Field Veterinarian Notes PDF

FIELD VETERINARIAN NOTES Prepared by Guided by S.Sathees kumar Dr.S. Sivaraman krenoz Large and small ruminants section : s.no contents Page no 1. Theileriosi...

FIELD VETERINARIAN NOTES Prepared by Guided by S.Sathees kumar Dr.S. Sivaraman krenoz Large and small ruminants section : s.no contents Page no 1. Theileriosis 2. Babesiosis 3. Actinomycosis ( lumpy jaw) 4. Mastitis ( acute , sub-acute and chronic) 5. Diarrhea due to bacterial infection 6. Pneumonia due to bacterial infection 7. Aspiratory pneumonia 8. Haemorrhagic septicemia 9. Watery eyes 10. Epistaxis 11. Septicemia 12. Novel ill 13. Flea/ tick infestation krenoz 14. Amphistomosis 15. Botulism 16. Leptospirosis 17. Anaplasmosis 18. Enlargement of teat with painful 19. Tetanus ( Initial stage ) 20. Trypanosomiasis 21. Urinary tract infection 22. Haemagalactiae 23. Maggot wound 24. Detection of subclinical mastitis 25. Schistosomiasis 26. Milk fever 27. Ruminal lactacidosis krenoz 28. Pox virus 29. Ketosis 30. Downer cow syndrome 31. Bloat (froathy and gas bloat) 32. Dermatophilosis 33. Photosensitization 34. Ruminal impaction 35. Fatty liver syndrome 36. Ephemeral fever 37. Urolithiasis in sheep 38. Snake envenomation 39. Paralytic ileus 40. Postparturient hemoglobinuria 41. Hypomagnesemic tetany krenoz 42. Foot and mouth disease 43. Traumatic pericarditis 44. Traumatic reticuloperitonitis 45. Peritonitis 46. Left displacement of abomasum 47. Abomasal ulcer 48. Intussusception ( without surgery ) 49. Rabies 50. Raw blood from rectum 51. Urea poisoning 52. OPC poisoning 53. Carbamate poisoning 54. Cyanide ( immature sorghum) 55. Weak kid syndrome krenoz 56. Poliencephalomalacia 57. Papilloma virus 58. Stomatitis 59. Ingestion of polythene / cotton materials 60. Blue tongue 61. PPR in goat 62. Leaky teat / teat fistula 63. Anorexia 64. Skin urticarial due to NaHco3 65. Ruminal atony 66. Subcutaneous emphysematous 67. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca 68. Physiological udder edema in sheep 69. Urinary bladder rupture krenoz 70. Vagal indigestion 71. Tongue paralysis 72. Knuckling of hindlimb 73. Radial nerve paralysis 74. Swelling of the leg due to wasp bite 75. Ceacal dilatation in cattle krenoz  1. Ruminal lactacidosis Diagnosis / clinical signs : Acute stage - anorexia , diarrhea ( after 8 hours ) , respiratory distress , severe dehydration ( due to lack of Hco3) , drunken gait , fluid splashing sound , rumen pH below 5 , no protozoa. Chronic stage – laminitis (due to release of histamine by lactic acid ) , hepatic abscess , fungal ruminitis. Line of treatment :  Evacuation of the ruminal content by stomach tube  Supplement of NaHco3 mixed with normal saline in intravenous use only ( 0.3 x base deficit x body weight )  Anti-histamine : chlorpheniramine maleate (0.025-0.5mg/kg)  B-complex injection to regulate the rumen eco-system  Anti-biotic – to kill the s. bovis  Oral antacid - aluminium hydroxide , magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, (trade name – Gelucil, De-blota ,Bufzone ,Rumibuff , Acibuff )  Cud transplantation - rumen liquor from any animal Large ruminants : 3-4 litres orally , sheep- 500-1litre orally Contraindication : Advice to owner don’t allow the animal to drink In initial stage with respiratory disturb don’t give ringer’s lactate , after correcting the respiratory distress you can give RL for correcting the bicarbonate deficit. krenoz In ruminal acidosis case , affected animals are look “drunken appearance” Dose rate Availability Label Ruminants NaHCO3 1ml/kg Ruminants Chlorpheniramine 0.25-0.5mg/kg maleate Ruminants Large: B-complex Sheep/goat: Antibiotics Oral antacid Cud transplantation krenoz krenoz  2. Traumatic Pericarditis Diagnosis / clinical signs : First one is jugular vein enlargement , followed by muffled heart sound (fluid filled sound) ,follows congestive heart failure(due to arrest complete filling) , edema in the brisket and submandibular region. Diagnosis : 1.slope test – make the animal to walk on the slope area. If the animal is walk very slowly , that indicate animal having some pain in the thorax – positive for TP. 2.pole test – keep the pole under the chest region, suddenly rise the pole by the help of the attendant. If the case is positive animal should evinced the pain. 3. positive venous stasis 4. pericardiocentesis Treatment : No specific treatment. This case is going to die(grave). krenoz Enlargement of jugular vein krenoz  3. Snake envenomation Clinical signs : swelling at the biting area , necrosis , dilatation of pupils , epistaxis, muscular weakness, paralysis, swallowing paralysis , fang mark. Diagnosis : WBCT – Whole Blood Clotting Time collection of blood from jugular vein of the cattle , pour it into the glass tube. Wait for 20 mins. if the blood is not clot , that indicate snake venom present in the blood. Check it every 6 hours. Line of treatment :  Connect snake venom antiserum (20ml) two vial mixed with Normal Saline /DNS. After 6hours check WBCT , if blood is not clot , again go for second dose of snake venom antiserum.  Tetanus toxoid – 0.5ml (I/M)  Metronidazole (for gram negative bacteria )-I/V  Streptopenicillin (10,000-60,000 i/u)I/M  Furosemide -0.5-4mg /kg (I/M) Contraindication :  Avoid administration of chlorpheniramine maleate. It cause synergistic reaction of snake venom. krenoz   Don’t use tourniquet  Corticosteroids : Actually Steroids did not produce any side effect. No use in snake bite. Use steroids when anaphyloctic shock is noticed during administration of antivenin , Steroids are compulsory use. Advice to farmer : 1. Suspected snake bite cattle milk is fit for human and calf consumption. 2. If the animal is pregnant ,may be the chance for abortion. 3. The venom excreted in the all body fluids. Some practical clue : 1.Indian cobra :(நாகப்பாம்பு) neurotoxic – no swelling at the bitting area , produce severe pain at bitting site. 2.krait : (கட்டு விரியன் பாம்பு)neurotoxic – same like cobra. 3.Viper : (விரியன் பாம்பு)haemotoxic – produce swelling at bitting area, epistaxis , dilated pupils. krenoz Cobra bite Clinical signs Severe swelling and necrosis of the biting area. krenoz  4. Actinomycosis in ruminants (lumpy jaw) Clinical signs: Initially painless swelling , hard immovable bony swelling on mandible , pus through opening , in appetence , salivary secretion ,swelling of the head in chronic stage. Line of treatment :  Surgical opening of the swelling region and evacuate the pus materials.  Cavity cleaned with potassium permanganate solution.  Cavity is packed with seton (gauze impregnated with tincture iodine in first day,second day gauze is impregnated with povidine iodine )  Oral administration of potassium iodide -10g mixed with water /put in deoiled rice bran make a ball like structure and give it to animal for daily once. (Availability of potassium iodide -100 g , cost around 700/-)  Streptopenicillin -5g I/M  Fluid therapy ( RL /NS ) – because animal did not taking feed and water /anorectic.  Chlorpheniramine maleate – 0.25-0.5mg/kg (I/M)  Cryo-therapy (liquid nitrogen) also effective.  Supportive therapy (tribivet , B complex)-5-10ml (I/M) krenoz  Caution : o After lancing the mass , don’t suture it. Follow seton replacement day to day around 10days. (potassium iodide – it also act as a expectorant (சளி நீக்கி) , after administering the potassium iodide orally , the mucoid discharge occur from the nostrils –don’t bather about ,go for administration of chlorpheniramine maleate. Potassium iodide did not cause abortion in pregnant animal. ) o Continue the fluid therapy around 6-7 days /until animal taking feed and water properly. Daily the cavity is cleaned with potassium permanganate. Swelling of mouth ,nasal region. Animal cannot able to see , cannot able to open the mouth properly. krenoz krenoz krenoz  5. Ephemeral fever Clinical signs : High fever , muscular shivering , animal in standing position with dull and depressed , stiffness of all four limbs , lameness, enlargement of lymph node , respiratory distress , anorexia , definitely animal have hypocalcemia , some time diarrhea , congested mucus membrane. Line of treatment :  Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory : o flunixin meglumine – 1.1-2.2mg/kg (I/M)  Enrofloxacin – 7.5-12.5mg/kg (I/M)  Chlorpheniramine maleate – 0.25-0.5 mg/kg (I/M)  Fluid therapy ( RL /NS/DNS/D20) –I/V  Calcium borogluconate – 1g/45kg –I/V (Generally without treatment animal recover within 3 days.) Caution : 1. Avoid to oral drenching – because susceptible animal did not having swallowing ability. Advice to farmer :  This disease not spread through the direct contact , only by arthropod.  