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MODULE 1 Understanding the Basic concepts and definitions in Social Work  THE LESSON STRUCTURE MODULE No. 1. Lesson 1: Definition of Social Welfare, its views and conceptions, categories, and goals. Time Frame: Within 1 week Introdu...

MODULE 1 Understanding the Basic concepts and definitions in Social Work  THE LESSON STRUCTURE MODULE No. 1. Lesson 1: Definition of Social Welfare, its views and conceptions, categories, and goals. Time Frame: Within 1 week Introduction: Welcome, aspiring social workers! I'm glad to have you as a part of the social work program. To begin, understanding the different definitions of social welfare is vital in the social work profession. In this module we will identify and understand the different concepts of social welfare as well us broaden our knowledge on the views and goals of social welfare and how it evolved to what it is now. Activity Activity 1: Definition of Social welfare based on 1. Gertrude Wilson – 2. Walter Friedlander – 3. Elizabeth Wickenden – Activity 2: In your own knowledge differentiate the conception of Social Welfare as: a. Residual b. Institutional c. Developmental Activity 3: Enumerate the Goals of Social Welfare and its general idea? REF: (T. Mendoza, Social Welfare and Social Work, Third edition 2008) Abstraction Social Welfare Getrude Wilson characterizes social welfare as an organized concern of all people for all people. Walter Friedlander defines it as "the organized system of social services and institutions, designed to aid individuals and groups to attain satisfying standards of life and health. According to Elizabeth Wickenden, social welfare includes those laws, programs, benefits and services which assure or strengthen provisions for meeting social needs recognized as basic to the well-being of the population and the better functioning of the social order. a nation’s system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society encompasses the well-being of all the members of human society, including their physical, mental, emotional, social, economic and spiritual being. Society responds to unmet needs or problems through the ff. ways: 1. Individual and group efforts. These refer to systematic and voluntary efforts undertaken by individuals and/or groups in response to the unmet needs of people in a community. 2. Major societal institutions which have their designated roles and responsibilities for meeting human needs (ex., family, the church, the government, cooperatives, and labor unions) 3. Social Agency - public or private social agency ▪ Major provision for helping people with their problem ▪ Professional Social Worker in the Philippines is usually employed by a social agency. (ex. DSWD, CSSDO, MSWDO, PSWDO, Bantay Bata 163, Home for the Aged, Red Cross) Views or Conceptions of Social Welfare 1. Residual the residual formulation conceives of the social welfare structures as temporary, offered during emergency situations and withdrawn when the regular social system is again working properly society must aid the people until they can once again assume responsibility for meeting their own needs views welfare in a demeaning and critical manner 2. Institutional sees social welfare as a proper, legitimate function of modern society Society is viewed as having responsibility to support its members and provide needed  benefits and services In contrast to residual wherein social welfare is viewed as demeaning, it views is as right to receive benefits and services on an on-going basis reflected in our Philippine Constitution (Art 2, Sec 9 of the1987 Constitution) Philippine Constitution (1987) “The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living and an improved quality of life for all.” 3. Developmental seeks to identify social interventions that have a positive impact on economic development Social Welfare Programs usually fall under the ff. categories a. Social Security This refers to the whole set of compulsory measures instituted to protect the individual and his family against the consequences of an unavoidable interruption or serious diminution of the earned income disposable for the maintenance of a reasonable standard of living Examples: compulsory employer liability (with or without insurance) provident funds and social insurance b. Personal social services -refer to service functions which have a major bearing upon personal problems, individual situations of stress, interpersonal helping or helping people in need, and the provision of direct services in collaboration with workers from government and voluntary agencies Ex. Programs for counseling, therapy and rehabilitation; programs for providing access, information and advice; institutional services; child protective services and programs for the treatment of deviants c. Public Assistance This refers to materials/concrete aids/support provided, usually by government agencies, to people who have no income or means of support for themselves and their families for reasons such as loss of employment, natural disasters, etc. In many foreign countries, public assistance is simply called "Welfare" Goals of Social Welfare 1 Humanitarian - The goal of social welfare that is rooted in the democratic ideal of social and Social justice. It is based on the belief that the human being has the potential Justice Goal for self-realization except that physical, social, economic, psychological and other factors hinder or prevent him from realizing his potentials. - This goal involves the identification of the most afflicted, the most dependent, the most neglected and those least able to help themselves. e.g. Pantawid Pamilya Program for the poor 2 Social - The goal of social welfare that is based on the recognition that needy, Control Goal deprived or disadvantaged groups in a society are capable of striking out, individually or collectively against what they consider to be an alienating or offending party. e.g. Social services to dissidents, juvenile and adult offenders 3 Economic - Programs designed to support increases in the production of goods Development and services and other resources that contributes to economic Goal development, benefiting able-bodied, relatively better-off members of the community. e.g. livelihood Changing Concepts of Social Welfare: From Residual to Developmental - As a frontline support to enable people to cope with changing situations and provide opportunities for their full development through the provision of institutional support. From Charity to Citizen Right - Citizens with rights and duties and in which economic security, education, and access to benefits and obligations accompany their full participation in society. From Minimum to Optimum - To provide the optimum that can nurture and develop human potentialities and to achieve some desirable level of well-being. From Special to Universal - Universal programs to meet the universal needs of people when faced with common social contingencies that are part of changing economic and social conditions.  From Individual to Social Reform - Social problems as rooted in “structural imbalance and defects” in institutional arrangements, where the rich gets richer and the poor gets poorer. From Voluntary to Public - Provided for a greater reach out of programs and services through the transfer of welfare provisions and services to the local government’s partnership with NGOs, POs and to promote general welfare. From Welfare of the Poor to the Welfare of Society - Generally aims to integrate the poor with the rest of the population, considering services as a matter of right. The changing concepts of social welfare are meant to be responsive to the socio- economic and political realities. From mere coping and crisis management, current social welfare efforts are meant to be liberating and empowering in order for people to make full use of their potentials and increase the quality of their lives as well as the lives of others. (ref. T. Mendoza, Social Welfare and Social Work,Third edition 2008) Application Workshop 1. (Conceptions of Social Welfare) Using the template provided below describe where do you think a specific view of Social welfare can be applied in social work? and site some examples View/conception Applications Residual Institutional Developmental Workshop 2. (Social Welfare Goals) Using the template below give at least 3 examples of activities/programs/service which tends to the specific goal of social welfare (examples given in abstraction not included) and why do you think if falls to that goal? Social welfare Goal Activity/service/Program Why does it fall under that goal?  Humanitarian and Social (ex. Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program.) Why do you think 4Ps belong Justice Goal under this goal?? Social Control Goal Economic Development Goal Assessment Answer this: 1. In your own understanding why do we need to define social welfare and its different meanings? 2. Why do we need to distinguish the different views of social welfare? 3. Why do you think understanding social welfare goal is important in social work practice? Closure Congratulations! For a job-well done. We are so proud of you.  THE LESSON STRUCTURE MODULE No. 1. Lesson 2: Evolution of social work definition and Functions of Social Work Time Frame: Within 1 week Introduction Welcome, aspiring social workers! I'm glad to have you as a part of the social work program. To begin, understanding the different definitions of social welfare is vital in the social work profession. In this module we will identify and understand the different concepts of social welfare as well us broaden our knowledge on the views and goals of social welfare and how it evolved to what it is now. Abstraction Evolution of Social Work Definition ▪ 1st International Definition, 1982. SW is referred to as a profession to achieve change in society (individual forms of development) ▪ 2001 Definition of Social Work by IFSW and International Association of Social Workers – SW is profession that promotes social change, problem solving in human relationship, empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being ▪ According to IFSW, as of 2014: “Social work is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. ▪ Principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work. Factors to the Development of SW Profession: ▪ Prevalence of various social movements due to new consciousness secondary to institutional violence ▪ Massive involvement of social workers Functions of Social Work: 1. Restorative – restoration of impaired social functioning which may involve: - Curative - When it identifies, controls, and/or eliminates the factors in the interactional process that have caused the break-down or impairment of social relationships - Rehabilitative - When it attempts to reconstruct and/or organize the pattern of interaction that has broken down, been damaged, or build new ones. 2. Preventive – activities to avert or avoid impairment of social functioning. 3. Developmental – improvement of social functioning Social Welfare vs Social Work Social Work Social Welfare It is a profession It is a general service  Uses scientific knowledge and skills in human Can be carried out by any individual behaviour To solve adjustment problems. Helping the To solve socio-economic problems. It involves people to help themselves social services to individuals and families as well as efforts to strengthen or modify social institutions Clients chose their own path for their Such type of freedom is not given problems Social Worker helps people increase their capacities for problem solving and coping, and they help them obtain needed resources, facilitate interactions between individuals and between people and their environments, make organizations responsible to people, and influence social policies (Baker, 2003).  