Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Final Exam Study Guide The energy of motion is known as \_\_\_. - The most abundant gases in Earth's present-day atmosphere (by volume) are \_\_\_. - Average atmospheric CO2 concentrations have \_\_\_ over the past 100 years. - The word "weather" is defined as \_\_\_. - The free...

Final Exam Study Guide The energy of motion is known as \_\_\_. - The most abundant gases in Earth's present-day atmosphere (by volume) are \_\_\_. - Average atmospheric CO2 concentrations have \_\_\_ over the past 100 years. - The word "weather" is defined as \_\_\_. - The freezing of pure water is 32 degrees on \_\_\_ scale. - The absolute temperature scale that contains no negative numbers is the \_\_\_, which makes it convenient for scientific computing. - Earth's first atmosphere (approximately 4.6 billion years ago) was most likely composed of \_\_\_. - Which characteristic of air provides a measure of the average speed of the atoms and molecules? - Which gas in the upper atmosphere shields Earth's surface from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays? - Atmospheric concentrations of \_\_\_ can vary significantly depending on time and location. - The greenhouse effect is directly enhanced (made stronger) by \_\_\_. - The vertical profile of \_\_\_ is variable in each layer of Earth's atmosphere. - All of the weather we are familiar with on Earth's occurs in the \_\_\_. - As the difference between the air temperature and the dew point increases, the relative humidity - Nightime radiation inversions occur on most \_\_\_ nights - Thin, wispy clouds blown by high winds into streamers, called mare's tails, are \_\_\_. - Season on Earth are regulated by \_\_\_. - Warm, moist air moving over a cold surface produces \_\_\_ fog. - As the air temperature decreases, the air's capacity for water vapor \_\_\_. - Cold and cloudy nights are warmer than cold and clear nights (other factors being equal) because \_\_\_. - Maximum air temperature in a given day usually occurs \_\_\_ solar heating. - Particles that serve as surfaces on which water vapor may condense are called \_\_\_. - The surface air around a strengthening low-pressure area normally converges, while, above the system, the air normally \_\_\_. - Which cloud type would be most likely to form in an unstable atmosphere? - If Earth's gravitational force were to increase, atmospheric pressure at the ground would \_\_\_. - A parcel rises and cools by \_\_\_ Celsius per 1000 m if it is saturated - A parcel of air expands and cools, or compresses and warms, with no interchange of heat with its outside surroundings. What is this called? - The \_\_\_ force is an apparent force created by Earth's rotation. - The pressure gradient force is directed from higher pressure toward lower pressure \_\_\_. - Convective clouds form \_\_\_. - A sea breeze circulation will reverse direction and become a land breeze circulation \_\_\_. - A parcel rises and cools by \_\_\_ Celsius per 1000 m if it is unsaturated. - Anticyclonic flow means \_\_\_ in either the Northern Hemisphere. - A raindrop that freezes before reaching the ground is called \_\_\_. - A \_\_\_ wind blows at a constant speed parallel to straight-line isobars, with the pressure gradient force (PGF) and the Coriolis force in balance. - \_\_\_ accounts for the majority of the water vapor added to the atmosphere each tear. - The phrase "rain shadow" is associated with which type of precipitation? - Synoptic scale is \_\_\_ than mesoscale. - During El Nino events, surface waters are \_\_\_ in the tropical eastern Pacific. - Which of the following is NOT a rule of contouring. - The wind around a surface low-pressure center in the Northern Hemisphere blows \_\_\_ the center. - The \_\_\_ force is the force that causes the wind to blow. - Falling raindrops are \_\_\_. - In an absolutely \_\_\_ environment, the lifted parcel of air is colder than the air surrounding it. - The heat index is a combination of air temperature and \_\_\_. - In an \_\_\_ atmosphere, the environmental lapse rate is less than the dry adiabatic lapse rate but greater than the moist adiabatic rate. - In an \_\_\_ atmosphere, the environmental lapse rate is greater than the moist and dry adiabatic rates. - When ice forms, heat is \_\_\_ the surrounding environment. - \_\_\_ occurs when dew freezes. - The air pressure at sea level