Medicinal Plants PG 101 Course Introduction PDF

Medicinal Plants PG 101 Course co-ordinator Dr. Mouchira Choucry Professor of Pharmacognosy and medicinal plants Presented by Dr. Rania A. El Gedaily Assistant Professor of Pharmacognosy and medicinal plants ...

Medicinal Plants PG 101 Course co-ordinator Dr. Mouchira Choucry Professor of Pharmacognosy and medicinal plants Presented by Dr. Rania A. El Gedaily Assistant Professor of Pharmacognosy and medicinal plants  Medicinal Plants PG101 Course description ``The course gives a general introduction to Pharmacognosy (medicinal plant definition, classification, factors affecting cultivation, collection, drying, packing, storage and adulteration of medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites). The course covers the drugs derived the leaves as one of the plant organs: classification, morphology, histology, monographs, herbarium, powdered drug identification, adulteration, chemical tests, active constituents, uses, and pharmaceutical preparations of leaves e.g. senna, belladonna, datura, hyoscyamus, digitalis, ginkgo, tea, uva ursi, and henna.`` Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO’s) By the end of this course, students should be able to: 1- Demonstrate the morphological and histological characters, active constituents and uses of drugs composed of leaves. 2-Choose a proper natural drug for treatment of a given case. 3-Compare between closely allied drugs 4-Use microscope and chemical tests to identify the drugs.  Practical part Theoretical part - In lecture halls - In laboratories - Introduction about pharmacognosy - Provide you with the practical skills to and scientific study of some identify and characterize medicinal medicinal plants. plants in its entire and powder form. Evaluation: Evaluation: Periodical (20 Marks) Practical exam (25 Marks) Final written exam (75Marks) Activity (5 Marks) Final oral exam (15 Marks) Attendance & Participation (10 Marks) = 150 Marks For each part: The learning material (power point slides ± hand out) is available online. A review questions will also be available online. Text Book Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy Online dictionary: http://www.almaany.com/en/dict/ ar-en/alkaloids/ For latin names: http://davesgarden.com/guides/ botanary/search.php?search_te xt=Syzygium  Medicine Chemical synthesis Plant Animal Mineral Botany Pharmacognosy  I-Introduction Pharmacognosy : ✓ is the study of medicines derived from natural sources ✓ It is an applied science dependent on botany and chemistry. Latin words: pharmakon (drug) gignoso (to acquire knowledge of) Greek words: pharmakon (drug) Gnosis (knowledge) So, Pharmacognosy means: “The entire knowledge of drugs”.  Pharmacognosy is the study Of the: Structural, ✓ Physical, ✓ Chemical, ✓ Sensory characters of crude drugs of vegetable, animal and mineral origin and their history. Cultivation of the medicinal plants and methods for their collection. Crude Drugs:  The term “Crude Drugs” = “Raw Drugs” The plant or animal sources of pharmaceutically useful products before they undergo extensive processing or modification i.e. fresh or dried, bulk or in powder form - Tea - Caffeine -Vanilla pods containing drinks - vanillin powder and medicines  The crude drug may be :  The whole plant or animal.  A part of plant or animal which is used in a pharmaceutical product. Types of crude drugs Dusting powder 12 Examples: senna leaf fennel fruit clove flower gelatin Story of a medicinal plant from cultivation to pharmaceutical product Example: Tea grinding Tea plant collection Drying Crude drug farming Isolation of caffeine Caffeine crystals Functions of a Pharmacognosist: 1. Identification of the source of the materials forming a drug e.g. which plant organ contains caffeine 2. Determination of its morphological characters. e.g. differentiate between tea and other plants 3. Prescription of processes of collection and preparation. e.g time of collection and method of drying of tea leaves 4. Investigation of the purity and freedom from admixture. e.g. tea powder not mixed with saw dust or fruit. 