectionality : no single label explains ones identity or group Selfi self concept: how you view yourself usually differs from how , others see you (roles , likes , trients) self esteem : how you feel abt your self concept reflective appraisal : evaluating ourselves based on how we think others see us kid thinks he's drawing be the teacher good at praises their work - social comparison : evaluating to others a comparing ourselves women comparing their bodies to models develops hey thoughts - , self full filling prophecy acting: in a way to make your beliefs come true - believes they are bad at math less effort , leads to poor performance on test , impression management : strategies ppl use to influence how others view them, how you present yourself (first datel interview) Self disclosure : letting ppl know things about you , truthful , on purpose , directed at other Social penetration model : breath of topic = how much you talk , what you talk abt abt it depth of topic = how deeply you talk about it , more info Johari Window : Myers Briggs: Extroversion vs Introversion Where your energy comes from E energy from others/things interactions = , I : energy from being alone , wake up full of energy Sensing vs Intuition - how you take in information S = detailed go in order 5 senses , , N don't need details = , big picture all , over Thinking vs Feeling : how you make decisions T= decisions based on logic fair , F = use emotion , put themselves in the middle , empathetic Judging vs Perceiving - how you use your time J= make decisions now don't put itoff , = make P decisions later , look at all possibilities Perception : 4 stages : Selection : deciding where to put your attention intensity/repetition/change helps ? , selective perception you notice smth be you have a reason to notice it - Organization : arranging in a way to help make sense, decide what it is Interpretation : attaching a meaning to what you see , hear , Smell = very important negotiation: communicators influence each others perception -you think a person is cute your friend doesn't , , you shift your perception influences: physiological psychological , , Cultural (religion/gender Primacy effect : Day more attention to things that happen first first impressions , recency effect : last impression is what we give the most weight to halo effect: form a positive impression of someone based on one pos Characteristic (attractiveness horn effect : neg characteristic influences the perception that follows (cheater confirmation bias: Seek out info that supports our opinion fundamental attribution theory : give more weight to personal qualities than to the situation (especially negatively) , good behavior = external self serving bias : about ourselves , perform poorly = blame external forces perform well : internal praise 1. describe wh out evaluating (facts) 2 Offer 2 explanations (negotiate : perception checking ,.. request clarification 3 over attribution: you make assumptions based off of what you know , usually limited - late to meeting = 192y , ignores other potential factors Language : combined to form words phonological rules: how sounds are syntactic rules: the way symbols are arranged , basic sentence structure semantic rules : the meaning of language , not its structure (child = young human pragmatic rules: What uses+ interpretations are appropriate (contexta social use Sapir-whorf hypothesis: the language you use is influenced by your culture more words for sleeping around - a woman convergence : adapting ones speech style to identify w) them divergence : speaking in a way to differentiate themselves ambiguous language : words/phases that more than one commonly accepted definition abstract ladder : vague = top concrete/specific = bottom euphemism : an indirect , less offensive way of saying Smth ("she's longer wus") no relative language : words that gain their meaning by comparison (near/far) static evaluation : labeling someone based on your feelings towards them, not gonna change (bobbyIs reckless) "I" language : speakers thoughts a feelings , takes ownership + avoids blame "I feel frustrated when you don't do the dishes" "We" : focuses on collaboration , Unity "We need to communicate better" "You" : focuses on other person , accusatory "you never listen to me"  Nonverbal : nonverbal : all the comm you do that is not words sends , messages ambiguous , Kinetics: facea body movement (eyecontact posture , , gestures regulators : cues that help control verbal interactions (packing up when time to go illustrators gestures : that go along wh what you are saying , needs words (talking w hands emblem : don't need words to understand it , direct meaning Craising hand haptics: touching (affection , Comfort , violence touch avoidance : how much you avoid touching ppll them touching you proxemics : how comm is affected by spacea distance (more space-more power) personal space : level of space you carry around with you (largest-front , smallest: behind territory : Sense of ownership over a space , even tho it doesn't belong to you parking spots classroom seats - , paralanguage everything : in your voice that is not words (how quickly tone , , loudness chromatics : how we use I structure time , culture impacts Emotions: Physiological : your body's response (P BP , hot when angry nonverbal : facial expressions crying clenching fist , , Cognitive interpretations : labeling what you are feeling (stress before games verbal expression : words to explain how you feel emotional contagion : emotions can be transferred from one person to another facilitative emotions : Contribute to effective functioning deliberate emotions: hinder or prevent performance self talk: inner monologue that is your process of thinking , impacts how you feel fallacy of perfection : false belief that you have to be good t successful at everything ↓ of approval : acceptance from even if beliefsa happiness wanting to seek others , sacrificing ↓ of should : Can't btwn what ist what should be distinguish ↓ of : person bases belief limited evidence overgeneralization on ↓ of helplessness: believe there is do to nothing you can change things beyond your, control ↓ of catastrophic : assumes that if smth bad will happen it will expectations Listening : - involves intent & attention mindless listening: react to others automatically task oriented : efficiency + a complishment relational : building emotional closeness wl others analytical : attending to the full message before coming to judgement Critical : desire to evaluate messages , accuracy information overload : too much info at once , can't absorb it personal concerns: hard to pay attention when you have other thoughts/worries rapid thought : time for brain to wonder when others are talking noise : distractions (traffic music other convos) , , pseudolistening: pretending to pay attention (nodding smiling) , stage hogging talking : too much selective listening: listening to only parts you are interested in filling in gaps: making up parts that isn't true insulated listening: tuning out topics you don't want to deal with (politics grades) , defensive : taking innocent comments as personal attacks ambushing: listening to collect info to use against the speaker Stages: hearing : physiological aspect : attending Psychological aspect , selecting what to pay attention to understanding: attaching meaning to a message remembering: ability to recall info once you've understood it , repetition responding: giving feedback, show you are listening (verbal t nonverbal active listening : 1. paraphrase 2. reflect feelings back that they are expressing Listening responses : Silent : Day attention but don't talk , nonverbal questioning: Seek more info , clarify , encourage , learn paraphrasing: restate in own words back , summarize empathizing : imaging how you would feel if you were them , identify w/ speaker supporting: agreeing offer help praise reassurance , , , analyzing: Offers an interpretation of the message not always helpful , evaluating: tell them if they are right or wrong advising: tell people what they need to do Friendships/Family : conversation · protective consensual = laisseh pluralistic low high eros : passionate , traditional , romantic love ludus : game playing chase love , storge : friendship Companionship love , : logical practical , Criteria love pragma , mania : possessive , intense , Conflict drama love , agape: selfless love Relationships: social : exchange theory You will stay in a relationship as long as the rewards outweigh the costs rewards: desired outcomes both , tangible a intangible Comparison level : minimum standard of what you expect , stay in relationship as long as its above CLalt : Comparison btwn the rewards you currently received those you could receive in others initiating: Showing you are interested, minimal convo experimenting: small talk , learn interests decide if worth pursuing , intensifying: increase amount of contact , more self-disclosure , relational excitement take on identity as integrating: a social unit , social circle merges , share things bonding : Symbolic public gestures engagement , Commitment , exclusivity , differentiating: reestablish their identities , focus on "I" , very normal , individualality circumscribing : more separationa distinction stagnating: relational boredom , little feeling, no growth avoiding : creating distance terminating: final Stage , can be short or long , dialectical tensions : conflict from 2 opposing desires autonomy : Seek independence can lead to a demand-withdraw connection : want to be close to others Cycle novelty : seek new + excitement predictability : want Stability (not chaos openness : desire for honesty , know , understood Closedness: desire to keep things to oneself , private , Secret Content messages: Communicates info abt the Subject "I'm busy friday" relational messages: messages that communicate how we feel abt others , ambiguous metacommunication : describe messages that refer to other messages relational maintenance : Comm that keeps relationships running Smoothly (pos , openness assurance , relational transgressions: when one person violates the terms of the relationship Climate : Communication Climate : Social tone of a relationship , involves the way ppl feel abt each other , every space has a climate social tone : the way ppl feel abt each other confirmingCommunication : messages that convey value & make you feel important recognition : indication that you are aware of the other person , they exist acknowledgment: paying attention to the ideas + feelings of others , listening responding , endorsement: agree with or support them you , value them , praise , compliments disagreeing messages: Saying "Your wrong" arguing: defending positions on issues while opposing positions from others : not but dissatisfaction complaining arguing showing disconfirming messages: behaviors that show lack of respect or value for others don't exist disregard : treat their messages as unimportant or aggression : attack other persons character or background ostracism : purposely excluding others evaluation : express opinion of other ppls behavior but , can feel like an attack description : messages provide detail wl no judgement Control : imposing ones will wh out regard for their needs or wants Problem orientation focused finding a solution that works for : on both people strategy : withhold info to control the listener , have agenda spontaneity express thoughts : & desires openly + honestly Straightforward , neutrality : lack of concern for others don't , care empathy : show you care abt others feelings + experiences superiority : messages that suggest they are better than you equality: treating ppl as equals , togetherness : certainty being sure that you are a no other correct possibilities : provisionalism able to acknowledge that you don't know everything , even if you have strong opinions Conflict: definition : Struggle btwn at least 2 parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, ↓ interfere from the other party in their goals achieving expressed Struggle : all ppl involved must know that some disagreement exists interdependence : when 2 or more ppl rely on one another to complete a task incompatible goals : One party's gain will be anothers loss Scarce resources : Conflict exists when ppl believe their isn't enough of smth to go around avoidance : lose/lose , ppl chose not to confront an issue directly accommodation : loselwin When , you give into other rather than asserting your own Pov competition Winllose concern for self + low concern for others : , my way , high passive aggressive : expressing dissatisfaction in a disguised manner face direct aggression "half : behavior intended to hurt " someone to their way compromise : both ppl get some of what they want , both sacrificing part of their goals Collaboration : winl win , work tyr so everyone gets what they want , Y Our way " serial : arguments repetitive conflicts abt the same issue 4 horseman of the apocalypse : criticism : attacks on a persons character defensiveness: aim to protect ones by denying responsibility : contempt so disgusted wh the other person , no good things abt them Withdraw /stonewalling: One person withdraws from convo , Shutting down dialogue , limits Chance of resolving the problem , "you don't matter " message Conflict rituals: repeating patterns of conflict behavior