is \_\_\_ than the pressure at the summit of Mount Everest. - The size and temperature of the object \_\_\_ related to whether it emits energy or not. - Differences in \_\_\_ create pressure gradients that cause sea and land breezes to blow. - Monsoon season refers to \_\_\_. - The transfer of heat from molecule to molecule within a substance. - The transfer of heat by the mass movement of a fluid, such as water and air. - The horizontal transfer of any atmospheric property by wind. - Energy propagated in the form of electromagnetic waves. - The difference between the daily maximum and minimum temperature is greatest next to the ground and becomes progressively smaller as we move away from the surface - The average of the highest and lowest temperature observed in a given 24-hour - typically from midnight to midnight. - The difference in average temperature between the warmest month (often July in the Northern Hemisphere) and the coldest month (often January). - The average temperature of any station for the entire year, which represents the average of the twelve monthly average temperatures. - Composed of ice crystals in the form of thin, white, featherlike clouds in patches, filaments, or narrow bands. - A cloud in the form of individual, detached domes or towers that are usually dense and well-defined. - A low, gray cloud layer with a rather uniform base. - Middle layer clouds. - Clouds with rain or precipitation - A cloud in the shape of a lens - Frequently accompanied by heavy showers, lighting, thunder, and sometimes hail. - A dark, gray cloud characterized by more or less continuously falling precipitation. It is rarely accompanied by lightning, thunder, or hail. - A middle cloud composed of gray or bluish sheets or layers of uniform appearance. - The three necessary ingredients for thunderstorm development are moisture, stability, and \_\_\_. - What is the current atmospheric pressure according to this station model. - A line of thunderstorms that forms ahead of an advancing cold front is called a \_\_\_. - According to the model of the life cycle of a wave cyclone, the storm system is normally most intense as a \_\_\_. - The so-called Tornado Belt, or Tornado Alley, of the United States, is located \_\_\_. - A supercell storm is a \_\_\_. - A SEVERE Thunderstorm is one that produces: - The initial stage of an ordinary cell thunderstorm is the \_\_\_ stage. - When a mid-latitude cyclone forms and movers along the polar front in a wave-like manner, the developing storm is referred to as a \_\_\_. - What is the best source region for an air mass. - Thunder is caused by \_\_\_. - What type of weather front would be responsible for the following weather forecast? "Increasing high cloudiness and cold this morning, Clouds increasing and lowering this afternoon with a chance of snow or rain tonight. Precipitation ending tomorrow morning. Turning much warmer. Winds from the south and becoming southwesterly tomorrow." - \_\_\_ is a boundary that separates warm, dry air from warm, moist air. - Mid-latitude cyclonic storms are better developed in the United States during the coldest months because the polar jet stream \_\_\_. - What type of weather front is being shown in the image? -  What is Air mass A? - What is Air mass B? - What is Air mass C? - What is Air mass D? - What is Air mass E? - Hurricane energy comes from the latent heat of \_\_\_. - The skies in the center of a hurricane are often cloud-free. This is because the air in the eye is \_\_\_. - On the Saffir-Simpson scale, a category 5 storm would indicate \_\_\_. - Most of the overall destruction caused by a hurricane is due to \_\_\_. - A weather watch would most likely be issued for which condition. - Using figure 9-1 answer the following question. At which of the four positions would you expect to hear the following 12-hour forecast? "Clearing and colder today with continued rising pressures" - Using figure 9-1 answer the following question. The storm system will apparently move towards the \_\_. - Using the figure 9-1 answer the following question. At which of the four positions would you expect to hear the dollwoign 12-hour forecast?" Cloudy with possible showers today, turning colder by tonight" - Using figure 9-1 answer the following question. At which of the four positions would you expect to hear the following 12-hour forecast? "Cloudy and cold this morning with snow