5. Identification of the constituents and investigation of their chemical nature and potency. e.g. caffeine chemical structure and content in the plant 6. Preparation of a standardized active extract of the medicinal plant. e.g. best method to prepare a cup of tea with high content and definite amount of caffeine  Toxic or not effective Banned drug Disease If toxic If toxic Test on Safe and effective animals Clinical trials on patients Safe and effective Established safety and efficacy Go to Market Non-official drug Mentioned in Pharmacopoeia Official drug Official and Non-official Drugs: Official drug is the one listed and described in a book recognized by the government as the legal authority for standards (Pharmacopoeia). The first Egyptian Pharmacopoeia appeared in English in 1953 and in Arabic in 1961 *British Pharmacopoeia: B.P. *Egyptian Pharm.: E.P. *Deutsch Pharm.: D.A.B.  Non-official drugs are ones whose safety and medicinal efficacy are established, but not yet recognized by the government. (safe but not yet listed in the pharmacopoeia)  Medicinal Plant Monograph: It includes: 1. Name of the plant: English, Latin, commercial names and the synonyms. + Photo or drawing 2. Description of the plant: to help in its identification. 3. Active constituents: names of the active constituent and its quantity. 4. Medicinal uses of the plant. 5. Contraindications and side effects.  Monographs of Medicinal Plants Just Reading ☺ Bulbus Allii Sativi Definition Bulbus Allii Sativi consists of the fresh or dried bulbs of Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae) (1, 2). Synonyms Porvium sativum Rehb. (1, 3). Selected vernacular names It is most commonly known as " garlic ". Ail, ail commun, ajo, akashneem, allium, alubosa elewe, ayo-ishi, ayu, banlasun, camphor of the poor, dai tóan, dasuan, dawang, dra thiam, foom, Gartenlauch, hom khaao, hom kía, hom thiam, hua thiam, kesumphin, kitunguu-sumu, Knoblauch, kra thiam, krathiam, krathiam cheen, krathiam khaao, l'ail, lahsun, lai, lashun, lasan, lasun, lasuna, Lauch, lay, layi, lehsun, lesun, lobha, majo, naharu, nectar of the gods, ninniku, pa-se-waa, poor man's treacle, rason, rasonam, rasun, rustic treacles, seer, skordo, sluôn, stinking rose, sudulunu, ta-suam, ta-suan, tafanuwa, tellagada, tellagaddalu, thiam, toi thum, tum, umbi bawang putih, vallaippundu, velluli, vellulli (1–13). Monographs of Medicinal Plants Just Reading ☺ Description A perennial, erect bulbous herb, 30–60 cm tall, strong smelling when crushed. The underground portion consists of a compound bulb with numerous fibrous rootlets; the bulb gives rise above ground to a number of narrow, keeled, grasslike leaves. The leaf blade is linear, flat, solid, 1.0–2.5cm wide, 30–60 cm long, and has an acute apex. Leaf sheaths form a pseudostem. Inflorescences are umbellate; scape smooth, round, solid, and coiled at first, subtended by membraneous, long-beaked spathe, splitting on one side and remaining attached to umbel. Small bulbils are produced in inflorescences; flowers are variable in number and sometimes absent, seldom open and may wither in bud. Flowers are on slender pedicels; consisting of perianth of 6 segments, about 4–6mm long, pinkish; stamens 6, anthers exserted; ovary superior, 3-locular. Fruit is a small loculicidal capsule. Seeds are seldom if ever produced (8, 9). Plant material of interest: fresh or dried bulbs  Monographs of Medicinal Plants Just Reading ☺ Major chemical constituents The most important chemical constituents reported from Bulbus Allii Sativi are the sulfur compounds (7, 9, 24, 25). It has been estimated that cysteine sulfoxides (e.g. alliin ) and the non-volatile γ-glutamylcysteine peptides make up more than 82% of the total sulfur content of garlic (25). The thiosulfinates (e.g. allicin ), ajoenes (e.g. E-ajoene , Z-ajoene ), vinyldithiins (e.g. 2-vinyl-(4H)-1,3-dithiin , 3-vinyl-(4H)-1,2-dithiin ), and sulfides (e.g. diallyl disulfide , diallyl trisulfide ), however, are not naturally occurring compounds. Rather, they are degradation products from the naturally occurring cysteine sulfoxide, alliin. When the garlic bulb is crushed, minced, or otherwise processed, alliin is released from compartments and interacts