THE LESSON STRUCTURE MODULE No. 1. Lesson No. 3: Evolution of social work definition and Functions of Social Work Continuation Time Frame: Within 1 week days a. Social Functioning - results from the performance of his various social roles in society, e.g. son, father, husband, employee, employer, patient, committee chairman, citizen - some people have difficulties in the performance of any, or several, or even all social roles, and therefore have inadequate or ineffective social functioning Social functioning problems are caused by any of the ff.: a. personal inadequacies or sometimes pathologies which may make it difficult for man to cope with the demands of his environment; b. situational inadequacies and other conditions which are beyond man's coping capacities; and c. both personal and situational inadequacies b. Social Services Refers to the programs, services and other activities provided under various auspices, to concretely answer the needs and problems of the members of society. May take the form of services to individuals and families, services to groups, services to people with special problems as well as community services. c. Social Development The rise in the levels of living, a more equitable distribution of income and wealth, a better system of socio-economic stratification and greater social mobility. d. Social Protection Constitutes policies and programs that seeks to reduce poverty and vulnerability to risks and enhance the social status rights of the marginalized sectors by promoting and protecting livelihood and employment, protecting against hazards and sudden loss of income, and improving people’s capacity to manage risks. Note: See video and separate presentation on social protection. References: Johnson, L. Social Work Practice. A Generalist Approach. 2001. Mendoza, T. Social Welfare and Social Work. 2008 Zastrow, C. Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare: Empowering People. 2012  THE LESSON STRUCTURE MODULE No. 2. Lesson No. 1: Historical Evolution of Social Work Time Frame: Within 1 week Absraction: ✪ Helping the needy and the distressed is as old as civilization itself although not necessarily on a formal organized basis. ✪ In ancient China, refuge was provided for the sick and the poor; also provisions for distributing clothing and feeding the unfortunate. ✪ In Greece and Rome, there were “Xenodochia” or guesthouses for the custody and care of the various classes for the unfortunate. ✪ Almsgiving was recognized by the religious as a duty or means of obtaining grace for the giver. ✪ It was only slightly more than 100 years ago that the magnitude of social problems made it necessary to organized under private and public initiative services for the needy. ✪ Almsgiving was recognized by the religious as a duty or means of obtaining grace for the giver. ✪ Problems of destitution, maladjustment, physical and mental illness was dealt by: Family and the tribe Church Private philanthropy Community Government a. Old World Beginnings ✪ Religious motivation became the most powerful incentive for benevolence and charity, particularly in the Jewish and Christian religious teachings. ✪ Charity motivated primarily by the desire of the giver to receive the grace of God or to secure the merits of good deeds for eternal life. ✪ According to Christian teachings, charity gave the recipient of alms dignity whereas almsgiving ennobled the generous giver. ✪ the early Christians helped one another when facing poverty. ✪ Medieval church entrusted the administration of charity to bishops, local priests, and the deacons. ✪ With the acceptance of Christianity as state religion, institutions for the poor were established in monasteries, serving as orphanages, as homes for the old, the sick, and the handicapped, as as refuge for the homeless. o Missionaries devoted their time to missionary teachings, collecting alms, and distributing relief to the destitute. They established charitable institutions. o Later on, institutions replaced by “hospitals” for old and sick persons, orphans, abandoned children, and pregnant women. Beginning Concepts Of Social Welfare ✪ Common Chests (1520) The prototype of the modern-day community chest. Martin Luther conceived that there should be a “common chest” for the receipt of food, money, and clothing to assist the needy. The responsibility for the collection of funds and the distribution of relief to the destitute, the sick and the orphans was assumed by local authorities, but the church wardens played the leading role in relief administration. ✪ Daughters of Charity (1633) They were the forerunners of social work. The organization was founded by St. Vincent de Paul who recruited young women of the peasant class for charitable work. They were trained in nursing the poor. Father Vincent de Paul was the most important reformer of the charities of the Catholic Church during the 17th Century. ✪ Individualization (16th century)  Spanish philosopher Juan Luis de Vives, a Spanish philosopher advanced the idea that the fate of the individual poor deserved attention. There should be investigation of the social conditions of every pauper family. He recommended that aid be provided through vocational training, employment, and rehabilitation instead of the customary distribution of alms. ✪ Hamburg Experiment (1788) Professor Busch, Commissioner for Public Relief, introduced a district system of investigation and distribution of relief to individual paupers through volunteer committees. The poor were interviewed and the individual needs of each family were determined. Children and youth were trained in elementary courses, and an industrial school was attached to the central orphan asylum. ✪ Military Workhouse (1790) Established in Munich by Benjamin Thompson to prevent begging by able-bodied paupers. The workhouse manufactured clothing for the army by utilizing the employable poor. Both the Hamburg and the Munich relief system were financed by taxation and by collecting of voluntary gifts. ✪ Elberfeld System (1853) The city of Elberfeld introduced the idea of financing relief exclusively by public taxation. English Social Welfare ✪ Religious Foundation In medieval England, care of the poor was an activity of the Church. The main motive for almsgiving was the salvation of the soul of the donor. Consequently, the almsgiver had little concerns for the human being who received charity. ✪ Early Charities Relief to the destitute was first distributed by the priest of the parish with the help of the church wardens and deacons. In the 13th and 14th centuries, religious orders and church institutions relieved the parish church from most of the duties of caring for the poor. The work was supplemented by the relief activities of the guilds. Craft and merchant guilds, were organized primarily for the purpose of mutual self-help, brotherhood and fellowship. ✪ Political Foundations The English (Elizabethan) Poor Law of 1601 remained for a long time the basis of English Social Welfare. It was a codification of preceding poor relief legislations starting with the Statute of Laborers in 1349. Salient Points – - Primary responsibility for the care of the poor belonged to the individual’s family and relatives; - Those who could not be supported by relatives had to be cared for by the parish or the local community; - Only the poor who were bona fide residents of the parish were eligible for assistance; - The parish must maintain the impotent poor from voluntary contributions of the parishioners through collections; - A general tax was levied to provide the “poor tax” and was the main source for the financing of poor relief. ✪ In England up to the early part of the 20 th century, personal failure was considered the main cause of poverty. ✪ The Poor Law distinguished three classes of poor: - able-bodied poor - impotent poor - dependent children Emerging Concepts of Social Welfare ✪ Principle of Investigation Thomas Chalmers (1780-1847), a parish minister in Scotland, introduced the philosophy of personal parochial relief. He organized a program of private charity on the principle of neighborly aid. He developed the principle of investigation of each case of destitution on an individual basis and of attempting a solution to the cause of distress. He stressed that a personal interest in the fate of the destitute is essential. ✪ Individual Approach (prototype of casework) Fifty years after Chalmer’s pioneer work, the London Charity Organization Society organized a program of relief based on his idea, and laid the foundation of the individual approach in social work now known as “casework.” ✪ Social Reform Edwin Chadwick, the first pioneer in public hygiene, supervised investigations into the causes of poverty and the means of an effective social reform. He recommended a system of government providing under central direction decent aid to the poor, a sound public health protection, adequate housing, recreation, and public schools for entire population. He was ahead of his time. It was many decades before his vision became an accepted concept of society. ✪ Charity Organization Society (COS) The COS encouraged the growth of private charities, the giving of donations and bequest in their behalf, and the initiative among the volunteers for bringing individuals aid to families in economic distress. The COS believed that the individual was responsible for his poverty and that the acceptance of public relief destroyed the self-respect of the pauper and lead him to subsist on alms. The pauper should therefore be asked to exert all his abilities to maintaining himself. The COS used well-to-do volunteers to give alms to the poor but their main emphasis was to exert more influence that would change the way of life of the poor. The example of London COS of 1869 was followed in other cities in England and the United States. It developed cooperation between poor relief and private charities, succeeded in eliminating fraudulent set ups, prevented duplication and support, and strengthened the concept of rehabilitation of the poor. It formed the ground work for casework in individual and community organization. ✪ Settlement House (Prototype of the Modern Day Community Center) Introduced in London during the latter half of the 19 th century and the first one was called Toynbee Hall. Its basic purpose was to establish contact between the educated men and women and the poor for their mutual benefit, so that by common work and studies they could exercise a cultural influence beyond the teaching of special subjects. It reached out to children and adults. ✪ Social Research The 3rd important factor that influenced the social philosophy and the practice of poor relief in England. The most important among the surveys was that made by Charles Booth started in1886 which showed that one-third of the London population was living on or below poverty line. These findings disproved the previous theory that poverty was always the fault of the individual. The studies showed that the deterrent features of the poor laws were no solution, and that human suffering from destitution was often created by insufficient wages, environment, inadequate housing and unhealthy sanitary equipment. The findings of social research showed the necessity of introducing more effective measures of social reform. ✪ Beveridge Report (1941) The Beveridge Report, named after the man who headed the committee which prepared the report, is the basis of the present social security program of England. The underlying philosophy is that the British people should be secured against want and other social evils and that security could be rendered while preserving the personal freedom, enterprises, and responsibility of the individual for his family.  