Avoid oral drenching. krenoz  6. Tetanus Clinical signs : Muscular rigidity , stiffening of limbs start from the hind leg to forelimb ,extended head and neck , hyperesthesia, respiratory distress, erect ear , fixed eye ball , recumbent bloat , finally convulsions and death is due to respiratory failure. Line of treatment : o Elimination of bacteria : streptopenicillin -5g (I/M) Dose rate : 10,000-60,000 iu/kg o Neutralize the toxins : tetanus toxoid 0.5-1ml (I/M) o Control of muscular spasm : diazepam – 0.5mg/kg (I/M) or magnesium sulfate o Fluid therapy (RL/NS)-10ml/kg (I/V) o Feed by introduce the stomach into the rumen – cannot able to swallow. Advice to farmer : krenoz  7. Milk fever (parturient paresis ) Occur before or after parturition Clinical signs : Anorexia , scant faeces , muscular weakness leading to sternal recumbency with lateral kink of neck , circulatory collapse , weak pulse, dry muzzle , subnormal temperature , weak pulse , weak heart sounds. Diagnosis : To collect the calving history , therapeutic diagnosis. Line of treatment :  Calcium borogluconate – 1g/45kg –I/V  Fluid therapy (Ringer’s lactate ,DNS -10ml/kg)  Vitamin A,D3,E&H – 5ml (I/M)  Phosphorus injection (ultraphos) –  Calcium chloride gel orally Animal is response to treatment: It shows the Muscle tremors, Defecation , Urination. Advice to farmer : 1. After correcting the blood calcium level – avoid suckling of young for 3 days. 2. Give calcium supplement diet. 3. Avoid milking for human and young consumption. krenoz Cautions:  Avoid administration of calcium drug fastly. It administer only drop by drop. Otherwise it cause bradycardia that leads to animal collapse. Treatment for calcium induced bradycardia :  Atropine sulfate – 0.02-0.2mg/kg ( ) In case of milk fever : Animal keep their neck on lateral side. (lateral kink of neck) krenoz  8. Bloat I. Free gas bloat : It is due to obstruction of the oesophagus (choke) - no eructation process will occur – leads to accumulation of the air in the rumen. (or) Tetanus (only free gas bloat occur ) Clinicial signs / Diagnosis : 1. Enlargement of left paralumbar fossa ( in severe case bilateral enlargement of abdomen) 2. Auscultation exhibit - drum like sound (pung sound) 3. Anerexia Treatment : 1.Palpation of the esophagus , if any palpable mass present or not. If choke in esophagus – animal cannot able to engulf the feed material and saliva also - so animal omit the more amount of saliva - if you hold the esophagus tightly definitely animal omit the more amount of saliva that indicate choke. Diagnosis of choke : palpation of the esophagus area from the larynx to bottom. krenoz  Treatment of choke : if the mass is present in the cervical part of esophagus - 1.Push the mass into inside the rumen by using stomach tube. 2. If hard masses cannot go inside the rumen by stomach tube. Using Mouth gag to open the animal mouth. Any one person move the mass from bottom to mouth. VAS inserting the hand into mouth to capture the choked mass and remove it. 3. if the hard mass present in the thoracic part of oesophagus. Inserting the stomach tube to push the mass inside the rumen. (Note: If you cannot able to push the mass inside the rumen by mild pressure. Don’t give high force to push , because it leads to erosion of esophagus / rupture of esophagus/ wound - it affects the animal feeding habit.) Esophagotomy - done when stomach tube method and manually push the content is failure. 4. Administer any antibiotics like streptopenicillin , Enrofloxacin , Gentamicin. 5. Anti-inflammatory Meloxicam - dose rate is 0.5mg/kg body weight (I/M). 6.Antihistamines Chlorpheniramine maleate – 0.25 to 0.5 mg/kg (I/M). krenoz 2. Froathy bloat Clinical signs 1. Enlargement of left paralumbar fossa ( in severe case bilateral enlargement of abdomen) 2.Anerexia Diagnosis : by introducing the stomach tube inside the mouth into rumen - collect the material from rumen – find out froathiness.(bubbles like gas ) Treatment : 1. Removal of rumen ingesta by introducing the stomach tube. 2.Use mineral oils like coconut oil /mustard oil/ sunflower oil. Dose for mineral oils – 1litre for 300kg body weight.(once daily ) Half litre for 150kg body weight.(once daily ) Administer mineral oils until symptoms will subsided. 3.silican dimethicone = trade name – D-blota , Megablota (it reduce the surface tension ) Dose = 300ml for 300kg body weight (once in a day) 4. Tribivet – 10 ml (I/M) for 300kg body weight krenoz  5. Administer any antibiotics like streptopenicilline , Enrofloxacin , Gentamicin , 6. If dehydration occur , give a fluid therapy (any fluids) It should decided by veterinarian. Advice to farmer : 1. Don’t give any green fodder to the animal. Only fed with dry fodder. (Note: in recumbent bloat - u should think about Tetanus , Diaphragmatic hernia , Vagal indigestion) krenoz  9. Photosensitization Agent should cause photosensitization 1. Lantana camera 2. Piperazine anthelminitic 3. Blue – green algae 4. Parthenium plant These agents are causing photosenisitization Clinical signs : 1.Erythematous lesions on the superficial skin (which part expose to sunlight) 2.peel of superficial skin 3. All vital parameters are relatively normal krenoz Treatment : 1. First separate animal from the direct sunlight 2.symptomatic treatment : Vitamin – A is important for replace of affected skin. 3.Hepato-protectant tonic 4.Fluid therapy (any fluids for rehydration) Advice to farmer : Don’t allow the animal in the late morning / afternoon. Keep the animal away from the sunlight / keep the animal under the tree. Allow the animal only early morning and late evening. krenoz  10. Post parturient haemoglobinuria Most commonly occurring in cattle , buffalo in last 2-3 months of calving.( sometime it occurring in 8-9months pregnant animals- I had the experience in our ward) Before / after parturition. Etiology : Phophorus deficiency Clinical signs / diagnosis: 1. All vital parameters are relatively normal. 2.10 – 20 days continuously haemoglobinuria will occur 3.It leads to anemia , pale mucus membrane , (⬇RBC) 4. Animal in sternal recumbent Treatment : Phosphorus : 1. Sodium dihydrogen arthophosphate Dose rate - 60g (I/V) once in a day , it should mixed with normal saline until clear dilution. (approx. 60g diluted with 200ml of normal saline) At the same time give 60g (S/C) once in a day. So , 120g of sodium dihydrogen arthophophate is required. Availability = 500g , 1kg , 2kg krenoz 2. Use injection of Urimin But require more ml of phosphorus Ultraphos around 300ml. In emergency condition / powder form of phosphorus is not available. At the time we should use this. krenoz  Diseases of calf 1. Day old calf : after calving within 6-8hours the colostrum should fed to calf. colostrum is very important for immunity development. 10% of the body weight it should be fed. ZINC SUPHATE TURBITITY TEST : This test is used to find out whether the calf is fed with colostrum or not. It’s a simple procedure applicable to the field. collected the blood from the calf – separate the serum from the corresponding blood- it mixed with zinc sulphate in the test tube – keep the test tube close to the white paper- if the white paper letters are clearly visible through the test tube –that indicate the calf did not fed colostrum. 2. Atresia ani The new born calf did not passing dung within the first 12hours that indicate atresia ani. This case is treated surgically 3.Cleft palate krenoz  New born consume milk – but it expelled out through the nostrils – that indicate cleft palate – this case also correct by surgically. 