Geography Past Paper PDF

Which factor is primarily responsible for the reflection of solar energy during an ice age: discussed in the video: Ice Ages and Earth's Climate Change? The albedo effect from ice and snow. What caused Lake Bonneville to form? less evaporation and more precipitation How do the shapes and orientati...

Which factor is primarily responsible for the reflection of solar energy during an ice age: discussed in the video: Ice Ages and Earth's Climate Change? The albedo effect from ice and snow. What caused Lake Bonneville to form? less evaporation and more precipitation How do the shapes and orientations of the orbits of the Moon and the Earth affect the tides? They determine the timing of the spring and neap tides Which of the following areas of the ocean experiences a decrease in salinity due to consistent rain? Near the equator Which of the following factors can influence where humans choose to live? Both climate and weather Which air mass is responsible for bringing some of the coldest winter weather to the UK? Polar continental air What does the experiment primarily demonstrate regarding temperature? Warm air rises above cold air What is one of the main characteristics of ice ages discussed in the video: Ice Ages and Earth's Climate Change? They involve alternating periods of warmer and colder temperatures. Why is the lunar or tidal day longer than the solar day? The moonÕs orbit around the Earth takes it to a farther east point on the Earth over the lunar day What is the Carmen line used to reference? The boundary between the atmosphere and outer space How deep do passing waves cause water motions in the water, i.e. what is called wave base? 1/2 wavelength What does it mean when a glacier advances? The terminus of the glacier is shifting forward; the glacier is growing longer. In the experiment, what happens when warm water is placed on top of cold water? There is little to no mixing of colors How do meteorologists improve weather forecasting? By employing powerful computers and new technologies The Antarctic ice sheet is up to ________ feet thick! 5,000 Which of the following instruments is NOT mentioned as a tool used by meteorologists? Radar Which layer contains the ionosphere and is involved in aurora formation? Thermosphere What is the temperature range in the bathypelagic zone? Constant near freezing The Antarctic ice sheet has been there for several million years. What has happened to the Antarctic continent as a result? Parts of the continent have been isostatically depressed below sea level. What is the main characteristic of the troposphere? Temperature decreases with altitude In this image, what are features D? Terminal Moraine Why is the Moon's tidal pull on the Earth greater than the Sun's, even though the Sun's gravitational pull is stronger? The Moon is much closer to the Earth than the Sun What was the longest tornado path recorded? 300 miles What is the average time difference between high and low tides in a typical semi-diurnal tide? 6 hours How long does it take for solar energy to reach the Earth? Just over 8 minutes In this image, what feature is A? Hanging Valley What is the ultimate reason for the world's surface ocean currents? Sun How are enormous waves caused, as explained in the text? By the combination of different swells reinforcing each other In a cross-sectional view of a glacier, where does the ice undergo ductile deformation (i.e. flow internally)? The lower part of the glacier where stress exceeds 100 kilopascals What is the depth range of the epipelagic zone? 0-200 meters What is the primary function of the Earth's atmosphere? To regulate the temperature on Earth What human activity contributes to the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? Burning fossil fuels Which of the following is necessary for ice crystals to form snowflakes? A condensation nucleus What is one factor that determines how heavy rainfall will be? The height of the clouds What is the reason behind the expansion and decrease in density of water below 32°F (0°C)? The molecules begin to bond to each other Which of these features is found on emergent coastlines, with a falling sea level relative to land? Marine terrace A(n) _______ is confined to a long, narrow valley located in mountainous areas especially closer to the poles. alpine glacier In a glacier, crevasses extend from the surface down to: near the base of the brittle zone How is sea water salinity expressed? In grams per liter What factors determine how big wind waves get? Wind strength, wind duration, and fetch Which of the following will not promote glaciers to advance? Global warming What is the primary reason for the varying difference in sea-level height between high and low tides at various times of the month? Local influences and the position of the Moon What type of rain is formed when warm moist air glides up and over colder air? Frontal rain What type of precipitation is classified as solid and occurs in minute ice crystals? Snow What is the initial atmospheric disturbance that often leads to the formation of hurricanes? An easterly wave What causes waves and tsunamis to ÒbreakÓ as they approach the shore? Shallow water and friction with the seafloor causes waves to slow down and rise up What is the process involved in the formation of the summer and winter berms? Higher storm energy in the winter moves sand off the beach and stores it in the nearshore. What important function do surface currents provide to the land? Climate regulation Under current conditions of climate change, glaciers are retreating at what rates? Years and decades What happens at the base of a glacier? The ice slides over bedrock on a thin film of meltwater. What type of weather is typically associated with cold fronts? Heavy rain in narrow bands Where were tiny single-celled organisms called foraminifera discovered in 2005? Mariana Trench What is the primary difference between climate and weather? Climate refers to long-term averages, while weather refers to daily conditions. What is a supercell? A massive thunderstorm with a strong rotating updraft Which gas is notable for absorbing ultraviolet radiation? Ozone What happens to atmospheric pressure as altitude increases? It decreases at a higher rate What are the characteristics of rogue waves as described in the text? They look like walls of water and are unpredictable What symbol is used to represent a warm front on weather maps? Red semicircles Why is the mesopelagic zone sometimes called the twilight zone? Because of the faint sunlight at this depth Which of the following is an example of a warm current? Gulf Stream Which of the following are formed by waveÊerosion? Stacks & marine terraces What percentage of incoming solar energy is reflected back into space? 