It declared that the goal of social security was to guarantee a basic level of income for every citizen with his own efforts, so that his initiative to secure for himself and his family more than a mere subsistence minimum should not be stilled. ✪ England’s Social Security Program - Social Insurance – health, unemployment insurance, old age and invalidity insurance, workman’s compensation, and special grants for marriage, child birth and funeral expenses. - Family Allowance – paid to every family with 2 or more children under 16 years of age without regard to the financial condition of the family. It is the government’s support to parents in the bringing up of children. - Public Assistance – consists of financial assistance to persons in economic need and institutional and individual services. b. American Social Welfare Early Beginnings of American Social Welfare American Social Welfare was founded on the concepts of the English Poor Law which remained the basis for public welfare in the U.S. up to the end of 19 th century. Paupers and vagrants were regarded as criminals. Whatever the cause of his distress, the pauper was regarded as a morally deficient person. Historical Development First Phase: Poor Relief – Almhouses Outdoor relief to paupers in their own homes; Farming out to the lowest bidder who undertook to care for a single pauper; Contract usually with the lowest bidder for the care of all paupers in a given locality; Care in almhouses which was under the direct control of public officials; and Indenture or “bidding out” a form of apprenticeship. The cost of poor relief was met by the poor tax and later by public taxes. Second Phase: State (Public) Institutional Care for Special Groups. Programs were designed to remove some groups of inmates from the undifferentiated misery of incarceration in the local almhouses; Institutions were set up for the: > care of the insane > care for the mentally deficient > care of the blind > care of the deaf and deaf-mute Third Phase: State Board of Charities and Corrections (for Special Groups) State supervision of the administration of institutional care; First state board emphasized the family system by placing children and adults in the community whenever it was not absolutely necessary to keep them in almhouses, hospitals, or asylums; State agencies had the power to: >recommend institutional changes > compel the institutions to carry out the intent of the relevant statues Fourth Phase: Aid to the Needy Without Institutionalization Enactment of measures to meet the needs of special groups without placing them in institutions; > Pensions for the blind (Illinois, 1903) > Mother’s Aid (Missouri, 1911) > Old Age Pension (Montana, 1923) Also the creation of the U.S. Children’s Bureau and the first tacit assumption of federal responsibility of social welfare. Fifth Phase: Federal Government Entry to Social Welfare (1930) The U.S. was hit by the Great Depression with millions of unemployed had no place to go. Emergency Relief Measures: > Emergency Relief and Reconstruction Act – to assist industry and agriculture > Civilian Conservation Corps – to provide work opportunities for young men. > Federal Emergency Relief Act – provided grants to states for relief of  unemployment > Works Progress Administration – large scale program of relief through employment in publicly sponsored projects. Sixth Phase: Social Security (1935) Passage of the Social Security Act – new approach to the problem of income maintenance in times of crisis. > Contributory social insurance: death, disability, illness in old age, retirement > Public assistance: old age, aid to the blind, the disabled, families with dependent children, medic aid > Aid to the states for service, programs: child welfare; crippled and retarded children Seventh Phase: War on Poverty (1964) Passage of the Economic Opportunity Act – to deal with problems of poverty, education, manpower training, mental health, vocational rehabilitation, public health, medical care, housing and urban development. Many of the programs started during this period have been phased out or cut back for lack of federal support. Major Developments in US Private Social Welfare Charity Organization Societies (COS) A friendly visitor was installed in order to determine the need of every applicant and the necessary measures for each case (Pioneering in casework). Training School for Applied Philanthropy was set up in New York in 1989. The plan was formulated by Mary Richmond in 1897 (Pioneering in social work education) Settlement House – a place for working people where their higher moral and intellectual capacities were developed to insure full participation in a democracy. Hull House (Chicago) – the first settlement house in the US founded by Jane Adams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889. Residents of the settlement house became the champions for social reform fighting for equal opportunities and abolition of prejudice and discrimination. Basic Policy of American Social Welfare Basic Principle – the individual is primarily responsible for his welfare but the community should establish a basic measure of security in areas beyond the individual’s control. Basic Objective – the development, achievement, and happiness of the individual. Basic Ideas That Influenced Social Welfare Protestant Ethic – One’s life should be a vocation, followed with zealous and disciplined scrupulosity. If a man worked hard and invested his income, he is likely to prosper. Wealth represents meritorious achievement in addition to material benefits. Laissez-faire (free enterprise) – Freedom to invest and trade for men and trade for men worked harder when they worked for themselves. Social Darwinism – Successful competition in the market place is inevitably accompanied by hardships and inequities. Only those fit survive the competition (survival of the fittest). Philippine Social Welfare Pre-Historic Period Pre-Historic Filipinos lived in small scattered communities located along mouths of rives and coastal plains. These communities were independent social units called Barangay. Sources of Policies – Maragtas Code and Code of Kalantiao Basic concepts – Bayanihan and Damayan  The Barangay was headed by a headman, who was usually the oldest member of the community and known as the “dato.” Responsibilities of the Dato Oversee the welfare of the members Arbiter of conflict Leader in times of danger Focus of Social Welfare Work Mutual protection Economic survival Spanish Period Basic Philosophy: Religious was the motivating force for charity – to do good for others for the salvation of their souls. Forms of charity – almsgiving, charitable institutions and hospital for the poor. Sources of funding – religious orders, contribution and donations of rich individuals, subsidy from the Spanish government (In the Philippines and in Spain) Almsgiving was recognized by the religious as a duty or means of obtaining grace for the giver. Establishment of hospitals and orphanages. Charity was the focus of social welfare work. Responsibility to take care of the poor was with the church and religious associations. Examples of Hospitals, Orphanages and Schools established: First hospital established in the Philippines by Don Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in Cebu in 1565. In 1571 it was transferred to Manila and called Hospitalito de Santa Ana. During the American period it was renamed Sternberg General Hospital (San Lazaro Hospital in 1578 and San Juan de Dios Hospital in 1596 – reported to have originated from this hospital. Parochial School of Cebu (1565) San Lazaro Hospital – (1578) took care of the indigent beggars and sick natives. Colegio de San Ignacio (1589) San Juan de Dios Hospital – (1596) took care of indigent and sic Spaniards. Hospicio de San Jose – (1810) care of the orphans and the aged. Ateneo de Manila (1859) out of the original Charity School called the Obras Pias established in 1817. Asilo de San Vicente de Paul – (1885) care and protection of indigent and orphaned girls. Santa Isabel – school for indigent girls San Juan de Letran – school for indigent boys For the indigent outside of these institutions, almsgiving was regularly practiced by the churches ad convents and the affluent individuals and families. First Philippine Republic (1896-1902) Tandang Sora (Melchora Aquino) took care of the sick and wounded and fed soldiers. Hilaria Aguinaldo, wife of the President of the First Republic, introduced the concept of the Red Cross. American Period Philosophy: Birth of voluntary organizations for social welfare, such as the Associated Charities (1917) Public welfare – beginning assumption by the government of its responsibility for social welfare. Parens Patriae – child welfare concept that it is the duty of the government to place children in better circumstances, whenever the parents could not provide adequate care themselves. Government Social Welfare Pre-war trends, growth and development of child welfare programs and services. INSULAR BOARD – created by the Civil Government to coordinate and supervise private institutions engaged in welfare work. PUBLIC WELFARE BOARD – created by the American Government in February 5, 1915 with the passage of Legislative Act No. 2510 to coordinate, supervise, and regulate the work of all charitable agencies, and organizations, individuals and groups, public and private, engaged in “social services work.”  Private Social Welfare – Associated Charities, Inc. of Manila was established by a group of Manila residents in 1917. Its objective was to assure community responsibility for social welfare. It became the first family welfare agency and the first to use “casework” in the Philippines. OFFICE OF THE PUBLIC WELARE COMMISSIONER - created in 1921 under the supervision of the Department of Interior. It absorbed the functions of the Public Welfare Board. The office was headed by Dr. Jose Fabella. Government Child Welfare: ⮚ First Government Orphanage (1917) – spurred by the passage in the US of the Jones Law in 1916. It enunciated the principle of church and state. Henceforth the government could no longer support private institutions. It was constrained to put up its own child-caring institution. ⮚ Child Welfare Laws – led to the establishment of more child-caring institutions: - For orphaned, abandoned and neglected children - For pebble-minded children - For the non-leprous children of leprous parents - For the care, training, and treatment of juvenile delinquents - Welfareville (1925) was the seat of all government child-caring institutions located in Mandaluyong, Rizal. - During this period, Dr. Jose Fabella, Director and later Secretary of Health, was the pioneer in public welfare, later acknowledged as the “Father of Philippine Social Welfare.” JOSEFA JARA MARTINEZ – obtained a diploma in social work from the New York School of Social Work in 1921 who worked for the Public Welfare Board where she had started to introduce the scientific approach. She was the first professionally trained social worker in the Philippines The administration of social welfare in the Philippines was marked by significant developments when Frank Murphy became Governor-General in 1933. Commonwealth Act No. 439 – created the DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND PUBLIC WELFARE which replaced the abolished Office of the Commissioner of Health and Public Welfare (May 31, 1939) ⮚ Bureau of Public Welfare (1941) – under the Department of Health and Public Welfare. - To coordinate, supervise and relate all social service activities to provide social services to children with special needs. - To provide public assistance to needy individuals and families Public Assistance Service – on May 31, 1941, President Manuel L. Quezon issued an Executive Order abolishing the Associated Charities and creating it into a “Public Assistance Service” under the Bureau of Public Welfare. Japanese Occupation (1942-1944) Private individuals, groups and organizations undertook relief for prisoners of war, displaced persons, etc. Josefa Llanes Escoda, president of the National Federation of Women’s Clubs who undertook and organized relief work was incarcerate in Fort Santiago for underground activities, so was Asuncion Perez, then director of the Bureau of Public Welfare. Post Liberation Period Trends ⮚ Firm assumption by the government of the major responsibility for social welfare; - Establishment and growth of the public assistance program - Emergence of a national social welfare agency. ⮚ Factors that prompted government social welfare: - World War II - Social unrest (dissident movement) PHILIPPINE CIVILIAN AFFAIRS UNIT (PCAU) 1945 - distributes relief supplies during the period of liberation. UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND REHABILITATION ADMINISTRATION (UNRRA), distributed relief goods during liberation in 1945. PHILIPPINE RELIEF AND TRADE REHABILITATION ADMINISTRATION (PRATRA) (1945-1950) – received and allocated supplies to health and welfare and built up a national system of provincial relief offices.  