4. Vitamin-A deficiency The new born calf having staggering gait due to no colostrum feeding – that calf affected with hypovitaminosis A (vitamin A deficiency ). Treatment : administer only vitamin a containing injection Dose rate : 440IU/kg body weight. 5. Navel ill : Immediate after calving , the calf navel cord is cut upto 2inches, put immediately povidine iodine on the navel cord. otherwise maybe the chances for occurrence of navel ill. 6. Hypoglycemia : In case of new born calf : hypothermia is more common, cannot stand well , did not consume milk properly/completely that indicate calf having hypoglycemia. Treatment : Dextrose solution (DNS , D20 ) Symptomatic treatment – give vitamin A,D3,E&H 7.Hypovitaminosis -A The new calf present with history of staggering gait , convulsions, rotation of head , falling down that indicate hypovitaminosis –A (one more thing rotation of head is also due to hydrocephalus ) krenoz Treatment : Give vitamin-A injection alone (440IU/kg) for 2-3days. Cautions: Don’t give the vitamin-A injection intravenously. It strictly intramuscular injection only. 8. E.coli infection : The calf with the history of white diarrhea ,foul smelling ,severe dehydrated that indicate calf is affected with E.coli infection. (note : diarrhea incase of calf/young one is a serious problem , don’t take careless , because it cause rapid fluid loss that leads to sudden collapse of the young one ) Treatment : Give electrolyte ( glucose /sugar mixed with salt solution drench it into orally ) Or use human preparation ORS solution( oral rehydration solution ) In severe case : endotoxaemia with increased heart rate Give fluid therapy : 1.Ringer’s lactate or normal saline mixed with NAHCO3 in intravenously. 2. Broad spectrum antibiotics : amoxicillin 3.flunixin meglumine also very effective in endotoxaemia cases. The treatment should follow 2-3days animal recover quickly. 9. Over feeding /over milk consuming : New born calf having diarrhea , no dehydration, cloudy diarrhea, abdomen full means that due to over feeding/milk consuming. krenoz Treatment : give lemon juice is mixed with water / acetic acid is drench it into orally that cause diarrhea. Following the treatment give the fluids to replace the electrolyte imbalance.(mainly use Ringer’s lactate for electrolyte) 10. Salmonellosis : Calf present with the history of showing straining during defecation , blood with mucus diarrhea and tenesmus that indicate calf is affected with salmonellosis. Treatment : fluid therapy – Ringer’s lactate Broad spectrum antibiotics- 11. Coccidiosis : Calf present with the history of dysentery with blood , but no mucus coat (rainy season)that indicate calf is affected with coccidiosis. Treatment : sulfadimidine , sulfatrimethoprime (oriprim), amprolium, Caution : over dosage of amprolium cause thiamine deficiency – vitamin-B1 deficiency – that leads to poliencephalomalacia. more common in goat. Clinical signs of poliencephalomalacia : neurological signs with nystagmus. Treatment : vitamin B1 injection krenoz  Deworming schedule of the calf Start from 2-3weeks after birth. Ist – ideally use to give piperazine (it available in the powder and liquid form ) it only active against the nematodes specifically. IIst – use to give albendazole - Fenbendazole- Pyrantel pamoate – Axependazole –  First 6 month after birth :  Every month you should deworm the animal  After 6 month after birth: (once in 3 month)  Every 3 month you should deworm the animal  1 year after birth :  Every 6 month you should deworm the animal. Except , day old buffalo calf - deworm the buffalo calf at time of birth – because new born buffalo calf are more prone for toxocara vitulorum infection.Use piperazine for day old calf. Dose rate-100 to 150mg/kg (PO). After calving you should deworm the cow also , to prevent the transcolostral transmission of parasitic infection. Note : Adminster the piperazine in day old buffalo calf only at evening time. If you administer the piperazine at morning /afternoon time it cause photosensitization (it’s phenothiazine derivatives) krenoz If photosensitization occur due to piperazine Treatment is 1. Separate the buffalo calf from the sunlight. 2. Withdraw the piperazine drug 3. Administer the vitamin –A injection (promote the superficial skin) If you deworm the calf , after 4 hours of deworming , administering the magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) -25-30g orally drench it – it act as a purgatives- to clean /remove the intestinal parasite from the digestive tract. (note: don’t give deworming agent along with mgso4 that leads to animal collapse. So give deworming agent and mgso4 alone ) 12. Calf pneumonia : 2 weeks to 1month calf present with a history of severe respiratory distress with high fever. Calf pneumonia - that occur any time. Its due to many factors like aspirate the amniotic fluid , diminish the immunity. Treatment :  Amoxicillin , gentamicin antibiotics.  Give steroids – dexamethasone  Give bronchodilators –theophyline continue the treatment 3-5 days.  Any respiratory distress animal give furosemide (Lasix) and chlorpheniramine maleate. krenoz Caution :  Don’t give the fluid therapy in any respiratory distress case.  Handle the animal very carefully , otherwise animal will collapse at the time of physical examination.  Don’t transport the animal in open vehicle may be chance for death due to respiratory distress.  Don’t insert the stomach in the open breathed animal 13. peal of superficial skin of the new born around 1 month age calf That indicate moulding of old skin transfer into the new skin, holding the skin by hand in any area of calf body it will peal off. Its not a abnormal , it’s a normal one. No need the take skin scrapping and treatment. Give vitamin –A injection to promote the superficial skin growth. Note : if any scales / thickening of the skin lesions is present. That indicate mite infestation. From forelimb , hindlimb and tail region have the same scale/ thickening lesion that indicate mite infestation. Treatment of mite infestation : neem oil mixed with turmarind powder apply on the skin lesion until the lesion should subsided. 14. Joint ill / navel ill Most commonly occur in below one week calf / kid. Clinical signs: Initially, krenoz  Mild painful swelling in knee and hock joint , increased temperature , anorexia , very painful during palpation. Chronic case : hard swelling transfer into abscess formation. Treatment of navel ill : Initially : Any broad spectrum antibiotics , Amoxicillin , gentamicin Corticosteroids – Dexamethasone injection continue until the swelling is reduced. Chronic case : Use iodine ointment ( vetodex) for ripening of swelling mass – iodine ointment rubbing over the swelling area until produce heat , that promote very good action – after 2or 3 days the hard swelling is convert into the soft fluctuating swelling – make a incision over the mass – evacuate the all pus material – then apply MgS04 + glycerine paste gauze in the lancing wound – because magnesium sulfate absorb all the pus material , that promote quick heel – after swelling is reduced you should apply povidine iodine instead of MgS04 +glycerine paste until it curable. 15.Maggot wound In calf maggot wound mostly occurring in umbilical region (most common) , tail , hoof. Incase of female calf mainly occurring in vaginal tract. Adult cow : After parturition a small hole present in the vulval lips with hardening of surrounding area , that indicate maggot present in the vulval lips (small hole) krenoz Treatment of the maggot wound: o This is the wound only curable within a 1or 2 days without any antibiotics , with proper cleaning of maggot in the wound. o Use forceps to remove the maggot from the corresponding site. If any live maggots are present keep the povidine gauze inside the wound. OR o Use a turbendine oil / any ectoparasitcites like cybermethrin (butox) apply these oil , wait for few minutes and cleaned with KMNO4 solution , after thoroughly cleaning apply ointment like vetbacin /Lorexane. OR use negasund powder instead of ointment. o In severe case of maggot wound administer the ivermectin is very effective. 