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Questions and Answers
What is the average time difference between high and low tides in a typical semi-diurnal tide?
Which factor does NOT promote glaciers to advance?
What is the primary function of the Earth's atmosphere?
What is necessary for ice crystals to form snowflakes?
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How long does it take for solar energy to reach the Earth?
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What factor primarily determines how big wind waves become?
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What is the primary characteristic of ice ages?
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Which area of the ocean has a decrease in salinity due to consistent rain?
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What caused the formation of Lake Bonneville?
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What is the initial atmospheric disturbance often linked to hurricane formation?
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In what zone does ice undergo ductile deformation in a glacier?
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Which factor primarily contributes to the reflection of solar energy during an ice age?
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What is the temperature range in the bathypelagic zone?
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What happens when a glacier advances?
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Why is the lunar or tidal day longer than the solar day?
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What characteristic is true about the troposphere?
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What type of air mass originates over North African deserts?
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What is the primary factor that drives the Earth's weather systems?
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What phenomenon causes striations and glacial polish on bedrock?
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At what average altitude does the tropopause generally occur?
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What is the area where two air masses meet called?
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What is the primary purpose of a greenhouse?
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What causes the second bulge of water on the side of the Earth away from the Moon during tides?
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What occurs to all air as it rises?
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What happens to the wave train because of wave dispersion?
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What happens to warm air as it rises?
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Which layer of the atmosphere is primarily responsible for most weather phenomena?
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What drives the Great Ocean Conveyor, also known as the thermohaline circulation?
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Which gases are considered greenhouse gases mentioned in the content?
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What persistent behavior of waves produces longshore drift?
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How does polar maritime air change as it travels over the Atlantic Ocean?
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Which of the following is NOT a glacier?
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What percentage of incoming solar energy is reflected back into space?
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What happens to atmospheric pressure as altitude increases?
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What is the primary driving force behind the movement of air and moisture in weather patterns?
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Which type of weather is typically associated with cold fronts?
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Where were tiny single-celled organisms called foraminifera discovered in 2005?
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What happens at the base of a glacier?
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What is the primary difference between climate and weather?
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What is a supercell?
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Study Notes
Ice Ages and Earth's Climate Change
- The albedo effect from ice and snow is primarily responsible for the reflection of solar energy during an ice age.
- Ice ages involve alternating periods of warmer and colder temperatures.
- The formation of the Himalayas about 3 million years ago influenced the onset of the most recent ice age.
Lake Bonneville
- Lake Bonneville formed due to less evaporation and more precipitation.
Tides
- The shapes and orientations of the orbits of the Moon and the Earth affect the timing of the spring and neap tides.
- The Moon's tidal pull on the Earth is greater than the Sun's, even though the Sun's gravitational pull is stronger because the Moon is much closer to the Earth.
- The second bulge of water on the side of the Earth away from the Moon during tides is caused by centrifugal force.
Ocean Salinity
- Near the equator, the ocean experiences a decrease in salinity due to consistent rain.
Human Settlements
- Climate and weather influence where humans choose to live.
Air Masses
- Polar continental air brings some of the coldest winter weather to the UK.
- Tropical continental air originates over North African deserts.
- Polar maritime air becomes warmer and moister as it travels over the Atlantic Ocean.
Temperature
- Warm air rises above cold air.
- Warm air cools and can hold less water vapor as it rises.
Weather Forecasting
- Meteorologists use powerful computers and new technologies to improve weather forecasting.
- Radar is not mentioned as a tool used by meteorologists.
Atmosphere
- The thermosphere contains the ionosphere and is involved in aurora formation.
- The troposphere is the layer of the atmosphere primarily responsible for most weather phenomena.
- The tropopause generally occurs at an average altitude of 11 kilometers.
- Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation.
- Atmospheric pressure decreases at a higher rate as altitude increases.
Glaciers
- Glaciers are confined to long, narrow valleys located in mountainous areas, especially closer to the poles.
- The Antarctic ice sheet is up to 5,000 feet thick.
- The Antarctic ice sheet has been there for several million years, causing parts of the continent to be isostatically depressed below sea level.
- The equilibrium line divides the zone of accumulation from the zone of ablation.
- The summer season controls the glacial budget and is mostly responsible for glacial advance and retreat.
- Glaciers are retreating at rates of years and decades under current conditions of climate change.
- The ice slides over bedrock on a thin film of meltwater at the base of a glacier.
Weather Patterns
- Energy from the sun is the main driving force behind the movement of air and moisture in weather patterns.
- Cold fronts occur when a mass of cold air forces itself under a mass of warm air.
- Cold fronts are typically associated with heavy rain in narrow bands.
- Milankovitch cycles are the main cause of the glacial cycles during the last Ice Age.
- The Earth's energy budget determines the globally averaged temperature of Earth.
- An imbalance in the Earth's energy budget causes the temperature to get warmer or colder.