RICE WAGE FORMULA (RWF) – in connection with PRATRA that Ellis Murphy, UN Consultant on Social Welfare and her group developed the rice wage formula. It consisted of the number 145. According to Murphy Team, it took the equivalent of 145 gantas of rice a month for a family of 5 to be able to meet its basic needs. Multiply the current price of rice by 145 and the result is the income in pesos needed by a family to live in a month. WAR RELIEF OFFICE (WRO) 1945-1956 – For the relief and rehabilitation of indigent victims of war, especially unrecognized guerillas, their widows and orphans. Created by Congress, the law wasthe first public assistance program in fact and not only in name. PRESIDENT’S ACTION COMMITTEE ON SOCIAL AMELIORATION (PACSA) 1948-1950 – was created on August 12, 1948. It was established by President Elpidio Quirino to counter-act social unrest (dissidency). economic reforms to counteract social unrest. It had a six-point program: - Health - Social Welfare - Public Works - Education - Agriculture - Financing Appointed as Chairman of the PACSA was Asuncion Perez, who became the first woman member of the President’s cabinet. Mrs. Asuncion Perez became the commissioner of social welfare and regarded as the “Grand Lady of Philippine Social Welfare.” SOCIAL WELFARE COMMISSION – was created on October 4, 1949 replacing the Bureau of Public Welfare which recognized social welfare as a vital function of the government. Social Welfare Administration (SWA) SOCIAL WELFARE ADMINISTRATION – was created with the merging of SWC and PACSA on January 3, 1951 – tasked to improve the living conditions of Filipinos in dire circumstances. Again, Asuncion Perez was appointed first Social Welfare Administrator. Its programs consisted of: ⮚ Child Welfare - residential care, child aid and placement, probation and parole ⮚ Public Assistance – for indigent victims, victims of dissident operations and for victims of natural disasters and calamities. PACITA MADRIGAL WARNS – (January 1954 to September 1955) succeeded Mrs. Perez as head of SWA. AMPARO VILLAMOR – (1955 to 1961) as head of SWA, and TECLA ZIGA from 1962-63. Integrated Social Welfare Program – set up by First Lady Imelda R. Marcos in 1966 decentralized Welfareville Institutions and modernize institutional care for children, thus the establishment of : ⮚ Elsie Gaches Village (1964) for mental retardates ⮚ Reception and Study Center (1964) for abandoned and neglected children ⮚ Nayon ng Kabataan for orphans ⮚ Marillac – home for girls with special problems ⮚ Don Vicent Madrigal Home for delinquent boys ⮚ Golden Acres – home for the aged and/or infirm Evolution of DSWD SOCIAL WORK LAW – RA 4373 (June 19, 1965) – An Act to regulate the Practice of Social Work and the Operation of Social Work Agencies in the Philippines and for Other Purposes. SOCIAL WELFARE ACT OF 1968 - RA 5416 (June 15, 1968) - created the DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE (DSW) which elevated SWA into a department. ⮚ Policy – It is the responsibility of the government to provide a comprehensive program of social welfare services designed to ameliorate the conditions of distressed Filipinos, particularly those who are handicapped by reason of poverty, youth, physical and mental disability, illness, and old age or who are victims of natural calamities including assistance to the members of the cultural minorities to facilitate their integration into the body politic. ⮚ Programs - Family and Child Welfare - Youth Welfare  - Rehabilitation of the Handicapped - General assistance in times of disasters and calamities - DSW was renamed DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES AND DEVELOPMENT (DSSD) – (Sept. 8, 1976), per PD 994, to shift from dole out to development. Programs and Services of DSSD SPDEFS - Acronym S - Self-Employment Assistance (SEA) P - Practical Skills Development and Job Placement D - Day Care Service E - Emergency Assistance F - Family Planning Motivation/Population Awareness and Sex Education S - Social Services P.D. No. 1397 – On June 2, 1978, DSSD was reorganized into Ministry of Social Services and Development (MSSD) under Minister Sylvia P. Montes. Executive Order No. 123, dated January 30, 1987 renamed MSSD to Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) under Secretary Mita Pardo de Tavera. Department of Social Welfare and Development. As the lead agency in social welfare and development, the Department exercises the following functions: Formulates policies and plans which provide direction to intermediaries and other implementers in the development and delivery of social welfare and development services. DSWD is the social welfare arm of the government. Its Vision is “A society where the poor, vulnerable, and disadvantaged individuals, families and communities are empowered for an improved quality of life.” Towards this end, DSWD shall be the world’s standards for the delivery of coordinated social services and social protection for poverty reduction by 2030. Mission – “To develop, implement and coordinate social protection and poverty reduction solutions for and with the poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged. Note: DSWD’s Vision and Mission changed with the change of administration from President Benigno C. Aquino to President Rodrigo Roa-Duterte in 2016. New Vision: “The Department of Social Welfare and Development envisions all Filipinos free from hunger and poverty, have equal access to opportunities, enabled by a fair, just and peaceful society.” New Mission: “To lead in the formulation, implementation, and coordination of social welfare and development policies and programs for and with the poor, vulnerable, and disadvantaged Other Secretaries of DSWD: o Corazon Alma de Leon - (1992-1995) o Lina B. Laigo - (1993-1998) o Gloria Macapagal Arroyo - (1998-October 2000) o Dulce Q, Saguisag - (October 2000 to January 2001) o Corazon Juliano N. Soliman – (January 2001 to 2005) o Dr. Esperanza I. Cabral – (2005 to January 2010) o Celia C. Yangco (Acting Secretary) – January 2010 to June 30, 2010) o Corazon Juliano N. Soliman – July 2010 to June 30 2016 o Judy M. Taguiwalo – July 2016 to August 2017 o Emmanuel A. Leyco – Officer-in-Charge – August 2017 to May 7, 2018 o Virginia N. Orogo – Acting Secretary – May 8, 2018 to October 2018 o Rolando Bautista – October 2018 to present RA 7160 (Local Government Code) mandated the devolution of implementing functions of DSWD to the Local Government Units, together with its programs and services, direct service workers, budget, assets, and liabilities. Devolution – the process of transferring, and/or delegating powers, functions and authority to another entity. RA 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991 – an act which mandates the devolution of powers, functions and authority of some selected national agencies to the local government units. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) was one of the agencies which devolved its manpower, equipment, programs and services and the corresponding budget of said programs/services.. Most of the basic services were devolved to the Local Government Units (LGUs) such as Day Care Service, Disaster Relief Services, Child and Youth Welfare Programs, Women Welfare Programs, Family and Community Welfare Programs, and programs for Persons with Disability and Older Persons. Memorandum Order No. 27 issued by President Fidel V. Ramos in June 16, 1993 entitled “Streamlining of Functions, Activities and Projects in the Organization Structure and Staffing” has made it necessary for DSWD to effect organizational change and renewal, whereby abolishing the 14 regional offices and establishing Field Offices as extension units. Corazon Alma De Leon was the first social worker appointed as Chairperson of the Civil Service Commission, whereas Alicia dela Rosa-Bala was appointed by President Aquino in 2015. Executive Order No. 15, series of 1998, transformed the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) from a direct service provider to a technical assistance provider. This means that DSWD, except for some mandated services, will no longer perform direct service to its clientele but will provide technical assistance to its intermediaries such as the Local Government Units (LGUs), Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), People’s Organizations (POs), and the civil society.  