16. Hypomagnesemic tetany Differential diagnosis : Rabies Because the clinical signs are same like rabies , very difficult to differentiate the hypomagnesemic tetany with rabies. A 45-50kg body weight calf more prone for hypomagnesemic tetany. Because calf once attain this much of body weight change milk feeding into the grazing. Calf should consume milk upto attain 45-50kg body weight definitely it affected with hypomagnesemic tetany , because milk is poor source of magnesium. Clinical signs :  Salivation (froathy ),  Hyperaesthesia ,(calf hear any sound , start convulsion ) krenoz   Bellowing ,  Convulsion If the rabies is suspect keep the animal under the observation for 10 days. If rabies is positive animal died within 10 days. Treatment :  Administer the magnesium  MIFEX – trade name  10% MgS04 solution – I/V It immediately response to the magnesium treatment. If it is not response to the magnesium treatment you suspect Rabies. 17.Worm infestation 6 month old calf walking few meters suddenly falldown and recumbent due to anaemia. The calf did not deworm upto 5-6months , after 5-6months deworm the calf in the first time may chance for occurrence of shock is due to worm infestation. ( removal of more worm from the intestine leads to shock) Udder affections 1.Mastitis : There are two types of mastitis : 1.clinical mastitis 2.sub-clinical mastitis 1.clinical mastitis : Obivious clinical signs like swelling , heat , redness , presence flakes in the milk /watery milk. krenoz 2.sub –clinical mastitis: No any clinical signs are noticed in the udder and milk also normal without any flakes. Diagnosis of subclinical mastitis: 1. first think is based on the history ;  Reduction in the milk yield ,  Salty taste milk,  Formation of thread after boiling of milk. 2. CMT test – Colifornia Mastitis Test Procedure : o Collect the milk in the milk pad o Add 1to 2 drops of CMT reagent o Formation of gelly , that indicate animal is affected with sub-clinical mastitis. No gelly formation that indicate normal milk (negative of sub-clinical mastitis) (note : in field practice you can use any homely use detergent like Rin , surf exel , instead of CMT reagent ) Note : 1. Early lactation (or) colostrum milk = false negative 2. late lactation These two period don’t use CMT test ,because it will give a false positive result. Not only for subclinical mastitis , the gelly should form at the period of early lactation /colostrum and late lactation.So, carefully do the test and tell the prognosis. Care and management of subclinical mastitis: krenoz  Use teat dipping (commercially available ) /use tumbler for teat dipping –povidine iodine pour it into the tumbler / teat dipping instrument - immerse the all quarter teat after milking. In large size farm use chlorhexidine component instead of povidine iodine. (or) use any teat spray instead of teat dipping. Treatment : 1. continue the antibiotics for one week. 2.trisodium citrate give orally ( it’s a pH modulator) 2.leptospirosis : A farm animals present with the history of sudden drop of milk yield , first we should think about leptospirosis , then followed by subclinical mastitis. Colour of the milk is - reddish 2. Physiological udder edema: Physiological udder edema most commonly occurring in the first calving due to sudden drop of blood into the udder , leads to seepage of the edema in the udder. But the milk / colostrum are normal in colour and consistency. ( But its a normal physiological process ) Palpation of udder : in the first day it will become very hard in nature. swelling at the level of the umbilicus. Treat 1 or 2 days it will become soft in consistency. Treatment : 1. Furosemide - 2-4mg/kg of body weight krenoz  2.Acidazolamide tablet ( it’s a human prepartation for diuretic ) 3. Ice foamentation 4.tribulus terrestries (நநரிஞ்சி முள்) – put it into one litre water - boil it and cool it- pour it into the drinking water – give to animal for drinking. It act as 5. Dexamethasone 6.Furosemide =2-4mg/kg (Note : single dexamethasone injection does not decrease the milk secretion to the milk animal, so don’t worry about it) Note : in some cases the swelling udder was noticed upto the hock joint. It correlated with physiological udder edema and prepubic tendon rupture. In these type of case treat the animal 2days for physiological udder edema. If the animal is not responsible for after 2days treatment of phy.udder edema - it definitely prepubic tendon rupture. Because within 2days udder swelling is reduced incase of physiological udder edema , but prepubic tendon rupture case it is not possible. Complication of prepubic tendon rupture is ventral hernia. In this case nothing can be done. so tell the prognosis to the owner. Physiological udder edema present in the 2nd and 3rd calving , but the swelling is lesser than the first attempt. Principle of physiological udder edema : No need to treat the animal with antibiotics , but in field practice need antibiotic treatment. krenoz Some clue for prevention of udder edema:  Reduced by allow the calf to suckling the milk 3.haemaggalactiae : (rose milk) Commonly noticed in the recently calved animal. Because sudden withdraw of milk from the udder. That cause minute capillary damage. Differentiate the mastits milk & haemaggalactiae : Mastitis milk Haemaggalactiae Centrifuge : collect the milk in Centrifuge : collect the milk in the test tube and centrifuge it. the test tube and centrifuge it. After centrifuge the blood is After centrifuge the blood is not settle down and milk settle down of the test tube colour is red / rose colour that with clear milk that indicate positive for mastitis milk. haemaggalcitae. Treatment of haemaggalactiae : Strip kit , Adenochrome , Stopchrome , Texableed , Striptochrome (2ml ampoule) These drugs are used to treat the haemaggalactiae. If the animal is not responsible for the krenoz treatment for 2 to 3 days (if blood in milk is not control ) going to use calcium borogluconate (I/V) IN RECURRENT CASE OF HAEMAGGALACTIAE : Use formalin 20ml into one litre of water with two spoon salt thoroughly mixed – drench it (avoid aspiration ) 100% the case is curable. Advice to farmer : administration of formalin in orally - animal does not take feed and water for 2-3days because of formalin. Contraindication : don’t use intramammary infusion into the mammary gland incase of haemaggalactiae. 4.Mycoplasma : No swelling but milk is creamy in nature , udder is look like atrophied – that also indicate “mycoplasma” Milk creamy in consistency without discolouration that indicate Mycoplasma. line of treatment is tylosine _10mg/kg. Avail. 100ml vial Farm animal (sheep/goat ): Present with the history of feeding habit are normal in all animals , but animal having nasal discharge that indicate mycoplasma –CCPP/CBPP. CCPP and CBPP also treated by using tylosine & enrofloxacin very effectively. 5. cowpox : (viral disease) krenoz Lesions will pedunculated and reddish brown in colour. Only lesions are present in the teat , not udder. Its a seasonal one. In cattle teat – small spot are present around the teat. It affect all the animal , transmitted through the milking. Treatment : any antibiotic ointment / injection we can use. For prevention of secondary bacterial infection. Injection form antibiotics : Streptopenicillin , Enrofloxacin , Because this disease persist only 1 to 2 weeks. 6.Bovine Ulcerative Mammilitis : It’s a viral origin Transmit to the other animal through milking It cause oral lesion in the suckling calf. krenoz Treatment : any antibiotic ointment / injection we can use. For prevention of secondary bacterial infection. Injection form antibiotics : Streptopenicillin , Enrofloxacin , Because this disease persist only 1 to 2 weeks. (or) natural therapy like turmarind mixed with neem oils also effective. 7.Intertrigo Inner aspect of the thigh region presence of moist exema in bilaterally /unilaterally. It’s a bacterial origin Here once the scab formation will occur peel off skin – it’s a recurring one – ABST test – select the antibiotics. 