this afternoon and tonight." - Using figure 9-1 answer the following question. At which of the four positions would you expect to hear the following 12-hour forecast? "Partly cloudy and continued warm through this afternoon and evening?" -  A weather warning indicates that \_\_\_. - During a hurricane, the heaviest rainfall occurs in the \_\_\_. - A chart that plots how air temperature has changed over the past five days at a given station is a \_\_\_. - If the first tropical storm of the season was named Andrea, then a likely name for the seconds tropical storm of the season would be \_\_\_. - Which of the following is a known rule when placing a front on a weather map. - Storms that form in the tropics are given names when \_\_\_. - The forecasting technique that produces several versions of a forecast model, each beginning with slightly different weather information to reflect errors in the measurements, is called \_\_\_ forecasting. - A hurricane warning \_\_\_. - Just before a storm is classified as a tropical storm, it is in the tropical \_\_\_ stage. - Hurricanes dissipate when \_\_\_. - An object that we see as red \_\_\_ all visible radiation except red. - When sunlight bounces off a surface as the same angle at which it strikes the surface, the light is \_\_\_. - The blue color of the sky is due to \_\_\_. - The setting sun appears red. What can you conclude? - When light is scattered, it \_\_\_. - Halos are caused by \_\_\_. - You would most likely see a halo or sundog with which of the following cloud types? - This can only be seen when the sun is to your back and it is raining in front of you. - Microclimate refers to the \_\_\_. - Climate models predict that, as the world continues to warm, sea-surface temperatures in the tropics will rise. This may in turn \_\_\_. - Factors that produce the climate in any given place are called \_\_\_. - The Koppen scheme for classifying climates employs annual and monthly averages of \_\_\_. - Over the past approximately 100 years, it appears that average global temperatures have \_\_\_. - Large volcanic eruptions that eject sulfur-rich veils into the stratosphere tend to \_\_\_ at Earth's surface. - Climate scientists have concluded that most of the recent warming of Earth is due to \_\_\_. - A positive feedback mechanism \_\_\_. - It is now known that, overall, clouds \_\_\_ effect on climate. - Everything else being equal, a gradual increase in global CO2 would most likely bring about \_\_\_. - A humid subtropical climate is found in what region of the United States. - When Earth rotates on its axis and wobbles like a spinning top. It is known as \_\_\_. - The heat index (HI) is based on the apparent temperature, which is a combination of air temperature and - When naming clouds, the term "stratus", or "strato", means \_\_\_ clouds - The heat index \_\_\_. - The wind around a surface low-pressure center in the Northern Hemisphere blows \_\_\_ the center. - As the difference between the air temperature and the dew point decreases, the relative humidity \_\_\_. - The Absolute temperature scale that contains no negative numbers is the \_\_\_ temperature scale, which makes it convenient for scientific computing. - As the air temperature decreases, the air's capacity for water vapor \_\_\_. - Atmospheric concentrations of \_\_\_ can vary significantly depending on time and location. - If the atmosphere is absolutely stable, the air parcel is - Anticyclonic =? - Cyclonic =? - High pressure over the southeastern Pacific and lower pressure near Indonesia produce easterly trade winds along the equator promoting upwelling and cooler ocean water in the eastern Pacific. - PFG always points towards - Particles that serve as surfaces on which water vapor may condense are called \_\_\_. - The air pressure at the summit of Mount Everest is \_\_\_ than the air pressure at sea level. - The wind around a surface high-pressure center in the Northern Hemisphere blows \_\_\_ and \_\_\_ the center. - The only substance found naturally in the lower atmosphere that can exist as a solid, liquid and a gas is \_\_\_. - Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere through the process of \_\_\_. - The majority of atmospheric ozone is found in the \_\_\_. - \_\_\_ is the condition of the atmosphere at any particular time and place. - Earth emits radiation with greatest intensity at \_\_\_ wavelengths. -