MODULE 3 Understanding the basic concepts in Fields of Social Work  THE LESSON STRUCTURE MODULE No. 3. Lesson 1: Introduction in Fields of Social Work Time Frame: Within 1 week Learning Outcomes: Explain various issues and responses of social welfare agencies. Recognize and understand prevalent social issues and challenges that social workers address, such as poverty, inequality, discrimination, substance abuse, mental health concerns, and more. Appreciate the significance of cultural competence and how it influences effective social work practice with diverse individuals and communities. Develop the ability to critically analyze situations, identify needs, and assess potential interventions while considering the broader social context. Introduction: Welcome, aspiring social workers! To begin, understanding the basic concept in the fields of social work is vital as well As social workers, our engagement with diverse populations and the complexities of human life requires specialized knowledge and skills. This has led to the development of distinct fields of social work, each with its own scope, objectives, and methodologies. In this module, we reflect the breadth of issues society faces, and they empower social workers to make a meaningful impact across various contexts. Watch the attached link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6wUrQze9_M Activity (Socratic Method) After watching the video, what can you say about the misconceptions of others regarding the job of a social worker? Please share it with the class. Now that you have already expressed your concern regarding the misconceptions of others about our profession, let us explore the basic concepts in the field of social work! Every aspect of community life, including schools, hospitals, mental health facilities, elder centers, places of government, private practices, jails, the military, businesses, and numerous other public and private entities, employs social workers. Some social workers assist clients who struggle with a disability, a terminal illness, or a societal issue like substandard housing, unemployment, or substance misuse. Social workers also support families that are experiencing severe domestic disputes, which may involve child or spouse abuse. In the Philippines, social work is carried out in a range of contexts. The Department of Social Welfare and Development continues to employ the majority of social workers, although it is not the only organization that employs social workers. Many trained social workers are employed by other government organizations like the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) and the Manila Department of Social Welfare to manage and carry out their extensive welfare programs and services. The numerous private nonprofit welfare groups are managed by a large staff with social work training. In addition to these, social workers have worked in and are now working in initiatives for community improvement, housing, health, labor, and education. There are constantly fresh environments where social work can be practiced because there are so many development agencies being founded today. With this in mind, we can state that the field of social work practice, whether domestically or internationally, is social welfare (in its broadest sense). However, this broad subject of social welfare (with its structured networks of organizations and services to address a range of human needs and issues, whether under public or private auspices) may be further divided into particular. "Fields of social work practice" or "social work practice settings" are defined by distinct staff duties and activities that take into account the specific clientele being serviced, as well as programs and services. A "field of social work" is any situation where social work is done or where a social worker's professional expertise is put to use. From among the many options available, a worker is likely to be influenced by one or more of the following factors: the availability of job opportunities and the related factors of salary and incentives; employment conditions, including opportunities for professional advancement; personal interest and inclinations; the influence of family and friends (in the Philippines, parents would typically object to a son's or daughter's choice of field or setting); or any combination of these factors.  THE LESSON STRUCTURE MODULE No. 3. Lesson 2: Focus of Practice in Fields of Social Work Time Frame: Within 1 week Learning Outcomes: Compare and contrast at least 2 different Social Work practice settings based on typology of setting, clientele, and functions of Social Work. Demonstrate an appreciation of the scope and diversity of social work settings. Manifest beginning identification with Social Work setting/s as a potential career path. Introduction: Hello, aspiring social workers! In this lesson, we will identify and understand the different focuses of practice in fields of social work. In this lesson, we will learn that social work is a versatile profession that encompasses a wide range of practice areas, each tailored to address specific social issues, populations, and contexts. Within this diverse landscape of social work, different types of practice emerge, each characterized by its unique focus, methods, and goals. SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE SETTING Social Work practice begins with the purpose of the social worker. Understanding of the social work profession starts with an intense appreciation of the person in which the social worker serves (Sheafor & Horejsi, 2008). The social worker understands that humans are social beings, these social creature’s growth and development need the guidance of nurturing and protection provided by others around them. It’s this inter-connectedness and interdependence of people in the social environment that is the foundation of practice in social work as a profession. The environment a person lives in has a lot to do with how a social worker may apply knowledge and guidance. There are two distinct types of social work practice that are used according to the type of setting. A. Direct practice- is when the social worker works directly with an individual, family, or group of people. The first direct meeting can occur in a variety of ways such as a crisis, voluntary, or involuntary. The first meeting is a critical point in establishing a good helping relationship. A social worker should prepare for any type of first contact, so that they may set up the best relationship possible with the client (Sheafor & Horejsi, 2008). In social work, "direct practice" entails getting to know each client in order to customize a treatment plan to suit that person's particular needs. You will have the chance to radically improve the lives of your clients as a direct practice social worker. The first direct meeting can occur in a variety of ways such as a crisis, voluntary, or involuntary. The first meeting is a critical point in establishing a good helping relationship. A social worker should prepare for any type of first contact, so that they may set up the best relationship possible with the client (Sheafor & Horejsi, 2008). Direct practice is primarily done as a case worker. The caseworker may meet with the individual daily, weekly, or monthly depending on the type of work. For example, in short-term crisis work, the person may have daily meetings. For adults with intellectual disabilities, a monthly check-in may be more appropriate and required by the supervising agency. Direct practice is typically done as a worker at an agency, non-profit, or government setting. A direct caseworker may be involved in many different areas of practice, including but not limited to working in adoption, Child Protective Services, in a group home for individuals with brain injuries, a shelter for abuse survivors, or with Community Mental Health. The caseworker may be involved in finding resources or providing support for the client. Meetings may take place at an agency or in the client’s home. The goal of direct social work practice is to augment clients’ strengths while reducing barriers in order to foster personal growth and progress throughout the life span (Walsh, 2013). B. Indirect practice is generally when the social worker is involved in activities that consist of facilitating change through programs and policies. This type of practice is more of behind-the-scenes and is aimed to help prevent problems from developing. Also, the social worker may participate in this type of practice by advocating through agency administrators, legislators, or other powerful people to effect a change (Sheafor & Horejsi, 2008). Program directors, service coordinators for institutions, and social workers who manage public policy all engage in indirect social work. In other words, indirect social work entails establishing, planning, sustaining, and enhancing the services and programs that improve the lives of clients. When a social worker engages in actions that entail enabling change through policies and programs, this is typically considered indirect practice. This kind of therapy, which takes place more covertly, aims to stop issues before they start. Additionally, the social worker may engage in this form of practice by promoting a change through agency officials, lawmakers, or other influential individuals (Sheafor & Horejsi, 2008).  THE LESSON STRUCTURE MODULE No. 3. Lesson 3: Types of settings in Fields of Social Work Time Frame: Within 1 week Learning Outcomes: Discuss the adaptability and flexibility required by social workers when transitioning between different settings and populations. Explain the importance of collaboration with other professionals, agencies, and community members within specific settings. Analyze how the characteristics of each setting influence the approach and methods social workers use to address the needs of clients and communities. Evaluate the potential impact of social work practice in various settings, considering how interventions can lead to individual, family, and community-level change Introduction: Hello, aspiring social workers! In the world of social work, the journey to create positive change and enhance the well-being of individuals, families, and communities takes place within a diverse array of settings. These settings play a pivotal role in determining the nature and scope of social work practice, offering unique opportunities to engage with clients and contribute to broader societal transformations. Among these settings, two distinct categories emerge: primary and secondary. This lesson presents an overview of the primary (social case work, social group work, community organization) and secondary (social action, social welfare administration, social work research) methods of social work. ACTIVITY: GUESS THE WORD P_I_A_Y M_T_O_ _O_I_L _A_E_O_K S_C_A_ G_O_P_O_K C_M_U_I_Y _R_A_I_ATION SE_ON_AR_ M_T_O_ _OC_A_ R_SE_R_H SO_I_L _C_I_N _OC_A_ W_R_ _D_I_IS_R_TI_N WATCH THIS Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D02XA_UdJIg After watching the video, we will have a group activity in which you need to make a concept map. Randomly, we will choose who will discuss or share their ideas regarding the topic.  As a profession, social work has relied on methods or techniques which have been tested over a period (Uranta & Ogbanga, 2017). A method is what a social worker does when working with client(s). It is what to do when faced with a certain phenomenon (Teater, 2010). These methods and activities have become the pillars of social work practice and their nomenclature stood out to describe them as “social work methods”, “social work activities”, or “social work processes”. These terms can be used interchangeably (Rao, 2011). They are used by social workers to help people of all ages and from various sections of society to enhance their social functioning and to cope more effectively with their problems (Okoye, 2013). Methods of Social work There are six methods of social work, the first three directly intervene with clients while the last three support the first three by dealing with the client’s problems. These are broadly grouped into two: The Primary and Secondary methods. a. Primary Methods The primary methods are also called direct helping methods. Primary settings encompass the heart of social work practice, where direct interactions with individuals and groups form the foundation of our efforts. These settings bring social workers face-to-face with the very people they seek to support. Primary settings often include environments like hospitals, schools, shelters, community centers, and mental health clinics. In these spaces, social workers provide individualized care, counseling, crisis intervention, and advocacy to address the immediate needs and challenges faced by their clients. Here, the social worker intervenes directly with client(s) who need the professional services of a social worker at the individual, group, and community level. Primary means basic to something, or before all others. These are: Social case work, Social group work and Community organization. a.1 Social Case work: This is the oldest method of social work practice. Its origin is traced to work