Physical Geography Climatology 2S-SOCO2 PDF

Philippine Normal University The National Center for Teacher education The multicultural Education Hub PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY CLIMATOLOGY 2S-SOCO2...

Philippine Normal University The National Center for Teacher education The multicultural Education Hub PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY CLIMATOLOGY 2S-SOCO2 JOHN PRIME C. BSSE II HISTORY OF CLIMATE ALPINE CLIMATE ARID CLIMATE WHAT IS CLIMATOLOGY: Refer to the different types of weather patterns found around the world. MILANKOVITCH CYCLES: These are variations in Earth's orbit that affect the amount of solar energy it receives. These cycles can cause ice ages and interglacial periods. VOCANIC ACTIVITY Major volcanic eruptions can release large amounts of ash and gases into the atmosphere, which can block sunlight and cool the planet. ICE AGE Earth has experienced several ice ages, and periods of significant global cooling. began 2.4 million years ago and lasted until 11,500 years ago MEDIEVAL WARM PERIOD: (MWP) was a period of YOUR PARAGRAPH TEXT relatively warm temperatures that lasted from approximately the 9th to the 14th centuries. temperatures rose by approximately 0.5 to 1 degree Celsius (0.9 to 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) LITTLE ICE AGE YOUR PARAGRAPH TEXT A period of colder temperatures that lasted from the 16th to the 19th centuries. average annual temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere decreased by 0.6°C (1.1°F) KÖPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION One of the most widely used systems is the Köppen climate classification. It divides climates into five main groups based on temperature and precipitation A: TROPICAL Warm temperatures year-round with significant rainfall.  B:DRY Arid or semi- arid climates with little precipitation. C: TEMPERATE Moderate temperatures with distinct seasons. GREECE D: CONTINENTAL Cold winters and warm summers. NORTH AMERICA E: POLAR Very cold temperature s with little precipitation. TREWARTHA CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION The Trewartha climate classification is a modification of the Köppen system, incorporating additional factors such as elevation and ocean currents. THORNTHWAITE CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION It focuses on the relationship between potential evapotranspiration (the amount of water that could evaporate from the soil) and actual precipitation. HOLDRIDGE LIFE ZONE SYSTEM The Holdridge Life Zone System is based on the concept of bioclimatic zones, which are defined by temperature and precipitation levels. TYPES OF CLIMATES ALPINE CLIMATE WHAT IS ALPINE CLIMATE? Alpine climate is a type of climate found at high elevations, above the tree line. WHERE IS ALPINE CLIMATE NAME AFTER? The term "alpine" refers to anything related to the Alps or their characteristics, including the climate found at high elevations within this range. ALPS MOUNTAIN RANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF ALPINE CLIMATE: Cold temperatures: Even during the summer, temperatures can be quite cold. Summer temperatures in alpine climates typically range from 40 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit (4.5 to 15.5 degrees Celsius). CHARACTERISTICS OF ALPINE CLIMATE: Snowfall: Alpine regions often experience significant snowfall, especially in winter. It's not uncommon for temperatures to drop to -20°F (-29°C) or even colder. CHARACTERISTICS OF ALPINE CLIMATE: Thin air: The air is thinner at high altitudes, which can affect breathing and other bodily functions. CHARACTERISTICS OF ALPINE CLIMATE: Rocky field: Alpine climates are characterized by rocky terrain due to glacial erosion, weathering, limited plant cover, and tectonic uplift. CHARACTERISTICS OF ALPINE CLIMATE: Short growing season: Plants have a limited time to grow and reproduce. CHARACTERISTICS OF ALPINE CLIMATE: Strong winds: Due to the high elevation, winds can be very strong. FLORA EDELWEISS The scientific name of edelweiss is Leontopodium nivale. The flowers bloom between July and September ALPINE POPPY The scientific name of the Alpine Poppy is Papaver alpinum. The flowers bloom from June to August. CUSION PLANTS The scientific name of the cushion plant is Saxifraga paniculata. The flowers bloom from June to August. FAUNA MOUNTAIN GOATS Their hooves are large, cloven, and have a hard outer rim and a soft, grippy center. have a thick, dense coat that insulates them from the cold and wet conditions of high-altitude environments. MARMOTS Marmots have thick, dense fur that insulates them from the cold. Marmots are expert burrowers and spend much of their time underground. ALPINE CHOUGH The Alpine Chough is an omnivore, feeding on a variety of insects, seeds, berries, and even small mammals. They have larger lungs and hearts to help them breathe efficiently in thin air. PEOPLE SHERPAS PEOPLE developed physical adaptations to high altitudes, such as a higher red blood cell count. SHERPAS PEOPLE The indigenous cultural practices, including their knowledge of the mountains and their ability to carry