with the enzyme alliinase in adjacent vacuoles. Monographs of Medicinal Plants Medicinal uses Uses supported by clinical data Just Reading ☺ As an adjuvant to dietetic management in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia, and in the prevention of atherosclerotic (age-dependent) vascular changes (5, 27–31). The drug may be useful in the treatment of mild hypertension (11, 28). Uses described in pharmacopoeias and in traditional systems of medicine The treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections, ringworm and rheumatic conditions (1, 4, 7, 9, 11). The herb has been used as a carminative in the treatment of dyspepsia (32). Uses described in folk medicine, not supported by experimental or clinical data As an aphrodisiac, antipyretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, and sedative, to treat asthma and bronchitis, and to promote hair growth (6, 9, 13). Pharmacology Experimental pharmacology Bulbus Allii Sativi has a broad range of antibacterial and antifungal activity (13). The essential oil, water, and ethanol extracts, and the juice inhibit the in vitro growth of Bacillus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sonnei, Erwinia carotovora,Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Proteus species, Streptococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida species, Cryptococcus species  Monographs of Medicinal Plants Just Reading ☺ Contraindications Bulbus Allii Sativi is contraindicated in patients with a known allergy to the drug. The level of safety for Bulbus Allii Sativi is reflected by its worldwide use as a seasoning in food. Warnings Consumption of large amounts of garlic may increase the risk of postoperative bleeding (128, 129). Precautions Drug interactions Patients on warfarin therapy should be warned that garlic supplements may increase bleeding times. Blood clotting times have been reported to double in patients taking warfarin and garlic supplements (130). Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertility Bulbus Allii Sativi is not mutagenic in vitro (Salmonella microsome reversion assay and Escherichia coli) (131, 132). Herbal Monograph on Wild Medicinal Plants in Egypt (edaegypt.gov.eg)  II-History of Pharmacognosy Just Reading ☺ Pharmaconosy is the oldest of all pharmacy sciences. Folk medicine (home remedies) = Traditional medicine: Emerged by acquiring knowledge of crude drugs, primitive man gradually learnt which plants were edible, poisonous or spices Plant based food always have medicinal uses. e.g. lemon, Papaya and onions. 1-Ancient Egyptian Period 3000 B.C: 25 1-Ancient Egyptian Period 3000 B.C: Just Reading ☺ The ancient Egyptians were experts in using drugs for curing diseases. The first recorded prescriptions were found in the Egyptian tombs. One of the best known and most complete of the ancient herbals is the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus, a 70-foot-long medical scroll discovered in the 1870s. It lists 800 recipes Acacia, colocynth, anise, onion and palms……etc were recorded 26 2-Old Indian Medicine 2500 B.C.: 27 2-Old Indian Medicine 2500 B.C.: The fresh plants were considered to be the most effective. The collection of plant materials was done by an innocent, pure and religious person. Sandal wood, pepper, sesame oil , cannabis …..etc 28 3-The Old Chinese Medicine 1000 B.C.: 29 3-The Old Chinese Medicine 1000 B.C.: It is very acknowledged for the herbal medicine. Their book includes many recipes for every disease. Among the plants and minerals highly esteemed for its magic health and inducing power were: Ginseng, Rhubarb, Ephedra ……etc. 30 4-The Greeks and Romans 460 B.C.: 31 4-The Greeks and Romans 460 B.C.: They treated many diseases by drugs. Pythagoras used drugs as mustard and squill, etc. Hippocrates wrote “Copus Hipocraticum”. Ophrates pupil of Aristolle numerated 500 plants [Ergot was one of them]. 32 33 5-Islamic Contribution: Arabs added many plants to those already known by the Greeks and Romans. The first beginnings of chemistry, which is derived from the Arabic word “Kemia”. In their days: The pharmacy attained its highest reputation and became an independent branch of medicine. The first pharmacy was opened in Baghdad and was made of Sandal wood and named “Sandalia”. 