8. Teat papilloma It’s viral etiology Treatment : Antiomyelin – 15-20ml orally weekly interval Dhuja ointment Tincture dhuja – 25drops in 1tumbler of water administer orally 5- 6times /day. krenoz 9.Mechanical injury / black spot in the teat Here wound is present in the apex (teat orifice). Partial /complete teat obstruction is occur due to the swelling of the wound. Don’t think about the teat obstruction is due to any tissue growth inside the teat orifice when wound is present. Treatment : 1.Daily administration of the oxytocin -10 IU – Intravenously, to drawn the milk from the infected teat by inserting the teat siphon into the teat. 2.Mix the lorexane ointment with zinc oxide powder – make it into paste , apply over the infected teat wound. (zinc oxide – it’s useful for chronic wound treatment) 3.Administer antibiotic: Gentamicin – 4mg/kg body weight – I/V Streptopenicillin - 5g – I/M Meloxicam -0.5mg/kg –I/M Prednisolone -0.5mg/kg -mg Prednisolone : important for reduce the milk secretion. Because wound is not heal when milk secretion occur in the infected teat. Administer the prednisolone , it reduce the milk secretion that promote the wound healing. After 3-5days again milk secretion come back to normal. 10.Leaky teat : It’s due to relaxation of the teat sphincter muscle. krenoz It occur in 2 or 3 teats / occur in the all the teats. Advice to farmer : Advice intermediate milking ( means farmer drawn the milk from the udder 3times/day{ morning –afternoon-evening}). Treatment : If milk secretion leaked in any 1or 2 teats administer the phosphorus injection intramuscularly for 2-3days. After 3-4 days its curable. 11.Polioencephalomalacia : More common in heifer , sheep and goat. It is due to thiamine deficiency (vitamin B1 deficiency) Early diagnosis : o First signs is separation of the herd/flock. o Continuous bleating , o Staggering gait , o Slight deviation of neck, torticollis , opisthotonus and star grazing appearance , o Slide slap noticed in one day , next day animal look like normal, o Ventral/ horizontal nystagmus also noticed, In later stage : animal in lateral recumbency , Pedelling of legs also noticed. Animal continuously affected with thiamine deficiency - it will cause damaging of cerebral part called cerebro cortical necrosis. krenoz  In early case - very easily to treat. In delayed case prognosis is poor. Delayed case if not treated convulsion should occur. Differentiation : Intoxication Polioencephalomalacia Here , feeding habit is affected, Here , feeding habit is normal. Convulsion is occur, Later stage convulsion occur. Amount of salivation is occur. No salivary secretion. Treatment of polioencephalomalacia : 1.vitamin B1 - dose rate -10mg/kg (intramuscularly) Care should be taken when vitamin B1 /B-complex injection administer into i/v.You should mixed with normal saline / dextrose 20% is necessary. Don’t administer the vitamin B complex alone in intravenously. Commercially available drugs: 1.B plex forte injection - 1ml contain 100mg 2. Neurobion injection – In polioencephalomalacia case administer the vitamin B1/ B complex injection in every 4 to 6 hours (4 times /day). But in practically not possible to follow , because veterinarian not at all possible to attend the single case in a whole day. So , use 40mg/kg single dose of vitamin B1 for single injection. Next day animal will curable from the polioencephalomalacia. Systematic treatment : o Mannitol , krenoz   Dextrose 20%,  Dexamethasone injection , these three for supportive therapy. In case of heifer , follow same treatment. Advise to farmer : 1. don’t keep the animal in lateral recumbency , it cause eye injury. 2.keep the animal away from the sunlight. 12. vomition of small animals like dog: Give way water (lemon /citric acid is mixed into the milk – heat it – some portion transper into coagulation- remaining greenish colour water is giving to small animals- orally – it act as a demulcent. 13.cyanide poisoning (HCN poisoning) Source of cyanide poisoning is  Immature sorghum (சசாளம்)  Tapioca  Sugarcane top  Rubber leaves  Unknown weeds Fresh tapioca and குச்சிகிழங்கு ச ால் contains more cyanogenic glycosides – it will kill the animal just few seconds with the clinical signs like tremors , mild bloat and salivation. Ruminants are more sensitive than monogastric animals krenoz Mostly occurring in draught condition – animal consume cyanide containing plant ( cyanogenic glycosides) – it liberate cyanide gas into the rumen – leads to tissue anoxia- death. Preflowering stage is more prone for HCN poisoning. Onset of clinical signs and death will occur sudden. Clinical signs for cyanide poisoning:  Gasping  Hypersalivation  Muscular tremors  Pupil dilatation  (in OPC & carbamate poisoning pupil is constricted)  Mucous membrane is brick –red in colour(terminally – cyanotic)  Intravenous blood also cherry red / bright red colour  Signs of colic  Dyspnea  Tympany  Excitement  Restlessness and staggering gait Note : if any large size flock sheep /goats present with the history of sudden occurance of above the clinical signs and death. You should think about 1. Intoxication (HCN /OPC/carbamate poisoning) 2. Infectious diseases (anthrax ) 3. Ruminal acidosis Treatment : 1. only one drug of choice is sodium thiosulfate(antidote) krenoz  Dose rate of – 660mg/kg ( I/V) It’s in a powder form , so it directly mixed with normal saline. This drug is enough. Repeat the treatment of sodium thiosulphate every 6-8 hours until the clinical sings are subsided. Supportive treatment : if it is needed go for symptomatically 2.Activated charcoal - act as a adsorbent 3.Furosemide – 2-4mg/kg 4.Iron supplement Note : if any large farm is affected with cyanide poisoning. Don’t treat the animal one by one , because it’s very difficult – animals should treat immediately , other wise it’s dead. So, once veterinarian enter into the flock quickly to prepare the sodium thiosulphate solution – take 20ml syringe – administer into the intravenously in all flock animals within 10mins. Contraindication Don’t give D-blota/ Megablota/Liquid paraffin for mild bloat (because this bloat is due to cyanide poisoning ) More salivation also noticed in the acute cyanide case – so don’t give the atropine sulphate. If you administer the atropine sulphate for this case animal will quickly died.Already pupil dilatation is occur. Confirmatory test for cyanide poisoning Henry picric acid test ( field level practice) Prepare the picric acid solution (yellow in colour) ⬇ Take a whatman filter paper , dipped into picric acid solution ⬇ krenoz  The whatman filter paper turn yellow in colour & dry it in room temperature ⬇ Collect the suspected material ( rumen ingesta/ plant material – very small one leave is enough) put it into test tube ⬇ Gently heat it , vapor will generate from the test tube ⬇ Keep the dried whatman filter paper on the vapor from test tube ⬇ Filter paper turn yellow colour to red in colour ⬇ “Positive for cyanide “ Validity of Dried Whatman filter paper is – upto 10days (If use the filter paper after 15 days it will give a negative result) Validity of the picric acid solution is 6-10 months Advice to farmer Allow the animal to consume dry sorghum fodder Don’t allow to consume immature sorghum /cyanide containing plants. 14.Mastitis In goat : recently kidded ( 1 week /10days/1month) goat is affected with mastitis definitely it’s a “ blue bag disease”. During palpation of udder it cold in touch. 1. First discolouration of milk will occur 2. Swelling of udder krenoz  3. Watery discharge of milk Treatment : 1. Any broad spectrum antibiotics : Gentamicin – 4mg/kg(I/V) Enrofloxacin -5mg/kg(I/M) These two drugs are commonly used for mastitis treatment. 2. If the animal is not responsible for this treatment go for higher antibiotics Ceftriaxone sodium (in septicemic condition also) 3. If severe in udder Administer the steroids /NSAID 4.Fluid therapy - dehydration / anorectic condition 5.Antioxidant – vitamin E Treatment response : serosanguinous milk changed into yellowish , that indicate the animal response to treatment. Note : If any case use same antibiotic to treat for 4-5days. If animal is not response to treatment after 4-5days then only you have to change the antibiotics(use other antibiotics/higher antibiotics) Advise to farmer: Animal is affected with mastitis frequent milking is advisable. Don’t allow the mastitis milk into the udder prolong time. Drawn the mastitis milk from infected teat 6-7times /day until the clinical signs are subsided. (Main purpose – reduce the bacterial load in the teat ) krenoz If any animal present with the history of recently calved , recumbency , increased temperature , very hot painful swelling of udder , severely congested mucous membrane (cmm/vmm) that definitely indicate --- septicemia. Treatment : 1. Collect the milk sample for ABST ( in field level difficult) 2. In septicemic condition don’t go for enrofloxacin and gentamicin. Directly go for higher antibiotic like ceftizoxime. 