FIG 2 Anatomy 2 PDF

**[INTRODUCTION]** A gymnastics coach is responsible for producing healthy and happy gymnasts. A knowledge of anatomy will improve the coach's ability to recognize potential problems regarding muscle and bone injuries or strains. Knowledge on how muscles function will aid in improving training pr...

**[INTRODUCTION]** A gymnastics coach is responsible for producing healthy and happy gymnasts. A knowledge of anatomy will improve the coach's ability to recognize potential problems regarding muscle and bone injuries or strains. Knowledge on how muscles function will aid in improving training programs and help measure success of the programs. Overtraining is one of the most common reasons for injuries. Not understanding which muscles have what function or action is another reason for causing training problems. In this section we will explore muscles and functions to help coaches understand how to identify muscles, their function and actions. **[SHOULDER MUSCLES]** **[DELTOID]** Proximal attachment   Lateral clavicle (anterior head)  Acromion process (middle head)  Lateral spine scapula(posterior head) Distal attachment  Deltoid tubercle of humerus Function  Anterior head = shoulder flexion  Middle head = shoulder abduction  Posterior head = shoulder extension **[PECTORALIS MAJOR ]** ### Proximal attachment  Sternum and clavicle   ### Distal attachment  Bicipital groove of humerus ### Function  Horizontal adduction  Bringing arm down from overhead (ext. & add.) **[LATISSIMUS DORSI ]** Proximal attachment  Bottom 6 thoracic vertebrae  All Lumbar vertebrae  Sacrum   Distal attachment   Bicipital groove of humerus Function  Horizontal abduction of humerus  Bringing arm down from overhead  Extension and Adduction  Medial rotation of humerus **[ORIGINS]** **  **Inferior portion of scapula  Ribs 09-12  Posterior third of iliac crest  T07 - L05 - Sacrum  Thoracolumbar fascia **[ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES]** Many shoulder problems in gymnastics is a result of injury to the Rotator cuff muscles. **[CAUSES]** ** ** Lack of physical preparation  Overuse  Over training certain skills  Lack of flexibility training **[SUPRASPINATUS]** ### Proximal attachment  Supraspinous fossa ### Distal attachment  Top, proximal humerus ### Function  Shoulder abduction **[INFRASPINATUS]** ### Proximal attachment  Infraspinous fossa ### Distal attachment  Proximal posterior humerus ### Function  Shoulder extension  External rotation **[TERES MINOR]** ### Proximal attachment  Infraspinous fossa ### Distal attachment  Proximal posterior humerus ### Function  Shoulder extension  External rotation **[SUBSCAPULARI]** ### Proximal attachment  Subscapular fossa ### Proximal attachment  Proximal anterior humerus ### Function  Internal rotation **[MOVING AND STABILIZING SCAPULA]** **[4 MAIN MUSCLES]**  Trapezius  Serratus Anterior  Rhomboids  Levator Scapula **[TRAPEZIUS]** ### Proximal attachment  Base of skull to T12 vertebra. ### Distal attachment  Spine of the scapula ### Function  Upper - shoulder elevation  Middle - shoulder retraction  Lower - shoulder depression **[SERRATUS ANTERIOR]** ### Proximal attachment  Anterior medial border scapula ### Distal attachment  Anterior ribs 1-8 ### Function  Shoulder protraction **[RHOMBOIDS]** ### Proximal attachment  Spinous processes T2 to T5 ### Distal attachment  Medial border of the scapula ### Function  Scapular retraction **[LEVATOR SCAPULAE]** ### Proximal attachment  Transverse processes of C1 to C4. ### Distal attachment  Medial border of Scapula. ### Function  Scapular elevation **[COMMON INJURYS IN THE SHOULDER AREA]** **[ROTATOR CUFF ATRAINS AND TEARS]** ### **How to prevent:**  Posture correction, and rotator cuff strengthening to help prevent impingement.   Coach - Focus on good posture of your gymnasts to help prevent shoulder injuries. Be sure your gymnast can lift his/her arms by his/her ears without arching from their back. **[LATRAL TEARS (SLAP TEAR)]** ### **How to prevent:**      Posture correction can help prevent this type of injury. Strengthening your periscapular and shoulder area can also help athletes avoid labrum tears.      