34 35 36 37 Folk medicine and Phytotherapy:  Folk medicine ‫ الطب الشعبى‬has evolved through the knowledge of the preventive and curative properties of crude drugs.  Phytotherapy ‫التداوى باألعشاب‬ The knowledge is to be verified by:  Botanist.  Pharmacognosist.  Pharmacologist.  Clinical pharmacist.  III-Origin of Drugs 1. Natural or 2. Geographical 3. Commercial biological origin origin origin  Example (Tea) Natural or Biological origin: Thea sinensis (Family Theaceae) Geographical origin: India, Kenya, Sri Lanka Commercial origin : English Tea 39 1. Natural or Biological Origin or Sources: The natural origin of a drug is either from Botanical origin or Zoological origin plant animal Natural or Biological Origin; ✓ Indicates the name of plant & family from which the drug is obtained ✓ Approves the supply of the proper drug with the required medicinal activity. ✓ If the drug is obtained from one & the same species, the supply of the drug will be always of the same potency, this required authentic sample or genuine sample to comparison. 40  Nomenclature The Binomial system A system used for plants naming This system was created by Linnaus (a Swedish scientist) He gave each plant a name formed of two words Genus species name name e.g. Atropa belladonna L. Family Solanaceae The name of the plant should be followed by the name of the botanist who first described the species or variety.  Plant kingdom ---- Division --- class --- -- order ---- Family----- genera ---- species The Binomial system:  It is due to the Swedish biologist Linnaus.  In this system the first name is spelt with capital letter denotes the genus, whilst the second name denotes the species (in italic).  The name of the plant should be followed by the name of the botanist who first described the species or variety.  Atropa belladonna L.  The name is written either italic or underlined. The species name is usually chosen to indicate: 1. Some striking characters of the plant: - Glycyrrhiza glabra (glabrous=smooth). -Atropa belladonna (bella=beautiful, donna=lady) -Hyoscyamus muticus (muticus=short). The species name is usually chosen to indicate: 2. A characteristic colour: -Piper nigrum (=black). -Citrus aurantium (=golden-yellow) -Digitalis purpurea (=purple) -Digitalis lanata (=yellow) 3. An aromatic plant or certain aroma: - Myristica fragrans (nice aroma). - Caryophyllus aromaticus (refers to aroma). 4. A geographical source or history of a drug: -Cannabis indica (growing in India). 5. A pharmaceutical activity or an active constituent: - Brayera anthelmentica (expelling worms). - Papaver somniferum (sleep inducing) -Strychnos nux vomica (nut causing vomiting). 6. A general meaning or a special indication  Allium sativum (=cultivated).  Triticum vulgare (=wild).  The genus name may also refer to certain characters of the plant: Atropa, from atropos means the Greek fate that cuts the thread of life. Glyccyrhiza is from glucose=sweet, riza=root. Synonyms: Senna, Sana, Sanamakki.  III-Origin of Drugs 1. Natural or 2. Geographical 3. Commercial biological origin origin origin 47 2. Geographical Sources of Drugs: It is the region in which the plant or animal yielding the drug grows. It also assists in the identification of the biological origin because it is generally known that plants of a certain type come from particular areas. The climatic condition affects Plant Plant Active Plant growth constituents. distribution 48  Medicinal plants are collected in all parts of the world, though the tropics and subtropics yield more medicinal plants than do the Arctic and Antractic regions. The Mediterranean region and Turkey yield more medicinal plants than any other region.  Plants growing in their native countries are called Indigenous.  Plants are said to be naturalized when they grow in a foreign land or in a locality other than their native home.  Plants, not of native origin are called exotic.  