3.Flunixin meglumine is very important in septicemic condition. (it neutralize the endotoxin) 4.Vitamin – E (antioxidant) Prognosis : In delayed case – fibrin will form ( fibrosis of udder) – [poor prognosis] During palpation of the udder in chronic condition – very hard in consistency. 15. Haemorrhagic septicemia Risk factor : Intermediate rain , sunlight and stress (due to prolonged transfort and crowding of animal) Clinical signs :  Sudden swelling noticed in the lower mandible  Severe respiratory distress  Congested mucous membrane  Edema in the head(some time) krenoz   Elevated temperature (around 40⁰c) Treatment : 1.Drug of choice – sulphatrimethoprim =15-20mg/kg (I/V) (any sulphonamides are useful) (or) Oxytetracycline =10-20mg /kg (I/V) (or) Enrofloxacin =5mg/kg (I/M) 2.Furosemide =2-4mg/kg (Note: if any respiratory problem /pulmonary edema you should give a furosemide at the dose rate of 2-4mg/kg) 16. Aspiratory pneumonia It’s a man made one It’s due to accidentally aspiration of any oil suspension ( neem oil , mineral oil) Clinical signs:  Extended neck  Exaggerated lung (during auscultation)  Oral breathing krenoz   Bronchospasm  Cough Diagnosis : Early diagnosis by keep the stethoscope in a right ventral lobe of lung to find out any abnormal sound (child crying). Because the right ventral lobe is more prone for early diagnosis of respiratory distress. Treatment : 1.Drug of choice – ceftiofur sodium=1mg/kg (I/V) (or) streptopenicillin /enrofloxacin 2.Furosemide -2-4mg/kg 3.Corticosteroids – dexamethasone 4.Severe bronchospasm give a theophylline (bronchodilator) Prognosis : Guarded to poor (Note : nasal discharge is watery in nature that indicate – Upper Respiratory Tract infection. Nasal discharge is mucopurulent in nature that indicate – Lower Respiratory Tract infection.) 17.Rupture of alveoli krenoz  Clinical signs: crepitation sound noticed in the subcutaneous tissue (subcutaneous emphysema) Prognosis : poor 18.Haemonchus contortus infestation In sheep flock : so many animals present with the history of sudden death with aneamia – that indicate the haemonchus contortus (owner report : yesterday animal look like normal , but today morning itself it will suddenly died , without showing any clinical signs prior to death) Post mortem : Abomasum it reveals many flukes present like a noodles. Blanched abomasal mucosa also seen 19. Urea poisoning It’s commonly occurring intoxication due to accidental ingestion of urea.( directly intake urea / urea dissolved water ). Most commonly noticed in the cattle. Clinical signs 1. Within a second animal get bloat. (it’s a most predominant signs) 2. Froathy salivation 3. Excited 4. Convulsion krenoz Treatment 1. Drug of choice is – 5% acetic acid 2 to 5 litres orally [Because urea poisoning – more amount ammonia will absorbed in alkaline pH , so we should change rumen pH alkaline into acidic (vinegar/ acetic acid) ]. Main thing is don’t give the acetic acid orally without stomach tube, chance for aspirate the acetic acid due to impairment of swallowing ability. 2. Administration of the 5-10 litres cold water – to prevent the rumen microbial conversion – prevent ammonia generate. Note : if any farmer call you with the history animal consume urea , immediately you advice the owner to administer the vinegar ( acetic acid) or cold water through the cell phone. 3. Symptomatic treatment Give D-blota /Mega blota / Liquid paraffin 4. Fluid therapy is must (any fluids ) ( Note : Any case present with the history of sudden development of bloat with sudden death – suspected for urea poisoning) krenoz 20. Nitrate poisoning Source  Water contaminated with nitrate,  Well water,  Nitrate containing plant sources,  Sewage water contamination Clinical signs 1. Predominantly occurring respiratory distress “Gasping” typically abdominal respiration.Because formation of methaemoglobin leads to impairment of oxygen supply to the body tissues. (Note :abdominal respiration also noticed in the botulism case also ) 2. Congectival mucous membrane : chocolate brown colour Treatement 1. 1% Methylene blue Dose rate : 2 – 4 mg/kg ( give upto 8mg/kg based on severity of the case) --- I/V How to prepare 1% methylene blue It available powder form in all medical shop If example animal body weight is 300kg – how much you make it. Dose rate calculate = 300kg x 1mg = 300mg 1 % means 1 g (1000mg )in 100 ml Normal saline krenoz  500 mg in 50ml Normal saline 300 mg in 30 ml Normal saline So, 300 kg animal need 300 mg of methylene blue diluted with 30ml of Normal saline. Take 30ml syringe for injection. [If you injecting the 1% methylene blue in normal healthy animal – no side effect will occur.] Repeat the methylene blue treatment for every 6-8 hours until the clinical signs subsided. 2. Symptomatic treatment Iron supplement Confirmative test for Nitrate poisoning Dipheniramine test Blue colour – positive for Nitrate poisoning 21. Mymosin toxicity Clinical signs  Vulval edema (look like once you touch it will burst),  Urinary incontinence , ( first rumen impaction will occur followed by urinary system is affect , leads to urinary incontinence)  Not passing dung, krenoz Treatment : 1. Purgative – Magnesium mixed with sodium chloride 2.Diuretics – furosemide (2 -4 mg/kg) These two drugs are standard for treatment of mymosin. 3. 1 -2% KMNO4 orally - to prevent the liberation of the toxins. ( Note : Mymosin - early treatment is good, Late / delayed case prognosis is fatal. ) [ Angioneurectic edema : Any allergic condition it cause edema.  Swelling in the eyelids,  Softening of the ear flaps, Treatment : these type case you should give Chlorpheniramine maleate at the dose rate of = 0.5mg/kg I/M ] krenoz 22. Bee sting bite Clinical signs : 1. After biting immediately develop Urticaria in throughout the body 2. Respiratory distress 3. Swelling of the eyelids 4. Excited Treatment Don’t remove bee stings on the animal body , again it cause severe pain. 1.Anti-histamine Dose rate – 0.5mg /kg (20 -30ml intramuscularly) 2.Steroidal injection Corticosteroids ( Dexamethasone – 0.2mg/kg) If the animal is pregnant don’t use the corticosteroids. 3.Fluid therapy is must to avoid the “ pain shock” Any fluids based on the veterinarian choice. 4. Use NaHCO3 apply over the body - for pain reliever (Because sting media is acidic in nature – it should changed by administration of NaHCO3 alkaliner) 5.Phenylbutazone / flunixin meglumine : for pain relieve 23. Wasp bite Clinical signs and treatment are same like bee sting bite Except externally apply the vinegar (5%acetic acid) to relieve the pain. Because wasp media is alkaline – it should changed by administration of vinegar (acetic acid 5%) externally. (Note: don’t use NaHCO3 externally in wasp bite , because it again induce the severe pain ) krenoz 24. OPC / Carbamate intoxication Carbamate intoxication – reversible one(easily save the animal) OPC intoxication – irreversible one Sources Agricultural chemicals / plants contain agricultural pesticides Chemical box contains 1. Red colour : very dangerous to host 2. Yellow colour : moderate 3. Green colour : not fatal Before going to treatment ask the owner what kind of pesticides animal consume and what kind of colour (given above) Clinical signs 1. Any poisoning case main predominant signs is Salivation 2. Pupillary constriction (miosis) 3. Carbamate intoxication – severe continuous convulsion OPC intoxication – convulsion occur unlike carbamate 4. Vomition ( it exhibiting the OPC / Carbamate pesticides smell) 5. Respiratory distress 6. Shivering (Note : Intermittent convulsion – seizure. It’s totally