Ocean Currents
- Wind causes surface currents.
- Density causes deep currents.
- The Great Ocean Conveyor, also known as the thermohaline circulation, is driven by temperature and salinity differences.
- Ocean circulation patterns (shallow and deep currents) are essential for Earth because they move heat around the planet and distribute it.
Waves
- Waves break as they approach the shore due to shallow water and friction with the seafloor.
- The classic "C" shape of breakers and tsunamis is created by the natural circular motion within the slowing wave.
- The combination of different swells reinforcing each other causes enormous waves.
- The fetch influences the size of waves.
- The wavelength of a wave is important to understand the wave base of a wave's motion.
- Longer wavelength waves travel faster than shorter ones and move ahead of them in a wave train.
- Wave dispersion occurs as the wave train travels.
- Waves pass a point in circular motions.
Precipitation
- Snow is classified as precipitation in the form of solid, minute ice crystals
- Frontal rain is formed when warm moist air glides up and over colder air.
- Orographic rain is influenced by the topography of the land.
Hurricanes
- An easterly wave is the initial atmospheric disturbance that often leads to the formation of hurricanes.
- Heat from the ocean is the primary energy source that powers a hurricane.
- Easterly waves typically originate over Sub-Saharan Africa.
Coastal Features
- Jetties are built to keep an entryway to a harbor open.
- Stacks and marine terraces are formed by wave erosion.
- Spits, bars, berms, barrier islands, and other features related to longshore drift are the result of moving sand.
- The persistent behavior of waves produces longshore drift.
- Marine terraces are found on emergent coastlines, with a falling sea level relative to land.
Glaciers
- A terminal moraine forms at the end of a glacier, marking its furthest extent, and is feature D in the image
- A hanging valley, a smaller valley that meets a larger valley at a higher elevation, is feature A in the image.
- A cirque, a bowl-shaped depression formed by glacial erosion, is feature G in the image.
- A tarn, a small lake that forms in a cirque, is feature C in the image.
- A horn, a sharp, pointed peak formed where multiple cirques meet, is feature F in the image.
Ocean Zones
- The epipelagic zone has a depth range of 0-200 meters.
- The mesopelagic zone, also known as the twilight zone, is characterized by faint sunlight.
- The bathypelagic zone has a constant near-freezing temperature.
- Tiny single-celled organisms called foramnifera were discovered in the Mariana Trench in 2005.
- The abyssopelagic zone is also known as the midnight zone.
Other
- The Carmen line refers to the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.
- Passing waves cause water motions in the water down to 1/2 wavelength, called wave base.
- A glacier advance means the terminus of the glacier is shifting forward, and the glacier is growing longer.
- Plastic deformation, i.e. bending or flowing when stressed by a force, occurs in the lower part of a glacier where stress exceeds 100 kilopascals.
- A supercell is a massive thunderstorm with a strong rotating updraft.
- Rogue waves are unpredictable and look like walls of water.
- Sea water salinity is expressed in grams per liter.
- The primary function of the Earth's atmosphere is to regulate the temperature on Earth.
- Burning fossil fuels contributes to the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
- A condensation nucleus is necessary for ice crystals to form snowflakes.
- The height of the clouds determines how heavy rainfall will be.
- The molecules begin to bond to each other, causing water to expand and decrease in density below 32°F (0°C).
- A cold front forms when a mass of cold air forces itself under a mass of warm air.
- A front is the area where two air masses meet.
- An alpine glacier is confined to a long, narrow valley located in mountainous areas, especially closer to the poles.
- Crevasses extend from the surface down to near the base of the brittle zone in a glacier.
- The sun is the ultimate reason for the world's surface ocean currents.
- Lagoons have a larger connection with the main ocean than tidal flats/mud flats.
- The majority of tornadoes form in Tornado Alley.
- Global warming will not promote glaciers to advance.
- The position of the Moon is the primary reason for the varying difference in sea-level height between high and low tides at various times of the month.
- Wind strength, wind duration, and fetch determine how big wind waves get.
- The process of higher storm energy in the winter moves sand off the beach and stores it in the nearshore, forming summer and winter berms.
- Surface currents provide climate regulation for land.
- An iceberg is not a glacier.
- Striations and glacial polish on bedrock are caused by grains of rock embedded in the ice grinding against the bedrock.
- A greenhouse is primarily designed to trap heat.
- The Earth is composed of 78% Nitrogen.
- A U-shaped valley with a broad bottom is visible evidence that it was occupied by a glacier.
- Chloride is the most common element found in sea water.
- The temperature inversion in the video refers to the warming of air at a higher altitude and trapping cold air below.
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Description
This quiz covers various topics related to Earth's climate change, including ice ages, Lake Bonneville, tides, and ocean salinity. It explores the effects of these natural phenomena on human settlements and the environment. Test your knowledge on how these elements interact and shape our planet's history and future.