with the family which was “recognized as the most important institution in the society with a firm belief that a balanced family will produce balanced individuals who will make up a balanced society” (Ekpe & Mamah, 1997). It is a unique method of problem solving that helps an individual solve his/her psycho-social problems. It assists individuals to adjust to their environment in a more satisfying way. a.2 Social group work: A group is defined as ‘two or more individuals who are connected to one another by social relationships’. Groups are a fundamental part of human experience and social life. They allow people to develop more complex and larger-scale activities; are significant sites of socialization and education; and provide settings where relationships can form and grow, and where people can find help and support. Groups can be highly rewarding to their members and to society. “Social work practice with groups is founded on the premise that people are enriched by interpersonal experiences structured around collectively defined goals, satisfying peer relationships, and shared decision-making pertaining to the group’s life” (Uranta & Ogbanga, 2017). a.3 Community organization: This method of social work is also called macro practice. Working with communities has been recognized as a key work for social workers. Indeed, the community is a natural site for practice because the individuals who are the focus of social work practice live in communities. However, community organization is a contested topic as it varies across different contexts (Heena & Birrell, 2011). It could range from community building through services provided by the government or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as well as community based organizations (CBOs) to community organizing, which focusses on challenging social and structural inequalities through mobilization and activism across different levels organized by various local and global sectors (Loomis, 2012; Midgley, 2010). Principles of social work and historical social movements urging for social justice, equality, human rights, empowerment of individuals/communities and working in partnership with service users are influences to community development. b. Secondary Methods These are those methods which are intended to support the primary methods. Here, the social worker indirectly deals with the client’s problem. On the other hand, secondary settings extend the reach of social work beyond the direct interactions with clients. In these settings, the focus shifts from working directly with individuals to influencing systemic change, policy development, and community- wide transformations. Secondary settings encompass areas such as research institutions, advocacy organizations, government agencies, and policy-making bodies. Social workers in these contexts analyze data, identify trends, advocate for policy reforms, and contribute to shaping the larger structures that impact individuals' lives. b.1 Social Action This was first coined by Mary E. Richmond in 1922. According to her, it is the “mass betterment through propaganda and social legislation”. Unlike other methods, social action emphasizes long- term essential changes in established social institutions. It covers movements of social, religious and political reform, social legislation, racial and social justice, human rights, freedom and civic liberty. Social action which as we have briefly mentioned previously as one of the models/tool of community organization has of recent been considered as an auxiliary method of professional social work in its own right (Siddiqui, 1984). However, it is not employed by social workers frequently. It aims at desirable social action and social progress and it is used to tackle controversial issues aimed at bringing about structural changes in the social system or to prevent adverse changes. b.2 Social welfare administration Present day social problems like poverty, ill-health, disability, internal displacement, destitution, crime, violence, etc. Social welfare administration is a method of practice that looks for administrative and managerial skills among practitioners in the execution of welfare services. It is used to transform social policy into action. It is a two-way process of transforming policy into concrete social services and use of experience in recommending modification of policy (Rameshwari & Ravi, 1998). This method makes use of scientific and administrative techniques of planning, implementing, directing, monitoring, organizing, reporting, coordinating and evaluation of services rendered for the welfare and development of the people. Its scope includes Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting (POSDCoRB). b.3 Social Work Research The effective planning and implementation of development programmes and projects in the country depend largely on the availability of reliable, adequate and valid data. Social work research is the systematic and scientific study of social problems with the objective of producing knowledge for planning and carrying out social work problems. It is a powerful tool in all social work settings and is used in all the methods of social work discussed earlier. For instance, all the social problems we have been citing so far can only be understood if we have scientific and systematic methods to find out their various causes to formulate specific intervention strategies to arrive at solutions. While primary settings emphasize the intimate connections forged between social workers and their clients, secondary settings magnify the impact of social work by targeting root causes and systemic issues. The synergy between these two settings is undeniable, as advancements made in secondary settings inform the strategies applied in primary settings, and insights gained from direct practice guide the advocacy efforts within broader systems. Understanding the dynamics and nuances of primary and secondary settings in social work empowers practitioners to make informed decisions about their career paths. It fosters a holistic perspective that recognizes the necessity of addressing both immediate needs and systemic challenges for lasting and meaningful change. As we navigate these distinct realms of practice, we embark on a journey to bridge the gap between individuals' aspirations and the overarching societal transformations that pave the way for a more just and equitable world.  THE LESSON STRUCTURE MODULE No. 3. Lesson 4: Systems Level in Fields of Social Work Time Frame: Within 1 week Learning Outcomes: Gain the skills to recognize and articulate an individual's specific needs Develop the necessary skills and competencies at different levels of assessment. Learn to create tailored intervention plans that are responsive to the individual's unique circumstances, goals, and preferences. Introduction: Families in crisis, people with mental illness, and communities afflicted by ill health, unemployment, homelessness, substance misuse, child maltreatment, and other complex socioeconomic challenges all benefit greatly from the assistance provided by social workers. In this lesson, we will discussed the systems level in social work. WATCH THIS Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvQZEf7HPTA After watching the video, explain to the class your ideas regarding the examples in each system level (Oral Recitation). Social Work Systems Level These three areas of focus in social work practice may overlap but it is important to understand the distinctions between these social work approaches. That is why understanding Macro, Mezzo, and Micro Social Work is so important. Macro social work encompasses practices like social work research, program development for small and large communities, community-based education initiatives, policy analysis and advocacy, non-profit administration and leadership, and organizational development. Social workers in this category can frequently be found at government agencies, non-profit organizations, think tanks, and advocacy groups. They typically collaborate with a larger team of researchers, advocates, activists, analysts, educators, and/or government employees. They might lobby to change a health care law or organize a state-wide activist group to advocate for large-scale social policy change. Because of its focus on policy change and fighting against unjust government or economic practices, macro social work ultimately builds stronger communities and provides better quality of life for the people living in them.  Mezzo social work is provided on an intermediate scale, involving neighborhoods, institutions, or other smaller groups. Mezzo-level social workers, for example, serve on the staff of schools, hospitals, community centers, and prisons. Clinical social workers at the mezzo level could coordinate care for their patients and diagnose mental health problems in a hospital setting. Mezzo practice also can include facilitating substance abuse treatment groups or working with offenders or victims within the criminal justice system. Micro social work - When you think of social workers helping a child in foster care or locating housing for a homeless individual, this is micro-level social work. Family therapy and individual counseling are included under the micro umbrella, as is military social work, where the social worker helps military service members cope with the challenges accompanying military life and access their benefits. Social workers on the micro level are protecting society’s most vulnerable individuals, including young children, people with mental disabilities, victims of domestic violence, and elderly people in many different aspects of their lives. Along with providing individual counseling, micro-level social workers connect their clients with important resources, such as temporary housing, healthcare, and mental health services, that will improve their lives.  THE LESSON STRUCTURE MODULE No. 3. Lesson 5: Types of Organization Time Frame: Within 1 week Learning Outcomes: Understanding the role of social workers in various organizational contexts. Analyze the structure and functions of types of organizations, including governance, funding sources, and accountability mechanisms. Comprehend the role and functions of government agencies at various levels (local, state, federal) in the provision of social services. Introduction: In the multifaceted realm of social work, a diverse array of organizations plays a pivotal role in addressing the complex needs of individuals, families, and communities. These organizations, each with distinct structures, mandates, and methodologies, collectively contribute to the overarching mission of enhancing social well-being and promoting justice. From nonprofit entities driven by a passion for positive change to government agencies wielding the authority of policy implementation, the spectrum of social work organizations is as varied as the challenges they seek to address. Types of Organization 1. Nonprofit Organizations: At the heart of social advocacy, nonprofit organizations stand as beacons of compassion, rallying resources and dedicated individuals to tackle societal issues head-on. Guided by unwavering missions and fortified by the generosity of donors, these organizations craft innovative solutions, harness community engagement, and strive to bridge gaps in services. Nonprofits span a vast landscape, from those focusing on homelessness and hunger relief to those championing mental health awareness and cultural diversity. Civil Society Organizations Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) are an integral part of societies worldwide, playing a