The active constituents are greatly affected by the region in which the plant grows e.g. Cannabis sativa (Cannabis indica) grown in India and other Italy and subtropical countries cold countries Large tree, strong fibers Contain the resin (active constituents) But no resin ( resin contains cannabinol,…), “free from the active constituents” indigenous plant When the plant is grown in its native country 51  III-Origin of Drugs 1. Natural or 2. Geographical 3. Commercial biological Sources\ origin origin origin of Drugs 52 3. The commercial Origin: Just reading It refers to its production & its channels of trade. Drugs frequently bear a commercial name indicating the country region in which they are collected e.g.: [English Hyoscyamus leaves are gatherd from England] Or indicate a certain variety [Spanish Liquorice is a variety of liquorice originally produced in Spain but now produced else where]. 53  FLORA  A flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous—native plant life. e.g. The Egyptian flora Flora of Egypt (by Lotfy Boulis) Flora of Sinai The distribution of plants is usually in four main phyto-geographical regions:  The Libyan Desert on the Western bank of the Nile, “Province of the Great Sahara” Glycyrrhiza glabra  The Arabian desert, including Sinai, on the Eastern bank of the Nile. “Egyptian Arabian Province” Hyoscymus muticus  The Northern Mediterranean coast belt, “ Mediterranean Province” Aloe vera  The Nile-Valley including the Nile Delta, which belongs to the fertile and most intensively cultivated and productive areas of the world. Ammi visnaga  IV-Cultivation of Medicinal Plants: Medicinal plants could be collected from wild or cultivated plants.  Despite the advantages of crude drugs from cultivated sources, a small percentage of drugs in use are derived from cultivated plants, although the market of cultivated plants is ever growing. Why?  Wild plants Cultivated plants Sparse distribution (in desert or In limited area, so easy to reach and be jungles), therefore it is diffciult to reach transported (accessible) and be transported (not so accessible). Cheap (no farming costs) but subjected More expensive, but all operations are to collection by untrained people. done by skilled and well-trained labor. Supply can not meet the needs of the Constant and sufficient supply market. Have proper quality and quantity of Can have the same quality as wild plants active constituents. or inferior quality. However, It can be improved through selection of higly- producing strains and providing conditions to increase the yield. Subject to overharvesting (ruthless Uniformity of the plants decrease the collection), some are endangered plants biodiversity and make them susceptible subject to extinction. to infections.  Advantages of wild plants: - Cheap (no farming costs) - Have the proper quality and quantity of the active constituents (e.g. wild plants have stronger aroma) - Genuine (no cross hybridization).  Disadvantages of wild plants - Occur in unlimited areas. “Sparse distribution” - Difficulty in reaching these plants. - Difficulty in transportation. - Insufficient supply to the market. - Collection is done by unskilled people “improper time & adulteration” -Continual collection leads to a great deficiency “Ruthless collection” (danger of extinction, sustainable development)  Advantages of cultivated plants 1- Concentrated in a limited area. 2- Easy to reach. 3- Improvement of drugs by : a-selecting good strains of seeds to yield plants of better quality and higher active constituents (tissue culture, grafting). b-improvement of soil by fertilizers and control of pests (organic). 4- Assurance of regular and constant sufficient supply. 5- Controlled specifications of the plants. 6-Ease of transport when cultivation is done near the pharmaceutical companies 7- All operations are done by trained and qualified workers  Disadvantages of cultivated plants 1- Expensive. 2- Adverse weather and insect attack (have a weak resistance). 3- Social necessity. 4- Must be on a large scale to succeed.  Summary I-Introduction ✓ Pharmacognosy ✓Crude (raw) drug & examples ✓ Official drug (Pharmacopeia) ✓ Role of a Pharmacognosist ✓ Classification of Drugs II-History of Pharmacognosy Just Reading ☺ ❑ III-Origin of Drugs ❑ IV-Cultivation of Medicinal Plants 64