differ from OPC / Carbamate intoxication ) Treatment 1. First approach the animal with fluid therapy (NS/DNS) krenoz 2. Atropine sulphate – 0.2mg/kg 1/3 dose – I/V Remaining – S/C (Note: If salivation is not occur , pupil dilatation , increase heart rate – in these condition administer the atropine full dose in subcutaneously ) 3.Severe convulsion you have to sedate the animal by using Diazepam Dose rate – 0.5mg/kg (I/V) ( if the convulsion is not stopped after administration of diazepam in the intravenously – directly go for intra-rectal administration (enema ) of diazepam at same dose rate. (Note : don’t go for tranquilizer for sedation of animal , use only benzodiazepines ) 2-PAM : it’s drug choice for OPC poisoning ( it’s contraindicated in carbamate poisoning) It only act within 2 hours. Otherwise not effective Very costly krenoz krenoz krenoz krenoz krenoz krenoz s.no Drugs Dose rate Route contraindications 1. oxytetracycline Strictly i/m cause severe pain and i/v necrosis of the muscle ,should not mixed with ringer’s lactate 2. GnRH injection 3. Prostaglandins 4. Calcium Sandoz 5. Vitamin A,D3,E &H 6. Ceftiofur sodium 7. Dexamethasone Na 8. Neurokind plus vet 9. B complex injection 10. Pantoprazole 11. Ceftriaxone inj. 12. Enrofloxacin inj. 13. Iron sorbitol 14. Streptopenicillin inj. 15. Tranexamic acid inj 16. Analgin inj. 17. Diclofenac sodium 18. Hydroxyprogesterone 19. Amoxicillin & cloxacillin inj. 20. c.pheniramine maleate krenoz 21. Frusemide inj 22. Anti –snake venom 23. Ondansetron inj 24. Ephedrine injection 25. Gentamicin sulphate 26. Comin bolus- vet 27. Vincristine sulfate 28. Calcium borogluconate inj 29. Diminazene diaceturate (berenil) 30. Ofloxacin ,ornidazole 31. Metoclopramide inj 32. Meloxicam inj 33. Ceftizoxime inj 34. Rabies vaccine 35. Megavac -6 (1,2) 36. Diazepam inj. 37. Renerve plus inj. 38. Flunixin meglumine 39. Ascorbic acid inj. krenoz 40. Sodium acid phosphate injection 41. Ketoprofen injection 42. Pomisol ear drops 43. Tramadol HCL inj. 44. Xylazine injection 45. Colistin sulphate intramammary route 46. Cefoperazone Na & sulbactum Na inj. 47. Dexmedetomidine HCL injection 48. Butorphanol tartrate 49. Ketamine HCL inj. 50. Ivermectin injection 51. Potassium chloride 52. Ranitidine HCL 53. Methylergometrine maleate injection 54. Albendazole susp. 55. Fenbendazole susp. 56. Pyrantel pamoate krenoz 57. Praziquatel susp. 58. Megablota 59. Prednisolone inj 60. Isoflupredone inj 61. TEMPERATURE CONVERSION To convert Celsius to ℉ = [ 9/5℃] + 32 To convert ℉ to Celsius = 5/9[℉-32] BODY WEIGHT MEASUREMENT FORMULA Schaffer’s method : W = LG2/660 L—length from point of shoulder to point of pin bone. G—girth ( circumference of the chest / thoracic cavity ) Measured in a inches , directly apply to the formula 6 “F “ 1. Feed 2. Fluid 3. Fat 4. Faeces 5. Fetus 6. Foreign body krenoz  Location of internal organs for physical examination Cattle : 1.Lung – In left side from elbow joint to crossing the 9 rib to 11 rib making a triangular shape 11rib (because of rumen making trianlgle left lung Upto 11 rib) 9rib Elbow joint In right side fron elbow joint to crossing the 9 rib to 12 rib making a triangular shape 12 rib right lung 9 rib Elbow joint Here , right ventral lobe is important for detection of early diagnosis of respiratory problem 2. Heart Left side 3-5 ribs (behind the elbow ) 3.Reticulum Left side 6 – 8 ribs 4.Rumen Left side beyond 8 rib to pelvic cavity krenoz 5. Omasum Right side 7-9 rib 6. Abomasum Right side beyond the 9 rib 7. Liver Right side last 3 ribs 8. Right paralumbar fossa Presence of large intestine particularly caecum 9.Left paralumbar fossa Presence of rumen ( here to find out the rumen motility) OSMOLARITY VARIATION Isotonic fluids : osmolarity equal to the plasma Eg: RL ( ringer’s lactate ) NS ( normal saline ) Hypotonic fluids : osmolarity lower than the plasma Eg: half saline Dextrose 5% Hypertonic fluids : osmolarity higher than the plasma Eg: D20 , DNS krenoz  Isotonic fluid = normal osmolarity is 250 –375 mos/L osmolarity of the different fluids : Ringer’s lactate – 280 mOs/L D20 - 1112 mOs/L DNS - 585 mOs/L NS (normal saline ) -308 mOs/L Identification of systole , diastole 1.Systole – louder , longer , duller & deeper 2. Diastole – shorter , sharper Abdominocentesis : Male : from 10cm posterior to xiphoid and 10 cm right lateral Female : from 5-7 cm anterior to milk vein origin and 3-5 cm right lateral Inserting a 16/18G needle to collect the peritoneal fluid. To check the peritoneal pH During abdominocentesis if the peritoneal fluid is Acidic - definitely it’s a abomasum (true stomach) Alkaline - peritoneal fluid ( clear , slightly yellowish in nature ) Rumen fluid also alkaline but its greenish krenoz Fluid required for different case  Vomition –  Diarrhoea –  Dehydration –  Anorexia –  Ketosis –  Shock –  Acidosis - Early treatment only go for Normal saline with NaHCO3 for correction of respiratory distress After correction of respiratory distress we can use Ringer’s lactate Different needle sizes and colour : 14G- light green colour 16G- white colour 18G- pink colour 20G- yellow colour 21G- dark green colour 22G- grey colour 23G- blue colour 24G- violet colour 25G- orange colour Seizure Drug of choice for seizure in cat is phenobarbitone sodium Drug of choice for seizure in other spp potassium bromide krenoz States of breathing  Eupnea – ordinary quite breathing  Dyspnea – labored breathing  Hyperpnea – increased rate and depth of breathing  Polypnea – panting type of breathing  Apnea – absence of breathing Steroids Long acting - Dexamethasone Betamethasone mainly used for shock. Available in injection and tablet form Main uses : * Anti – inflammatory * Immunosuppression * Dermatitis ( except demodicosis ) * Pruritis * Corneal opacity , corneal ulcer Short acting - Triamcinolone Prednisolone -available in injection & tablet form Isoflupredone ( isoflud ) Isoflupredone – only one steroidal drug safely used for pregnant animal Frequent use of this drug cause hypokalemia ( increase the elimination of potassium ) Weak corticosteroids Potent mineralocorticoids krenoz  Prednisolone - also used for shock ( dose – 0.5mg/kg) Main uses : Immunosuppression Autoimmune disease Dermatitis In small animal : prednisolone is very effective for dermatitis Artificial insemination Heifer : Weight – it should be 2/3 rd of the adult body weight. Age - it should be in a one and half years Ideal body weight of the heifer is 200kg in one and half years pH of different body fluids 1. Ruminants  Rumen fluid – 6.2 to 7.2  Rumen fluid pH in acidosis - ≤ 4.6  Rumen fluid in urea toxicity - ≥7.3  Abomasal fluid – 2  Duodenum – 7-7.4  Ileum – 7.5  Caecum – 7.24  Colon – 7.09  Rectum – 6.24  Vagina – 6.5-7.5 krenoz krenoz  Vertebral formula in different animals Animals C T L S Cy Ox C7 T13 L6 S5 Cy18-20 Sheep C7 T13 L6-7 S4 Cy16-18 Horse C7 T18 L6 S5 Cy15-21 Pig C7 T14-15 L6-7 S4 Cy20-23 Dog C7 T13 L7 S3 Cy20-23 Fowl C13-14 T7 L-S14 Cy 7 Hip joint ligament Horse : Presence of accessory ligaments ( pubio-femoral ) It arises from prepubic tendon to acetabular notch It prevent the abduction of the hindlimbs. That’s why the horses are always kick on the backside. Ox: Absence of accessory ligaments ( pubio-femoral) It make a free abduction movement that allows the hind limb to kick on lateral side / cow kick. krenoz  Corpus luteum Corpus luteum independent dependent eg: Mare , Ewe eg:Cow, Sow, Goat placenta corpus luteum Progesterone Uterus Pregnancy Flunixin meglumine - very good drug for converting the arachidonic acid into the prostaglandin f2 alpha. Progesterone – Nanogram –immunosuppressant Estrogen – Picogram –immunostimulant krenoz  Bio – chemical parameters Parameters Unit Bovine Caprine Canine Glucose Mg/dl Total protein g/dl Albumin g/dl BUN Mg/dl Creatinine Mg/dl AST U/L ALT U/L Calcium Mg/dl Phosphorus Mg/dl Magnesium Mg/dl Potassium mEq/L krenoz Case no : 1 History - Buffalo calf (50 days old) With a history of sunken eye ball , lateral recumbency , anaemic , cannot able to stand well , dark yellowish semi –solid consistency of faeces should voided , bradycardia , dandruff around throughout the body , absence of menace reflex and pupillary light reflex , presence of corneal reflex and palpebral reflex , subnormal temperature with cold extremities (head , neck, forelimb and hindlimbs), absence of swallowing reflex. Confirmatory diagnosis : Faecal sample - under the microscopical examination –heavy coccidial infection (++++) The calf is died after administration of the oral drenching , due to absence of swallowing reflex. The medicine should aspirated. It will comes out after died. Treatment of coccidial infection in buffalo calf : krenoz Case no :2 History : 2years old , 7 months pregnant cow present with the history of swelling of entire right forelimb from scapula to coffin joint since yesterday evening. Owner allowed the animal for grazing yesterday afternoon. continuous bleeding was occur at the fetlock joint. Already treated by local veterinarian. animal in lateral recumbency , after it stand by giving the external support. Surgery ward : suspect a fracture in the elbow joint. Collection of blood for Whole Blood Clotting Time - the collected blood is not clot 20mins after collection –positive for viper snake biting. Examination of the fetlock joint : there will be a continuous bleeding is noticed.