Human Biology Final Exam Review Questions PDF

BIOL 14108 Human Biology Final Exam Review Questions Skeletal System and Muscles (up to Test 2) 1. List five functions of bone. Give an example of one bone that is an example of each function. 2. List the five categories of bones. How do they originate? Give an example (proper name) of each ty...

BIOL 14108 Human Biology Final Exam Review Questions Skeletal System and Muscles (up to Test 2) 1. List five functions of bone. Give an example of one bone that is an example of each function. 2. List the five categories of bones. How do they originate? Give an example (proper name) of each type of bone. Where in the body would you find examples of each type? 3. What are the names of the ends of a long bone? What is the shaft of the bone called? 4. What is the membrane that covers bones called? 5. What is the hollow inside long bones called? What’s it filled with? 6. What are the differences between compact and spongy bone? Where would you find each? Do they occur in the same bones? 7. What are the differences between an osteoblast, an osteoclast and an osteocyte? Where would you find each type of cell? Would you find any or all of them together in the same tissue? Why or why not? 8. What makes up the extracellular matrix of bone? 9. Give an example (proper name) of an endochondral bone and an intramembranous bone. How are they different? How are they similar? Where would you find each type of bone? 10. What are the differences between red and yellow marrow? Where do you find each? What is their function? 11. List the sections of the axial and appendicular skeleton. 12. Identify the following bones on a diagram of the skull: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, maxillae, mandible. 13. What is the foramen magnum? Where is it found? 14. How are the skulls of infants different from the skulls of adults (apart from their being smaller!)? 15. What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column? How many bones are in each section? 16. What are the first two vertebrae in the neck? How are they different from other vertebrae? What is their function? 17. How many ribs do humans typically have? Are they all the same? If not, how are they different? 18. List the bones of the pectoral girdle. Where are they found? 19. List the major bones of the upper arm. Identify which bones they are each joined to, and the type of joint. 20. List the bones of the pelvic girdle. Describe how the male and female pelvic girdle and pelvic cavity differ. 21. List the bones of the lower limb, and identify the bones each is joined to as well as the types of joints. 22. Describe the three types of joints that occur in the human body classed by connective tissue, and give an example of each. 23. What are the three types of muscle tissue in the human body? Give an example of each. 24. Identify the following in a diagram of skeletal muscle: fascia, aponeuroses, perimysium, fascicles, muscle fibre, myofibril. 25. On the drawing of a muscle cell, identify: sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, transverse tubules, myofibrils. 26. Identify the role of each of the following in skeletal muscle: transverse tubule, sarcoplasmic reticulum, actin, myosin. 27. What provides the energy for skeletal muscle contraction? 28. Why do muscles go stiff shortly after death? Why do they eventually relax? 29. What is the difference between a motor unit, a motor neuron and a motor end-plate? 30. How do skeletal muscle cells restore ATP levels without resorting to respiration in the mitochondria? 31. What is oxygen debt? How does it occur? How is it restored? What tissues are involved? 32. What is the minimum stimulus required to get a muscle cell to react? 33. How are we able to have fine muscle control if muscle fibres respond to stimulation in an all-or-none fashion? 34. What is the relationship between a twitch and a tetanic contraction? 35. How are smooth and skeletal muscles different? How are they alike? 36. How are smooth and cardiac muscles different? How are they alike? 37. What terms are applied to where muscles anchor to tissues? 38. What do we call the muscle in any group doing the majority of the work? What do we call the muscle that opposes it? 39. For the following skeletal muscles, identify the origin and insertion (the bone, not the processes) and action: Masseter Latissimus dorsi Gluteus maximus Temporalis Biceps brachii Gracilis Sternocleidomastoid Brachialis Sartorius Trapezius Triceps brachii Biceps femoris Levator scapulae External oblique Semitendinosus Pectoralis minor Internal oblique Gastrocnemius Pectoralis major Rectus abdominus Soleus Deltoid Psoas major Tibialis anterior 40. What are the hamstrings? Name the muscles that make up this group. 41. What are the quadriceps? Name the muscles that make up this group. Nervous and Sensory Systems 42. Describe the relationship between a nerve, a neuron and a neurotransmitter. 43. Distinguish between the CNS and PNS. 44. What are the differences between neurons and neuroglia. Describe the features of neurons and the neuroglia of the CNS. 45. What are the nodes of Ranvier? Where are they found? What function do they serve? 46. What are the three structural classes of neurons? Draw each type of neuron. 47. What are the three functional classes of neurons? Describe how their functions differ. 48. What is a synapse? Draw and label the major parts of a synapse. 49. What do we call the difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane of a resting cell? How is it maintained? 50. Describe the sequence of events that lead to an action potential arising in a neuron. 51. Describe and compare how an action potential moves along a myelinated and an unmyelinated neuron. 52. What is the resting potential of a typical neuron (in millivolts)? 53. Why do action potentials only travel in one direction along a neuron? 54. What is a neurotransmitter? Describe the events of synaptic transmission. 55. What is a neuronal pool? 56. Distinguish between convergence and divergence as they relate to the nervous system. 57. Identify the major features and membranes in a diagram of a nerve. 58. What are the three types of nerve? How do their functions differ? Give an example of each from the cranial nerves. 59. What is a reflex arc? What is the simplest reflex arc? 60. What are the three meninges surrounding the brain? Describe each. 61. Describe the functions of the cerebrum, the diencephalon, the cerebellum and the brainstem. 62. Describe the functional regions of the cerebral cortex. 63. On a diagram of the brain, identify the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Identify the cerebellum and the brainstem. 64. What is the relationship between the thalamus and hypothalamus? What activities are they involved in? 65. Describe the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system. 66. How many cranial nerves are there? How many spinal nerves? 67. Describe the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. 68. What are the five types of general receptors in the sensory system? Give an example of where you would find each. 69. Describe the difference between sensation and perception. 70. What is sensory adaptation? Give an example of how you might experience this phenomenon. 71. What are the special senses? 72. What are the five types of taste receptor? 73. Describe the taste pathway. 74. How is sound transmitted from the outer ear to the inner ear? 75. Describe the auditory pathways. 76. Distinguish between the organs involved in static and dynamic equilibrium. Why do we have this division? 77. What are the visual accessory organs? 78. What are the three layers of the eye? 79. Identify the major features of the eye in a cross-sectional diagram. 80. Distinguish between the two types of photoreceptor. 81. Describe the visual pathways.