crucial role in addressing social, economic, and political challenges. These organizations are independent of the government and the business sector and are driven by a commitment to promoting the well-being and interests of citizens. CSOs operate in diverse areas, advocating for various causes and providing essential services. Here's an overview of Civil Society Organizations: A. Definition and Nature: CSOs, also known as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or nonprofit organizations, are entities that operate independently of governmental control and are not motivated by profit. They are formed by individuals, groups, or communities to address societal issues, advance specific causes, or provide services that may not be effectively addressed by the government or private sector. B. Types of Civil Society Organizations: CSOs are incredibly diverse and can be categorized into various types based on their focus and objectives. Some common types include: Advocacy Organizations: These CSOs work to influence public policy, raise awareness about specific issues, and advocate for social or political change. Service Providers: Some CSOs directly deliver services in areas such as education, healthcare, disaster relief, and community development. Human Rights Organizations: These organizations focus on promoting and protecting human rights, often working to address issues such as discrimination, gender equality, and freedom of expression. Environmental Organizations: These CSOs work towards environmental conservation, sustainability, and combating climate change. Cultural and Social Organizations: These organizations aim to preserve cultural heritage, promote arts, and support social cohesion. Research and Think Tanks: Some CSOs conduct research, gather data, and generate evidence-based solutions for various societal issues. C. Roles and Functions: Advocacy and Awareness: CSOs raise awareness about social issues, advocate for policy changes, and mobilize public support to address pressing problems. Service Delivery: Many CSOs directly provide services that fill gaps in areas such as education, healthcare, poverty alleviation, and disaster relief. Capacity Building: CSOs empower individuals and communities by providing training, skills development, and education. Research and Data Collection: Some CSOs conduct research to provide insights into societal issues, which can inform policy decisions and public discourse. Monitoring and Accountability: CSOs often monitor the actions of governments, corporations, and other entities to ensure transparency and accountability. Bridge between Citizens and Institutions: CSOs act as intermediaries between citizens and governments, facilitating communication, engagement, and collaboration. D. Funding and Sustainability: CSOs may be funded through various sources, including donations, grants, fundraising events, and partnerships. Ensuring long-term sustainability can be a challenge, as it often requires diversifying funding sources and building strong relationships with supporters. E. Challenges and Impact: CSOs can face challenges such as limited resources, legal restrictions, and political pressure. However, they have the potential to drive significant positive change in societies by amplifying marginalized voices, advocating for justice, and providing essential services to those in need. In summary, Civil Society Organizations are essential actors in modern societies, working to address a wide range of issues, from human rights and environmental conservation to education and poverty alleviation. Their independent and diverse nature allows them to contribute to social progress, community development, and the promotion of democratic values. 2. Government Agencies: Enacting policies and regulations with a broad-reaching impact, government agencies wield considerable influence over the provision of social services. Operating at local, state, and federal levels, these entities possess the authority to create, implement, and enforce guidelines that shape the social work landscape. Through government agencies, social workers collaborate with policymakers to enact change, working within established frameworks to advocate for vulnerable populations and champion systemic reform. Let's differentiate between National Government Agencies (NGAs) and Local Government Units (LGUs) in the context of their roles and functions: *National Government Agencies (NGAs): Role and Scope: NGAs are governmental bodies that operate at the national level of a country's administrative hierarchy. They are responsible for implementing policies, laws, and regulations that are applicable nationwide. NGAs have a broad mandate and oversee matters that transcend regional and local boundaries. Functions: Policy Formulation and Implementation: NGAs play a crucial role in developing and enacting policies that guide the entire country. They formulate guidelines, regulations, and laws on various issues, such as health, education, social welfare, and national security. Regulatory Oversight: NGAs enforce and regulate various sectors, ensuring that rules and standards are upheld. For example, the Environmental Protection Agency might regulate environmental policies, while the Ministry of Health might regulate healthcare standards. Resource Allocation: NGAs manage the allocation of national resources, including budget distribution for various programs and projects across different regions. National Planning: They contribute to the formulation of national development plans and strategies, taking into account the needs and priorities of the entire country. Centralized Services: NGAs often provide centralized services, such as national-level healthcare programs, infrastructure development, and security services that benefit the entire population. International Relations: NGAs represent the country on the international stage, participating in treaties, negotiations, and global initiatives. *Local Government Units (LGUs): Role and Scope: LGUs are administrative divisions within a country, often structured by geographic regions, provinces, municipalities, or cities. They are responsible for governing and managing local affairs within their respective jurisdictions. Functions: Local Governance: LGUs have the authority to manage and govern their local communities, making decisions and implementing policies tailored to their specific needs and challenges. Service Delivery: They provide essential services to their constituents, such as healthcare, education, sanitation, and public safety, based on the needs of the local population. Development Planning: LGUs create and implement local development plans that address the unique economic, social, and environmental priorities of their areas. Resource Management: They manage local resources, including budget allocation, taxation, and revenue generation, to fund local programs and services. Regulation and Ordinances: LGUs enact local ordinances and regulations to address issues specific to their communities, such as zoning laws, traffic regulations, and public health measures. Community Engagement: LGUs engage with local residents and stakeholders to gather input, ensure transparency, and address community concerns effectively. Decentralized Services: LGUs provide services that cater to local needs, such as waste management, local infrastructure development, and small-scale economic initiatives. City/Municipality Social Service Office Role and Scope: City/Municipality Social Service Offices operate at the local level within a specific city or municipality. They are responsible for providing social services, welfare programs, and support to residents within their jurisdiction. Functions: Local Service Delivery: These offices focus on delivering social services directly to the residents of a particular city or municipality. Services can include assistance for vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, children, and people with disabilities. Community Outreach: City/Municipality Social Service Offices engage in community outreach and support programs to address local social issues, such as poverty, homelessness, and family welfare. Crisis Intervention: They provide immediate assistance during emergencies, natural disasters, or other crisis situations affecting the local community. Local Advocacy: These offices may advocate for local policies and programs that address specific social challenges faced by the city or municipality. Coordination: They coordinate with local NGOs, community organizations, and other relevant stakeholders to optimize service delivery and support networks. Local Planning: City/Municipality Social Service Offices contribute to local development planning by identifying social needs and proposing strategies to address them. Provincial Social Service Office Role and Scope: Provincial Social Service Offices operate at a higher administrative level, overseeing multiple cities and municipalities within a province. They have a broader scope and are responsible for coordinating social services at the provincial level. Functions: Coordination and Oversight: Provincial Social Service Offices oversee the implementation of social welfare programs and services across multiple cities and municipalities within the province. Resource Allocation: They allocate resources, including budgets and personnel, to different local government units (cities and municipalities) to ensure equitable distribution of services. Policy Implementation: These offices play a role in implementing national and provincial social welfare policies and programs within the context of the province. Capacity Building: Provincial Social Service Offices may provide training, technical assistance, and capacity-building initiatives to local government units to enhance their service delivery capabilities. Data Collection and Reporting: They gather data on social welfare needs, trends, and challenges within the province and use this information to inform policy decisions. Inter-Agency Collaboration: Provincial Social Service Offices collaborate with other provincial government departments, NGOs, and relevant stakeholders to create comprehensive social welfare strategies. Regional Advocacy: They may advocate for regional-level policies and programs that address social issues unique to the province. In summary, City/Municipality Social Service Offices primarily focus on providing social services directly to residents within a specific city or municipality, while Provincial Social Service Offices operate at a higher administrative level, overseeing and coordinating social services across multiple local government units within a province. The roles and functions of these offices reflect their respective positions within the administrative hierarchy and their scope of influence. 3. Healthcare Institutions: Within the walls of hospitals, clinics, and medical centers, social workers stand as integral members of healthcare teams, addressing not only the physical ailments but also the emotional and psychosocial challenges faced by patients and their families. As liaisons between medical professionals and individuals navigating illness, these social workers provide holistic support, facilitate communication, and ensure that the human aspect of healthcare remains at the forefront. 4. Schools and Educational Institutions: Education is not confined to textbooks and classrooms alone; it encompasses the holistic development of students. In educational settings, social workers serve as advocates for students' well-being, fostering an environment where academic success is intertwined with emotional growth. These professionals address barriers to learning, offer counseling, and create inclusive spaces that celebrate diversity and empower students to reach their potential. 