Functional Anatomy: Some Basics PDF

Some basics  Lots of learning facts  Bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments  ‘Normal’  Some variations Musculoskeletal podiatry  Assessment, diagnosis & treatment of biomechanical conditions primarily affecting the lower limbs  Biomechanics ◦ “Application of mecha...

Some basics  Lots of learning facts  Bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments  ‘Normal’  Some variations Musculoskeletal podiatry  Assessment, diagnosis & treatment of biomechanical conditions primarily affecting the lower limbs  Biomechanics ◦ “Application of mechanical laws to living structures, specifically locomotor system of human body” ◦ Or more simply…  The study of the human body and how it moves in mechanical terms  You can’t do any of this well without knowing your anatomy!  Terminology  Planes & axes of motion  Needed to be able to communicate across and between professions  Remember it is not always appropriate to use medical/technical terminology in your conversations with patients ◦ To do  Find out what health literacy is Dorsal Plantar  Superior ◦ Towards upper part  Eg, superior aspect of foot is the top of the foot  Inferior ◦ Towards lower part  Eg, inferior aspect of foot is the sole of the foot  Anterior ◦ Towards front  Eg, kneecap is on the anterior side of leg  Posterior ◦ Towards back  Eg, heels are at the posterior aspect of the foot  Medial ◦ Towards midline of the body  Eg, big toe is at the medial side of the foot  Lateral ◦ Away from midline of the body  Eg, little toe is at the lateral side of the foot  Proximal ◦ Towards origin/attachment of a part  Eg, proximal end of femur is at the hip  Distal ◦ Away from origin/attachment of a part  Eg, toes are at distal end of the foot  Dorsal ◦ On top surface of foot  Eg, toenails are on the dorsal aspect of your toes  Plantar ◦ On bottom surface of foot  Eg, you walk on the plantar surface of your feet Dorsal Plantar  Plane in which motion occurs  Three cardinal planes ◦ Sagittal ◦ Transverse ◦ Frontal  Intersect at body's centre of gravity (CoG)  Provide reference points from which to describe ◦ Position/deformity of a part of the body ◦ Joint motion  Line around which motion occurs  Perpendicular to plane of motion  3 cardinal axes of motion ◦ 1 vertical ◦ 2 horizontal  Anterior-posterior vertical plane  Side to side horizontal axis  Plane parallel to horizon  Vertical axis  Side-to-side vertical plane  Front to back horizontal axis  Sagittal plane movements, horizontal axis  Dorsiflexion ◦ Decreases angle between foot and lower leg  Plantarflexion ◦ Increases angle between foot and lower leg  Transverse plane movements, vertical axis  Adduction ◦ Movement towards midline of body  Abduction ◦ Movement away from midline of body  Frontal plane movements, horizontal axis  Inversion ◦ Plantar aspect of foot tilted inwards  Eversion ◦ Plantar aspect of foot tilted outwards  Click on this image for a short Youtube clip on planes and axes of motion  Triplanar motion ◦ Simultaneous movement of abduction, eversion & dorsiflexion ◦ Rotation of foot so sole faces away from the body  Triplanar axis ◦ Passes diagonally through foot from lateral, posterior, plantar to medial, anterior & dorsal P Pronation Ab ABduction E Eversion D Dorsiflexion  Triplanar motion ◦ Simultaneous movement of adduction, inversion & plantarflexion ◦ Rotation of foot so sole faces towards the body  Triplanar axis ◦ Same as for pronation S Supination Ad ADduction P Plantarflexion In Inversion  Compression  Tension  Shear  Torsion  Bending  Combined loading Give examples for each  Area of support beneath the body  The direction a force is acting in ◦ Gravity will act straight down  Point at which mass of an object appears to act  In human body in anatomical position ◦ Just anterior to lumbosacral junction  CoG not always within the body  Why is it important to know where the CoG is?  The most stable standing position is when the line of gravity runs down through the CoG and into the base of support  What happens if you stand with your feet together and bend forwards at the waist?  Motion ◦ Abduction/ing, adduction/ing, inversion/ting, eversion/ting, plantarflexion/ing, dorsiflexion/ing, supination/ing, pronation/ing  “this foot is inverting” or “this is inversion”  Position ◦ Abducted, adducted, inverted, everted  “this foot is inverted”  Deformity ◦ Abductus, adductus, varus, valgus  “this is forefoot varus”  Determined by structure of joint  Simple movements ◦ Motion primarily in one plane  Knee; ankle  Compound movements ◦ Motion in two or three planes simultaneously  Pronation & supination  Subtalar & midtarsal joints are triplanar  Fixed structural position of foot/part of foot that it would assume if it were inverted  Position of foot/part of foot that it would assume if it were everted PLANE MOTION POSITION DEFORMITY e.g. Transverse Adduction Adducted Adductus Transverse Abduction Abducted Abductus Frontal Inversion Inverted Varus Frontal Eversion Everted Valgus Sagittal Plantarflexion Plantarflexed Equinus Sagittal Dorsiflexion Dorsiflexed Calcaneus Triplane Supination Supinated Talipes equinovarus Triplane Pronation Pronated Pes planus Some extra biomechanical terminology…  That set of circumstances that does not produce symptomatology or pathology  Set of circumstances that is not ‘normal’, but does not necessarily produce symptoms ◦ When it does, it is considered to be pathological Talipes equinovarus (TEV)  Scalar difference between limit of motion in one direction & limit in opposite direction  Good functioning position around which motion occurs in a joint  May change  A change of structure, position or function of one part of body in an attempt to adjust to a deviation of structure, position or function of another part  Tends to produce pathological outcomes for patient ◦ Symptoms!  Considered abnormal unless occurring as a result of environmental circumstances ◦ Eg, walking on uneven terrain  A greater range of motion than ‘normal’  Any motion occurring in a joint at a time when that joint should be stable ◦ Hypermobile 1st MTPJ functionally produces hallux abductus, eventually producing subluxation Genu recurvatum: hyperextended knee  Partial dislocation produced by motion within a joint that is contrary to its normal plane of motion, or that exceeds range of motion of that joint Any questions? You can also use the discussion board in BBL –your classmates might have the same questions as you…!