Final Exam Review Questions PDF

**Final Exam Review Questions** Exam 2: A cytologist is examining a tissue under an electron microscope. He notices that the endoplasmic reticulum of each cell is extremely rough in appearance and he knows that the rough appearance is because of the ribosomes embedded there. He asks why there are...

**Final Exam Review Questions** Exam 2: A cytologist is examining a tissue under an electron microscope. He notices that the endoplasmic reticulum of each cell is extremely rough in appearance and he knows that the rough appearance is because of the ribosomes embedded there. He asks why there are so many ribosomes. You respond,  \"This tissue exports proteins to other areas of the body Based on the function of mitochondria, what substance is able to pass through the outer membrane of the mitochondria easily Oxygen Alcohol consumption adversely affects the synthesis of molecules involved in protein degradation, which can eventually lead to liver damage. Given this information, which organelle in liver cells is most directly affected by alcohol consumption? Rough endoplasmic reticulum  Nuclear pores permit the passage of all the following except: DNA molecules only outward Photosynthetic pigments in bacteria are located in the: plasma membrane. Cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of:   microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement. You have identified an enzyme that appears to be involved in the addition of palmityl group (a fatty acid) to certain proteins. Knowing that palmitoylated proteins are usually targeted for delivery to the plasma membrane, in which organelles might this enzyme be expressed? Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum Integrins are glycoproteins that help link the cytoskeleton and the: Extracellular matrix Facilitated diffusion is an important method cells use to obtain and remove necessary molecules. Requirements for facilitated diffusion include: The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is always with the concentration gradient, never against the gradient. What describes the movement of substances down their concentration gradients? Diffusion  In the process of diffusion, molecules move from areas where their concentration is higher to areas where their concentration is lower until an equilibrium is reached.  In a single pump cycle where sodium and potassium are exchanged and ATP is used, the following is expected: 3 sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter. Transport of a solute across a membrane where the solute is going up its concentration gradient and using protein carriers driven by the expenditure of chemical energy, is known as active transport Turgor pressure is observed when a plant cells environment is\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Hypoosmotic Exam 3: Hexokinase is an enzyme that binds specifically to glucose and converts it into glucose 6-phosphate. The activity of hexokinase is suppressed by glucose 6-phosphate, which binds to hexokinase at a location that is distinct from the active site. This is an example of. feedback inhibition.  Metabolic reactions fall under two general categories: anabolic and catabolic. What type of chemical reactions are these two classes of metabolic reactions? Anabolic reactions are endergonic reactions, whereas catabolic reactions are exergonic. What are the products of one turn of the Citric acid cycle? 2 carbon, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP Your friend is having difficulty keeping track of the energy flow from glucose through glycolysis, the Citric acid cycle and electron transport. Your best advice would be to Follow the electrons What molecule can oxidize NADH? Acetaldehyde Pyruvate oxidation in eukaryotic cells occurs in the Mitochondria As a forensic pathologist, you have just completed an autopsy of a poisoning victim. After a thorough examination, you conclude that the victim died of cyanide poisoning. You know that cyanide binds to the cytochrome oxidase complex, and therefore list the official cause of death as suffocation due to cyanide exposure. However, if you wanted to provide a more technical explanation as to the cause of death, which process was specifically inhibited directly by cyanide? The formation of water from oxygen What stage of cellular respiration can occur in human cells with or without oxygen present? Glycolysis In aerobic respiration, chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by: a difference in image concentration on the two sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. This process is common to all living cells: Glycolysis The cyclic carbon fixation reactions are also known as the Calvin cycle A tomato plant is mutated with gamma radiation. A cellular analysis reveals that ATP synthase complexes found in the thylakoid membrane are inserted backward into the membrane. What is the most likely outcome of this error? The proton gradient in the thylakoid space will not be able to be used to generate ATP During the light-dependent reactions, due to electron transport, the thylakoid space becomes   more acidic than the stroma NADPH is made by the passing of electrons from photosystem I to an electron transport chain. If you tagged organic carbon inside a chloroplast with a fluorescent label, the location most likely to have a high concentration of labeled carbon would be in the Stroma Exam 4: During what stages of the cell cycle are sister chromatids bound together by cohesin? S, , prophase, metaphase The number of chromosomes in diploid eukaryotic cells: varies considerably from 2 to over 1000 in different species If a cell contained a mutation in the gene that encodes FtsZ, which process would be affected? Septation  Which best explains a component of meiosis? The cells that result from meiosis I are haploid, and each chromosome consists of 2 chromatids. During meiosis, sister chromatids are held together by  common centromere and a protein called cohesion.  The pairing of homologous chromosomes is called Synapsis The point of connection between two sister chromatids, before anaphase II of meiosis separates them, is called the Centromere What type of cross is used to determine if an individual with the dominant form of a trait is homozygous or heterozygous? Test cross Individuals that have 2 alleles for most gene loci are best described as Diploid The independent assortment of allele pairs is due to the independent segregation of homologous chromosome pairs during anaphase I Any genetic differences between individuals in a population are called polymorphisms. What is the relationship between recombination frequency and the actual physical distance on a chromosome?   As physical distance increases, the recombination frequency first increases in a linear fashion, but gradually levels off to a frequency of 0.5. The number of allele pairs that assort independently in an organism is generally much higher than the number of chromosome pairs. This phenomenon is due to Crossing over In some human populations, the proportion of individuals who are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele is much higher than would be expected by chance alone. Why? Heterozygous individuals have an advantage over individuals with two normal alleles. A human female with only one X chromosome is said to have a condition called Turner syndrome If a human female has 2 Barr bodies per cell, it is almost certain that she developed from a fertilized egg with 3 X chromosomes. Allele pairs are most likely to assort independently of one another when They are on different chromosomes Exam 5: The chemical bond connecting one nucleotide with the next along one strand of a DNA molecule is called a phosphodiester bond.  Suppose a new species of bacterium is discovered. It contains a form of DNA pol III that can add new nucleotides to either the 5\' end or the 3\' end of an existing strand. All other properties of the enzyme remain unchanged. How would DNA replication in these bacteria differ from normal replication? Both new strands could be synthesized continuously like the leading strand. The method of DNA replication, where each original strand is used as a template to build a new strand, is called the Semiconservative method DNA consists of two antiparallel strands of nucleotides held together by Hydrogen bonds If the sequence of bases in the template strand of a DNA molecule is 3\' ATCGCTCC 5\', what is the sequence of bases in the RNA that is transcribed from this molecule?  5\' UAGCGAGG 3\' During translation in prokaryotes, formation of the initiation complex requires all of the following except RNA polymerase The strand of DNA that is not transcribed is called the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ strand. Coding What is the difference between a gene that is derepressed and one that is induced? A gene that is derepressed is turned on because a repressor protein is not bound without its cofactor. By comparison, a gene that is induced is turned on because an inducer molecule prevents binding of the repressor. You work for a pharmaceutical company that designs small RNAs, used to control the expression of disease genes. The primary focus area of your research should be Translational repression In eukaryotes, specific transcription factors have two distinct domains: a DNA-binding domain and an activation domain. If you were able to look very closely at a portion of DNA and find methylated histones, you would be looking at a region of inactive chromatin.     Answers B D D A B B B A A D E B B C A A B D C x B D D B D C x B E C x D D D C C B E C C E C C B x A E A A x B C E C B C E C A A