Coach: Be careful with skills that require shoulder dislocation skills, Like Adler and Ring swings. Proper preparation of the shoulders is required. **[TRUNK MUSCLES]** **[CORE STABILIZING ]** [Transverse abdominis] Located under the obliques, it is the deepest of the abdominal muscles and wraps around your spine for protection and stability. [Internal abdominal oblique] Located under the external obliques, running in the opposite direction. [External abdominal oblique] Located on the side and front of the abdomen. [Rectus abdominis] Located along the front of the abdomen, this is the most well-known abdominal. Often referred to as the \"six-pack\". **[ABDOMINALS ]** **[LINEA ALBA ]** Attachments  Sternum (Tip of xiphoid process) to pubic bone. Function  Attachment site for trunk muscles. **[RECTUS ABDOMINIS]** ### Attachments  Sternum (& adjacent ribs) to pubic bone. ### Function  Trunk flexion  Pelvis stabilization **[EXTERNAL OBLIQUE]** ### Attachments  Lateral ribs downward to anterior ilium, pubis & Linea alba. ### Function  Trunk flexion & rotation  Pelvis stabilization **[INTERNAL OBLIQUE]** ### Attachments  Linea alba downward to lateral crest of pubis & ilium. ### Function  Trunk flexion & rotation  Pelvis stabilization **[TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS ]** ### Attachments  Linea alba to lower ribs, crest of ilium & to spine. ### Function  Compresses abdomen  Spine & trunk stabilization **[CORE STABILIZING ]** **[2 MAIN MUSCLES IN THE BACK]**  Erector Spinae  Quadratus Lunborum **[BACK MUSCLES ]** **[ERECTOR SPINAE]** ### Attachments  Iliac crest, all vertebrae - to the base of the skull. ### Function  Trunk extension, anti gravity  Trunk stability  Very important for back injury prevention **[QUADRATUS LUMBORUM]** ### Attachments  Iliac crest - to ribs ### Function  Trunk lateral flexion (side bending)  Trunk stability  Pelvis "hitching" (lateral elevation) **[MULTIFIDUS MUSCLES]** Thick deep muscles on both sides of the spine. ### Attachments  Transverse and spinous processes of vertebrae. ### Function  Trunk lateral flexion (side bending)  Trunk extension **[HIP MUSCLES]** **[ILIOPSOAS]** Attachments  Illiac fossa and lumbar spin  Femur Function  Flexion of the hip **[HAMSTRINGS]** ### Proximal attachment  Ischial tuberosity ### ### Distal attachment  Posterior Proximal tibia (medial & lateral) ### ### Function  Hip extension  Knee flexion **[COMMON INJURIES HIPS ]** **[HIP FLEXOR TENDONITIS]** Repetitive forces on hip flexor muscles -Iliopsoas and rectus femoris muscle.  As a result of repetitive overuse of these muscles.  To prevent this -- proper stretching, good techniques and enough physical preparation. **[FEMORAL ACETABULAR IMPINGEMENT (FAI)]**  Abnormal forces and contact between the acetabulum (pelvis) and femur which leads to injury to the labrum (cartilage ring in the hip).  To prevent this - proper stretching and landing mechanics, core strength and gluteus/hip strength. **[LEG MUSCLES]** **[QUADRICEPS FEMORIS]** ### Proximal attachment  Anterior Proximal femur (3 Vastus muscles)  Anterior ilium (Rectus femoris) ### ### Distal attachment  Anterior proximal tibia (tibial tuberosity) ### ### Function  Knee extension  Hip flexion (Rectus femoris) **[4 INDIVIDUAL MUSCLES ]**  Rectus Femoris  Vastus Medialis  Vastus Lateralis  Vastus Intermedius **[LOWER LEG]** **[GASTROCNEMIUS]** ### Proximal attachment  Posterior distal femur (medial & lateral) ### ### Distal attachment  Calcaneus ### ### Function  Foot plantar flexor (take off, point)  Knee flexor  **[SOLEUS]** ### Proximal attachment  Posterior proximal tibia ### ### Distal attachment  Calcaneus ### ### Function  Foot plantar flexor **[COMMON INJURIES OF THE LEG]** **[ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (ACL)]** Occurs with a "plant and twisting" injury - when the gymnast performs a twisting salto/flip and their foot plants/lands, but their body keeps spinning this causes the tear. The ACL stops the knee from shifting forward meaning it prevents anterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur. How to prevent: Focus on gluteus, hip, and hamstring strength, and practicing proper landing mechanics (avoid valgus/knocked knees landing). Medial & Lateral collateral ligament injuries. **[MEDIAL AND LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT]** An MCL injury happens with landing forces inward (Medial) with the knees or outward (Lateral). How to prevent: Focus on gluteus, hip, and hamstring strength, practicing proper landing mechanics (avoid valgus/knocked knees landing). **[ANKLE SPRAINS]** When a gymnast "rolls" their ankle -** **Three grades: Grade 1: Ligaments not disrupted - bruising and inflammation minimal - no pain with weight bearing. Grade 2: Ligaments stretched but no tear - bruising and inflammation moderate - mild pain with weight bearing. Grade 3: Ligaments completely torn -- bruising and inflammation severe - severe pain with weight bearing. **[PREVENTION]** Physical preparation - focus on proprioception/single leg balance exercises, landing mechanics, and proper warm up and stretch prior to starting practice**.** **[REMEMBER THIS ]** All gymnastics skills are the result of: muscles** **generating torques ** **to move** **skeletal** **levers ** **about** **joints** **(axes)...