5. Corporate organization in the fields of social work: Corporate organizations in the field of social work refer to companies and businesses that engage in socially responsible initiatives, community development, and philanthropic efforts to address various social issues. These organizations recognize their role in contributing to the betterment of society beyond their core business operations. Here's an overview of corporate organizations in the context of social work: A. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Many businesses have embraced the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which involves integrating ethical practices and socially responsible initiatives into their business models. CSR initiatives can encompass a wide range of activities, including philanthropy, employee volunteer programs, sustainable business practices, and community partnerships. B. Types of Corporate Social Initiatives: Philanthropy: Corporations allocate funds to support charitable causes, nonprofit organizations, and community projects that address social issues such as education, healthcare, poverty alleviation, and environmental conservation. Employee Volunteer Programs: Companies encourage their employees to volunteer their time and skills to contribute to community projects, disaster relief efforts, and various social causes. Cause-Related Marketing: Businesses collaborate with nonprofit organizations to promote social causes, often donating a portion of their profits from specific products or services to support those causes. Sustainable Business Practices: Companies integrate environmentally sustainable practices into their operations, aiming to reduce their ecological footprint and promote responsible resource management. Community Partnerships: Corporations collaborate with local communities to identify and address specific social needs, fostering long-term relationships and sustainable development. Skills-Based Volunteering: Professionals within corporations offer their expertise to assist nonprofits in areas such as marketing, finance, technology, and organizational development. C. Benefits and Impact: Corporate organizations engaging in social work initiatives can have several positive outcomes: Social Impact: Through their resources and reach, corporations can contribute to addressing critical social issues and driving positive change in communities. Employee Engagement: CSR initiatives enhance employee morale, job satisfaction, and a sense of purpose by involving them in meaningful community work. Reputation and Brand Enhancement: Companies committed to social responsibility often build stronger relationships with customers, investors, and the public, enhancing their brand image. Community Development: Corporate involvement in community development projects can lead to improved infrastructure, education, healthcare access, and overall quality of life for local residents. D. Challenges: Authenticity: Ensuring that CSR efforts are genuinely aligned with social impact rather than mere marketing strategies can be a challenge. Resource Allocation: Balancing financial commitments to CSR initiatives with business operations and profitability can be complex. Long-Term Sustainability: Sustaining social initiatives over time requires careful planning and ongoing commitment. Examples: Google.org: Google's philanthropic arm supports projects focused on education, technology, and other global challenges. TOMS Shoes: Known for its "One for One" model, TOMS donates a pair of shoes to a child in need for every pair sold. PepsiCo Foundation: The foundation addresses issues such as water access, nutrition, and sustainable agriculture. Salesforce.org: Salesforce's philanthropic branch provides technology and resources to nonprofits and educational institutions. In summary, corporate organizations in the field of social work leverage their resources, influence, and expertise to contribute positively to society. By engaging in socially responsible initiatives, they play a significant role in addressing social challenges, promoting community development, and fostering a culture of philanthropy and social impact within the corporate sector.  THE LESSON STRUCTURE MODULE No. 3. Lesson 6: ACCREDITED AND INTEGRATED PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION Time Frame: Within 1 week Learning Outcomes: Students will comprehend the organizational structure and governance of accredited and integrated professional organizations in the Philippines, including their leadership, committees, and decision-making processes. Students will gain knowledge about the accreditation and integration processes, requirements, and significance for professional organizations in the Philippines. Students will recognize the role of professional organizations in advocating for social justice, human rights, and policies that benefit society, and how these organizations contribute to positive social change. Students will assess the contributions of accredited and integrated professional organizations to the field of social work in the Philippines, including their role in advancing the profession and influencing policies. Introduction: Hello students. In this lesson, we will tackle the different Accredited and integrated professional organizations for social workers in the Philippines, such as the Philippine Association of Social Workers, Inc. (PASWI) and others. It plays several crucial roles in the field of social work. Their importance lies in supporting and advancing the profession, protecting the rights and interests of social workers, and ensuring the delivery of quality social services. Watch the attached link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxc6BXxaY-o Activity (Jigsaw Method) After watching the video, the class will be divided into small, diverse groups, each typically consisting of 4-6 students. These groups are referred to as "home groups." Ideally, each home group should have a mix of abilities and backgrounds. After forming the home groups, the teacher assigns each member of the group to an "expert group." Each expert group is given a specific subtopic or part of the larger topic being studied. Each member of the expert group takes turns presenting their findings to their home group members. This sharing of information ensures that each home group member gains knowledge about all aspects of the topic. Accredited and integrated professional organizations for social workers in the Philippines are essential for advancing the profession, protecting the interests of social workers, maintaining ethical standards, and advocating for policies and practices that benefit society as a whole. Their role is vital in ensuring that social work remains a respected and effective field that addresses the diverse social needs of the country. Here are some of the key roles and their importance: Professional Development: These organizations provide opportunities for continuous professional development and training for social workers. They organize seminars, workshops, conferences, and other educational events to enhance the knowledge and skills of their members. This helps social workers stay up-to-date with the latest practices and research in the field. Advocacy: Accredited organizations advocate for the rights and welfare of social workers. They can influence government policies and regulations related to social work practice and licensure, ensuring that the profession is recognized and respected. Networking: These organizations facilitate networking and collaboration among social workers. This helps professionals share knowledge, experiences, and best practices. Networking also creates a sense of community and support among social workers. Ethical Standards: Accredited organizations often establish and uphold a code of ethics for social workers. This code guides ethical behavior and professional conduct, ensuring that social workers maintain high ethical standards in their practice. Licensure and Certification: They may be involved in the certification and licensure process for social workers. These organizations work with regulatory bodies like the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) to set standards for licensure exams and ensure that qualified individuals enter the profession. Continuing Education: Accredited organizations often offer continuing education credits and certification programs to help social workers meet licensing requirements and stay current in their field. Research and Advocacy: They may conduct research on social issues, collect data, and advocate for policies that address social problems. This research helps inform social work practice and contributes to the development of evidence-based interventions. Community Outreach: These organizations may engage in community outreach and social service programs to address various social issues. They play a role in connecting social workers with communities in need and ensuring that social services are accessible to those who require assistance. Representation: Accredited organizations represent the interests of social workers at various levels of government and with other stakeholders. They work to ensure that social workers' voices are heard in discussions about social policies and services. Quality Assurance: By setting standards and guidelines for social work practice, these organizations contribute to the quality assurance of social services provided to individuals and communities. Philippine Association of Social Workers, Inc. (PASWI) The Philippine Association of Social Workers, Inc. (PASWI) is a prominent and well-respected professional organization for social workers in the Philippines. PASWI is a non-profit organization that is committed to advancing the social work profession and promoting the welfare of its members. Here are some key points about PASWI: Establishment and Accreditation: PASWI was established on October 23, 1965, and is accredited by the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) of the Philippines. It is recognized as the national organization of social workers in the country. Mission and Goals: PASWI's mission is to promote and enhance the social work profession's development, ethics, and standards. The organization aims to serve as a catalyst for positive change in society by empowering social workers and advocating for social justice and human rights. Membership: PASWI offers membership to licensed social workers, educators, students, and professionals who are interested in the field of social work. Members benefit from various opportunities for professional development, networking, and advocacy. Activities and Programs: PASWI conducts a wide range of activities and programs to fulfill its mission. These include seminars, conferences, workshops, and training sessions to enhance the knowledge and skills of social workers. The organization also engages in research and advocacy work related to social issues. Code of Ethics: PASWI upholds a Code of Ethics for social workers in the Philippines. This code provides guidelines for ethical conduct and professional behavior for its members, ensuring that social workers maintain the highest standards of integrity in their practice. Advocacy: The organization is actively involved in advocacy efforts related to social welfare, social justice, and human rights. It works to influence policies and regulations that impact the social work profession and the communities it serves. Community Engagement: PASWI