8-Large Animal Vaccinations and Diseases.pdf

LARGE ANIMAL VACCINATIONS AND DISEASES CHAPTER 8 EQUINE IMMUNIZATIONS • DEPENDS ON GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION & PERSONAL EXPERIENCE • YOUNG HORSES OR ANY HORSE W/UNKNOWN VAX HISTORY RECEIVE INITIAL IMMUNIZATION FOLLOWED BY SECOND BOOSTER • TYPICALLY 4 WEEKS APART • TYPICALLY GIVEN IM EXCEPT STRANGLES VA...

LARGE ANIMAL VACCINATIONS AND DISEASES CHAPTER 8 EQUINE IMMUNIZATIONS • DEPENDS ON GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION & PERSONAL EXPERIENCE • YOUNG HORSES OR ANY HORSE W/UNKNOWN VAX HISTORY RECEIVE INITIAL IMMUNIZATION FOLLOWED BY SECOND BOOSTER • TYPICALLY 4 WEEKS APART • TYPICALLY GIVEN IM EXCEPT STRANGLES VAX (FOLLOW MANUFACTURERS DIRECTIONS) • DOSE IS USUALLY 1mL EXCEPT RABIES (2mL) • ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS RARE – TX W/EPINEPHRINE • OTHER ADVERSE COMPLICATIONS • FEVER, LAMENESS, SWELLING OR ABSCESS FORMATION AT INJECTION SITE EQUINE IMMUNIZATIONS • EASTERN/WESTERN +/- VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS • CORE • VIRAL NEUROLOGIC DISEASES • MAINTAINED IN NATURE BY BIRDS/ANIMAL RESERVOIRS • TRANSMITTED BY BITING INSECTS • VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS HASN’T BEEN DIAGNOSED IN US FOR MANY YEARS • TRIVALENT VAX GIVEN TO HORSES IN STATES BORDERING MEXICO • INACTIVATED VIRUS VACCINES • ANNUALLY BEFORE BITING INSECT SEASON • PROTECTION LASTS 6-8 MONTHS • AREAS WHERE WINTER FREEZES UNCOMMON OR ENDEMIC AREAS SEMIANNUAL VAX ADVISABLE EQUINE IMMUNIZATIONS • RABIES • CORE • VIRUS CHARACTERISTICS AS DESCRIBED FOR CANINE & FELINE • KILLED-VIRUS VAX • ANNUALLY ADMINISTERED • INDUCES STRONG IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE EQUINE IMMUNIZATIONS • TETANUS • CORE • LOCKJAW • CHARACTERIZED BY MUSCULAR RIGIDITY • MAY LEAD TO DEATH DUE TO RESPIRATORY ARREST OR CONVULSIONS • CLOSTRIDIUM tetani-ANAEROBIC BACTERIUM • FOUND IN THE ENVIRONMENT • TETANUS TOXOID PRODUCES ACTIVE IMMUNITY • PURIFIED INACTIVATED TOXIN OF C. tetani • YEARLY VAX • BOOSTER OFTEN GIVEN TO HORSES WHEN TREATED FOR PENETRATING INJURIES OR AT SURGERY EQUINE IMMUNIZATIONS • TETANUS • TETANUS ANTITOXIN PRODUCED BY HYPERIMMUNIZATION OF DONOR HORSES W/ TETANUS TOXOID • PROVIDES PROTECTION BY BINDING C. tetani TOXIN • USED LOCALLY AT SITE OF INFECTION • GIVEN PARENTERALLY • GIVEN TO UNVACCINATED HORSES INDUCES IMMEDIATE PROTECTION • LASTS ABOUT 2 WEEKS • USE RESTRICTED TO HIGH-RISK CASES DUE TO POTENTIAL FOR ACUTE HEPATITIS • ANTITOXIN & TOXOID SHOULD NEVER BE MIXED IN SAME SYRINGE • INJECTED AT DISTANT SITES IF ADMINISTERED AT SAME TIME EQUINE IMMUNIZATIONS • WEST NILE VIRUS • CORE • FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASE BEFORE 1999 • CURRENTLY PREVALENT THROUGHOUT US • CAUSED BY FLAVIVIRUS • INFECTS BIRDS/MOSQUITOES • HUMANS/HORSES DEAD END HOSTS EQUINE IMMUNIZATIONS • WEST NILE VIRUS • CLINICAL SIGNS: • ATAXIA, CIRCLING, PARESIS/PARALYSIS, MUSCLE FASCICULATIONS, PROPRIOCEPTIVE DEFICITS, TEETH GRINDING, FEVER, OR ACUTE DEATH • ADMINISTERED ANNUALLY BEFORE BITING INSECT SEASON • PROTECTION LASTS ABOUT 6 MONTHS • SEMIANNUAL VACCINE RECOMMENDED IN AREAS WHERE WINTER FREEZES UNCOMMON EQUINE IMMUNIZATIONS • EQUINE HERPESVIRUS • NONCORE • EHV ALSO KNOWN AT RHINOPNEUMONITIS • FREQUENTLY CAUSES RESPIRATORY DISEASE • CAN ALSO CAUSE ABORTION, NEUROLOGIC DISEASE, NEONATAL ILLNESS • CURRENT VAX OFFERS PROTECTION AGAINST EHV-1 & EHV-4 • BOTH INACTIVATED & MODIFIED LIVE VIRUS (MLV) VAX AVAILABLE FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RESPIRATORY FORM EHV • NO LICENSED VAX AVAILABLE FOR PROTECTION AGAINST NEUROLOGIC DISEASE • HIGH RISK ANIMALS VACCINATED EVERY 6 MONTHS • PREGNANT MARES VACCINATED AT 5TH, 7TH, 9TH MONTHS OF GESTATION TO AID IN CONTROL OF ABORTION EQUINE IMMUNIZATIONS • EQUINE INFLUENZA • NONCORE • HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS VIRAL DISEASE • CONTRACTED THRU INHALATION • INFECTS UPPER/LOWER RESPIRATORY AIRWAYS • FREQUENTLY SEEN IN MOBILE POPULATIONS • OUTBREAKS USUALLY OCCUR 1-3 YEAR OLD HORSES • AFTER MIXING W/RACEHORSES, TRAINING BARNS, SHOW GROUNDS • INACTIVATED & MODIFIED LIVE VIRUS (MLV) VACCINES AVAILABLE • MLV ADMINISTERED INTRANASALLY • PROVIDE GREATER DURATION OF IMMUNITY • BOOSTER EVERY 6 MONTHS IN HIGH RISK ANIMALS EQUINE IMMUNIZATIONS • STRANGLES • • • • NONCORE CAUSED BY STREPTOCOCCUS equi RESPIRATORY DISEASE EASILY TRANSMITTED THRU DIRECT CONTACT W/MUCOPURULENT DISCHARGE OR CONTAMINATED FOMITES • SUCH AS FEEDING UTENSILS, BUCKETS, OR OTHER EQUIP • CLINICAL SIGNS: • SUDDEN ONSET FEVER/NASAL DISCHARGE • FOLLOWED BY ACUTE SWELLING/ABSCESS FORMATION SUBMANDIBULAR, SUBMAXILLARY, RETROPHARYNGEAL LYMPH NODES EQUINE IMMUNIZATIONS • STRANGLES • INACTIVATED INJECTABLE VACCINES & LOW VIRULENCE LIVE STRAIN INTRANASAL VACCINE AVAILABLE • INTRAMUSCULAR VAX MAY CAUSE POST INJECTION REACTIONS OR ABSCESSES AT INJECTION SITE • ONLY RECOMMEND FOR HORSES WITH HIGH RISK OF EXPOSURE • VAX NOT 100% EFFECTIVE FOR PREVENTING DISEASE • REDUCES SEVERITY/INCIDENCE • PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA (IMMUNE-MEDIATED VASCULITIS) POSSIBLE ADVERSE EFFECT OF VACCINATION LIVESTOCK IMMUNIZATIONS • PIGS • AT WEANING VACCINATED AGAINST ERYSIPELAS • CAUSED BY BACTERIA ERYSIPELOTHRIX rhusiopathiae • CLINICAL SIGNS: • FEVER, SKIN LESIONS, SUDDEN DEATH • IF SURVIVE ACUTE INFECTION MAY DEVELOP CHRONIC ARTHRITIS, ENDOCARDITIS LEADING TO POOR GROWTH • SOME ALSO VACCINATED AGAINST MYCOPLASMA AT WEANING • BACTERIA • CAUSES PNEUMONIA LIVESTOCK IMMUNIZATIONS • PIGS • BREEDING PIGS COMMONLY VACCINATED FOR • LEPTOSPIROSIS • PARVOVIRUS • ERYSIPELAS-AGAIN BEFORE ENTERING BREEDING HERD • LEPTOSPIROSIS • L. pomona, L. bratislava AND OTHERS • CAUSES INFERTILITY, ABORTION, STILLBIRTH, BIRTH OF WEAK PIGLETS LIVESTOCK IMMUNIZATIONS • PIGS • PURCHASED FOR BREEDING SHOULD BE TESTED FOR BRUCELLOSIS, PSEUDORABIES, PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (PRRS) • COMMERCIAL PIGS PSEUDORABIES FREE, BUT FERAL PIGS MAY STILL CARRY DZ • BRUCELLOSIS • MAY CAUSE ABORTION, INFERTILITY • ZOONOTIC • PSEUDORABIES • CAUSES INFERTILITY, DEATH IN YOUNG, RESPIRATORY DISEASE W/POSSIBILITY OF CHRONIC INFECTION LIVESTOCK IMMUNIZATIONS • PIGS • PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (PRRS) • VIRUS • CAUSES REPRODUCTIVE FAILURE, RESPIRATORY DISEASE, CHRONIC INFECTIONS • SOWS BOOSTERED ERYSIPELAS/LEPTOSPIROSIS WHEN LITTERS WEANED • BOARS GIVEN SAME VAX EVERY 6 MONTHS • SOWS/GILTS MAY ALSO BE VACCINATED AGAINST E. coli & PARVOVIRUS • DIMINISH OCCURRENCE DIARRHEA IN THEIR OFFSPRING • PARVOVIRUS • INFERTILITY/ABORTION LIVESTOCK IMMUNIZATIONS • CATTLE VACCINES • ADMINISTERED AS LABELED • IM OR SQ • ONLY IN THE NECK REGION TO MAINTAIN MEAT QUALITY • AWARENESS & ADHERENCE TO WITHDRAWAL OR WITHHOLDING PERIODS • ANIMAL & ITS PRODUCTS CANNOT BE SOLD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION LIVESTOCK IMMUNIZATIONS • CATTLE • PREGNANT COWS VACCINATED AGAINST FOLLOWING TO PROTECT DEVELOPMENT DIARRHEA • E. coli • ROTAVIRUS • CORONAVIRUS • CALF HOOD VACCINE PROGRAMS • CLOSTRIDIAL DISEASES • VIRAL RESPIRATORY & REPRODUCTIVE PATHOGENS • BRUCELLOSIS (BANGS) LIVESTOCK IMMUNIZATIONS • CATTLE • CLOSTRIDIAL DISEASES • CAUSED BY BACTERIA CLOSTRIDIUM spp. • TETANUS • BLACK LEG • MALIGNANT EDEMA LIVESTOCK IMMUNIZATIONS • CATTLE • VIRAL REPRODUCTIVE & RESPIRATORY PATHOGENS OFTEN COMBINATION VACCINES • BOVINE DIARRHEA VIRUS (BVD) • DIARRHEA, MUCOSAL ULCERS, ABORTION, IMMUNOSUPPRESSION • INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS (IBR) • PARAINFLUENZA 3 (PI3) • BOVINE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (BRSV) • +/- HISTOPHILUS somnus • SUDDEN DEATH, FEVER, DEPRESSION • +/- LEPTOSPIRA spp. • INFERTILITY, ABORTION LIVESTOCK IMMUNIZATIONS • CATTLE • BRUCELLOSIS (BANGS) VACCINE • BACTERIA BRUCELLA abortus • ASSOCIATE WITH ABORTION, INFERTILITY • VACCINATION REPORTED TO USDA • MARKED BY ORANGE EAR TAG/TATTOO RIGHT EAR • ONLY HEIFERS YOUNGER THAN 1 YEAR LEGALLY VACCINATED • SPECIAL CARE HANDLING/ADMINISTRATION RB51 • VAX CONTAINS LIVE ORGANISMS • ZOONOTIC • NO BOOSTER VACCINATION LIVESTOCK IMMUNIZATIONS • CATTLE • ADULT CATTLE RECEIVE • VIRAL RESPIRATORY AND REPRODUCTIVE PATHOGENS (DESCRIBED ABOVE) • IBR • BVD • PI3 • BRSV • CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS-INFERTILITY • LEPTOSPIROSIS LIVESTOCK IMMUNIZATIONS • SMALL RUMINANTS • PREGNANT EWES/DOES • CLOSTRIDIAL DISEASES • C. perfringens TYPES C & D • C. tetani • CAUSE USUALLY FATAL DZ LAMB DYSENTERY, OVEREATING DISEASE, TETANUS • GIVEN TO PROTECT OFFSPRING LIVESTOCK IMMUNIZATIONS • SMALL RUMINANTS • MAY BE VACCINATED AGAINST CONTAGIOUS ECTHYMA • ORF OR SORE MOUTH • VIRAL DISEASE – POXVIRUS • CLINICAL SIGNS: • PAINFUL LESIONS OF SKIN ON MOUTH YOUNG ANIMALS • PAINFUL LESIONS OF SKIN ON MOUTH & TEATS OF EWES/DOES • RESULTS DECREASED NURSING • MUST BE DONE WELL BEFORE LAMBING/KIDDING SO NEWBORN WON’T BE AFFECTED • VACCINE CONTAINS LIVE VIRUS – CARE WHEN HANDLING VACCINE • ZOONOTIC LIVESTOCK IMMUNIZATIONS • SMALL RUMINANTS • KEPT AS PETS • RECOMMEND RABIES VACCINATION • NOT USED IN COMMERCIAL FLOCKS QUESTIONS?