( suspect snake bite ) Before the treatment animal will collapse due to severe respiratory arrest. Advise to student : if any swelling with respiratory distress is presented animal , before going to write the case sheet go for whole blood clotting time and after treat the animal with snake venom antiserum , after finishing the treatment going for other physical examination. Don’t take thise type of cases in careless. Treatment is only snake venom antiserum mixed with normal saline is enough to treat the case. krenoz Case no:3 History – The buffalo present with the history of haemoglobinuria with pyrexia for past 10 days. Animal cannot able to stand well. Animal is full term pregnant. Fever temperature - 40℃. Pale mucus membrane. Animal calved 3 times. Last calving was done 1 year back. Feeding habit not satisfactory. Void pellety dung with coffee colour urine. Obstetrical ward : The pregnancy was induced by using PGF2alpha and dexamethasone injection. Next day : Rectal examination - it reveal’s fremitus -+++ , Presence of pedal and eye ball reflex, Vaginal examination – it reveal’s two finger dilatation of cervix. Blood report reveals : Haemogram Differential count Hb – 7.5 g/dl Neutrophils – 57 % PCV- 22 % Lymphocytes – 42% RBC- 2.8 x 10^6/ml Monocytes - 1% WBC-17.7x10^3 /ml Blood smear – No blood parasite could be detected krenoz Case no :4 History – A sheep present with the history of cannot able to stand well for past 3 days. 3days back animal was allowed to grazing in afternoon and it fall down at evening time. Animal in lateral recumbency. Feed intake not satisfactory. Animal is 3 months pregnant. Slightly pupil dilatation will occur. The animal was already treated by ILFC professors by using Enrofloxacin , Meloxicam and D20.Because they suspect the case is a Pregnancy toxaemia (Ketosis). Gynaecology ward : Auscultation of right lower flank region : fetal heart beat could be detected. Ultrasonographic examination : It reveals presence of heart beat. Pregnancy - No abnormality could be detected. Diagnosis : krenoz  TAMILNADU VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY VETERINARY COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE, NAMAKKAL 637002 DEPT. OF VETERINARY GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS Etiology : Hypocalcemia just before (or) after parturition Normal calcium level – 9.7-12.4 mg/dl (below 8mg /dl cause milk fever) Clinical signs  Cold extremities  Sub-normal temperature  S-curve in the neck  Failure of pupil to contract  Sternal recumbency  Constipation Etiology : Hypophosphatemia Normal phosphorus level -5.5 - 8 mg/dl (below 5mg/dl cause post parturient haemoglobinuria ) Clinical signs  Haemoglobinuria  Normal temperature  Haemoglobinemia  Prostration krenoz Etiology : Negative –energy balance result in Hypoglycemia , Ketonemia 1.primary spontaneous ketosis - hereditary predisposition 2.primary nutritional ketosis ( more common ) 3.secondary ketosis due to metritis , traumatic gastritis , LDA Normal blood glucose level – 45-75 mg/dl (In ketosis blood glucose drop into 18-20mg/dl) Clinical signs  Rapid loss of weight  Staggering gait  Trembling  Gradual drop in milk flow  Circling movement Etiology : Hypomagnesemia , Hypocalcemia Normal magnesium level – 1.8-2.3mg/dl ( calcium level -9.7-12.4 mg/dl ) Clinical signs  Hyperaesthesia  Opisthotonus  Tetanus  Aggressive  ↑ Temperature ,↑ Heart rate krenoz  PSEUDOPREGNANCY MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR + PHYSICAL SIGNS OF PREGNANCY (OCCURS IN ALL DOGS , NO ONE EXCEPTION ) It’s a normal physiological process occur in all female dog False /Phantom/Hysterial Pregnancy /Pseudocyesis Two types of pseudopregnancy Affected animal not exhibiting the pseudopregnancy signs. Occurs in every non-pregnant ovarian cycle Considerable mammary gland development assosiated with the luteal phase of every ovarian cycle Termed as “Physiological /Covert Pseudopregnancy “ Affected animal exhibiting the pseudopregnancy signs. Prolactin is responsible for most of the behaviors seen during pseudopregnancy episodes Mothering Of Toys , Nesting Behavior , Aggression , Enlargement Of Abdomen ,Milk From Teats Prolactin Hormone Seen in 45-60days after a normal oestrus (Heat) period. When progesterone is decrease , it induce prolactin. Prolactin is responsible for udder enlargement , mothering ability 1.Spaying Of Female Dog at end of the estrus cycle. removal of P4 source (Ovary )⇒That induce prolactin ⇒Dog shows the pregnancy signs krenoz  2. Hypothyroidism & Liver Dysfunction also prolong the pseudopregnancy signs due to alter the hormone metabolism 1.Most cases medical treatment not require 2.Permanent prevention is spaying , done at 8-10 weeks after oestrus period 3.Physical reduction of stimulation by , * Removing the toys from the dog, * Prevent self-nursing by e-collars, * Introduce into new environment 4.Anti-Prolactin drugs : such as 1.CABERGOLINE -5µg/kg/day 2.BROMOCRIPTINE -10-100µg/kg/day ⬇ It produce severe vomiting , before that use Anti-emetic drugs. (Eg :Ondansetron )  (Don’t use metoclopramide – have a prolactin activity ) krenoz  TAMILNADU VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY VETERINARY COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE, NAMAKKAL 637002 DEPT. OF VETERINARY GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS Cystic endometrial hyperplasia is an abnormal response of the bitch’s uterus to ovarian hormones Excessive / prolonged stimulation of the progesterone in luteal phase of the estrus cycle Chronic progestational stimulation in luteal phase ⬇ Abnormal accumulation of fluid within the endometrial gland & uterine lumen ⬇ Opportunistic pathogen - Escherichia coli proliferates & result in excessive amount of secretory fluid accumulation inside ⬇ Decreased local immunity & local tissue degeneration called as “cystic endometrial hyperplasia”. krenoz 1. Cystic hyperplasia – pyometra complex 2. Endometrial hyperplasia associated with pseudo pregnancy 3. Oestrogen induced hyperplasia 4. Endometrial polyps  Hyperthermia  Polyuria & polydipsia  Vomiting  Diarrhoea  Abdomen distension  Purulent vaginal discharge  BUN > 8- 28mg/dl  Creatinine >0.5-1.8mg/dl  Elevated serum AST & ALT  Nutrophilia  Medical management as per the owners request with antibiotic and intra venous fluids  Ovario-hysterectomy is best option krenoz Poisonous Antidotes Dose rate (Ruminants) Acetaminophen acetylcysteine Anticholinergics physostigmine Benzodiazepines flumazenil Ca channel calcium chloride blockers Cyanide sodium nitrite , sodium thiosulfate Nitrite /nitrate methylene blue poisoning Heparin protamine sulfate Iron deferoxamine Insulin glucagon Lead dimercaptosuccinic acid Warfarin vitamin k Arsenic BAL -british antilewisite Urea poisoning 5% acetic acid (vinegar)/cold water/broad spectrum antibiotics Opc poisoning 2-pam (within two hours )/ atropine sulfate Carbamate atropine sulfate ( 2pam poisoning –contraindicated) krenoz krenoz