30% The equilibrium line divides the _________________ from the __________________. Zone of Accumulation; Zone of Ablation According to the video, what percentage of the atmosphere is composed of nitrogen? 78% What is the most immediate and visible evidence that a valley has been occupied by a glacier? The valley is quite straight with a broad bottom, and is U shaped What is the primary driving force behind the movement of air and moisture in weather patterns? Energy from the sun What is the most common element found in sea water? Chloride Which feature of a wave is most important in order to understand the wave base of a waveÕs motion? In other words, as this increases, the wave begins to Òfeel bottomÓ and agitate sediment. Wavelength What are clouds primarily made of? Water droplets or ice crystals Plastic deformation means that _____. A material bends or flows when stressed by a force What happens to land level and sea level when glaciers melt? Isostatic rebound and sea level rise In this image, what are features G? Cirque Which type of rain is influenced by the topography of the land? Orographic rain What causes the second bulge of water on the side of the Earth away from the Moon during tides? Centrifugal force What happens to warm air as it rises? It cools and can hold less water vapor What happens when there is an imbalance in the Earth's energy budget? The temperature gets warmer or colder What is created when a mass of cold air forces itself under a mass of warm air? Cold front What is the main cause of the glacial cycles during the last Ice Age? Milankovitch Cycles What does the Earth's energy budget determine? The globally averaged temperature of Earth What factor creates the classic ÒCÓ shape of breakers and tsunamis? The natural circular motion within the slowing wave How do hailstones grow in size within a cumulonimbus cloud? By melting and refreezing Which layer of the atmosphere is primarily responsible for most weather phenomena? Troposphere Which part of a coastal area is always under water? Offshore and nearshore Which gases are considered greenhouse gases mentioned in the video? Water vapor and methane How often does a full cycle of a tide occur in a diurnal tide pattern? Slightly more than 24 hours What persistent behavior of waves produces longshore drift? Angle that waves hit the shoreline What drives the Great Ocean Conveyor, also known as the thermohaline circulation? Temperature and salinity differences Which gases are considered greenhouse gases? Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane When was the peak of the last glaciation? 26,500 to 19,000 years ago Which of the four seasons controls the glacial budget and is most responsible for glacial advance and retreat? Summer According to the text, what happens to the waves as the wind continues or strengthens? The waves start to break Why are ocean circulation patterns (shallow and deep currents) important for Earth? Move heat around the planet, distributing it What is the significance of the fetch in the formation of wind waves? It influences the size of the waves Why do some locations have especially high tidal ranges? Restricted bays and inlets How does polar maritime air change as it travels over the Atlantic Ocean? It becomes warmer and moister Which of the following is NOT a glacier? an iceberg In this image, what are features F? Horn What type of air mass originates over North African deserts? Tropical continental air What is the primary factor that drives the Earth's weather systems? The sun's heat ____________ causes surface currents, ___________ causes deep currents. Wind; density In this image, what is feature C? Tarn What causes striations and glacial polish on bedrock? Grains of rock embedded in the ice grind against the bedrock. At what average altitude does the tropopause generally occur? 11 kilometers What is the area where two air masses meet called? A front What is the main difference between tidal flats/mud flats and lagoons? Lagoons have a larger connection with the main ocean Which zone of the ocean is also known as the midnight zone? Abyssopelagic Zone Where do the majority of tornadoes form? Tornado Alley A jetty may have bad consequences for beach nourishment. Why build them in the first place? Keep an entryway to a harbor open What significant event occurred about 3 million years ago that influenced the onset of the most recent ice age: discussed in the video: Ice Ages and Earth's Climate Change? The formation of the Himalayas. What is the primary purpose of a greenhouse? To trap heat What happens to the wave train because of wave dispersion? Longer wavelength waves travel faster than shorter ones and move ahead of them in a wave train. What does the term "temperature inversion" refer to in the context of the video? Warm air trapping cold air below What is the primary energy source that powers a hurricane? Heat from the ocean Where do the easterly waves typically originate? Over Sub-Saharan Africa What happens to the temperature in the stratosphere as altitude increases? It increases gradually This image shows a trunk glacier flowing toward the viewer. Looking at the front of the picture, how many tributary glaciers have joined to form this trunk glacier? 4 Which type of tide results in the highest level of water? Spring Spits, bars, berms, barrier islands, and other features related to longshore drift are ultimately the result of what? Moving sand As waves pass a point, water particles move in __________ motions? Circular Which process is NOT a source of water vapor in the atmosphere? Condensation Which feature of a wave is most important to understand the energy a wave carries? In other words, as the wind increases, this also must increase. Height What generally happens to all air as it rises? It cools and condenses What is a weather front? The boundary between two bodies of air with different temperature and humidity What occurs to the salinity and density of the water below the ice when sea ice forms and loses salt? Salinity and density both increase