heavy loads, have also contributed to their success in the Himalayas. SHERPAS LIVESTYLE Sherpas also engage in agriculture and livestock rearing at lower altitudes. They cultivate crops like potatoes, barley, and buckwheat, and raise animals such as yaks and sheep. TIBETANTS PEOPLE They also have traditional clothing and shelters that are designed to protect them from the cold. TIBETANTS PEOPLE The Tibetans have developed a unique diet, rich in yak butter and meat, to provide the energy needed to survive in the harsh Tibetan plateau. TIBETANTS LIVESTYLE Tibetans primarily engage in agriculture, with barley, wheat, and potatoes being common crops. Livestock rearing, particularly yaks, is also important for subsistence and trade. HOW DO HIMALAYAN PEOPLE SURVIVED IN SUCH A HARSH CLIMATE? PHYSICAL ADAPTIONS Higher red blood cell count: To compensate for the thinner air at high altitudes, alpine people often have a higher red blood cell count, which increases their oxygen- carrying capacity. PHYSICAL ADAPTIONS Larger lungs: Larger lungs also help to increase oxygen intake in the thinner air. CULTURAL ADAPTIONS Shelters: They build sturdy shelters, often made of stone or wood, to protect themselves from the elements. CULTURAL ADAPTIONS Warm clothing: To stay warm in cold temperatures, alpine people wear thick, insulated clothing made from materials like wool, fur, and leather. CULTURAL ADAPTIONS Diet: Their diets are often rich in protein and carbohydrates, which provide the energy needed to survive in harsh conditions. CULTURAL ADAPTIONS Traditional practices: Many alpine cultures have developed traditional practices, such as herding, hunting, and farming, that are well-suited to their environment. CULTURAL ADAPTIONS Community: Strong community bonds are essential for survival in harsh climates. Alpine people often rely on each other for support and assistance. WHAT ARE THE REGIONS THAT HAS ALPINE CLIMATE? ALPS: MONT BLANC MASSIFMONT BLANC MASSIF IN THE ALPS, FRANCE. The Andes Mountains: A mountain range in South America, running along the western coast. The Andes extend approximately 7,000 kilometers (4,350 miles) from north to south. Andes exceed 6,000 meters (19,685 feet) in height. The Alps of New Zealand: A mountain range in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. The New Zealand Alps extend approximately 500 kilometers (310 miles) from north to south. the New Zealand Alps exceed 3,000 meters (9,843 feet) in height. DESERT CLIMATE OR ARID CLIMATE WHAT IS DESERT OR ARID CLIMATE? The term "desert" is believed to have originated from the Latin word "desertum," which means "abandoned" or "solitary." WHAT IS DESERT OR ARID CLIMATE? Arid climate means a very dry place. The temperature can be very hot during the day but very cold at night. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ARID CLIMATE Low Precipitation: These regions receive less than 10 inches (250 millimeters) of rainfall per year. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ARID CLIMATE High Evaporation Rates: Due to the dry conditions, evaporation is much higher than precipitation, leading to a constant water deficit. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ARID CLIMATE Extreme Temperatures: Deserts often experience significant temperature fluctuations between day and night, with hot days and cold nights. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ARID CLIMATE Daytime: Temperatures can soar well over 100°F (38°C), reaching scorching highs in some areas. Nighttime: The same desert can plunge to freezing temperatures, often below 32°F (0°C). CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ARID CLIMATE Sparse Vegetation: The lack of moisture limits plant growth, resulting in sparse vegetation or none at all. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ARID CLIMATE Sandy or Rocky Terrain: Desert landscapes are typically sandy, rocky, or a combination of both, due to the erosion caused by wind and water scarcity. WHO LIVE IN ARID CLIMATE FLORA CACTI These iconic plants are synonymous with deserts, known for their spines and ability to store water. CACTI The scientific name for cactus is Cactaceae. Cacti are adapted to store water in their stems and leaves. JOSHUA TREE These tall, distinctive trees are found in the Mojave Desert and are an iconic symbol of the American Southwest. JOSHUA TREE The scientific name of the Joshua tree is Yucca brevifolia. Although it's not a true tree, it has a tree-like appearance with a tall trunk and a crown of long, spiky leaves. CREOSOTE BUSHES These tough shrubs are common in deserts and can live for centuries. CREOSOTE BUSHES The scientific name for the creosote bush is Larrea tridentata. Creosote bushes are highly adaptable and can tolerate extreme heat, drought, and poor soil. AGAVES These plants have thick, fleshy leaves and are a source of agave nectar, used to make tequila and other beverages. AGAVES Agave is the genus name for a group of plants in the family Asparagaceae. They are succulent plants, meaning they store water in their leaves. FAUNA  CAMEL Known for their humps, which store fat, and their ability to go for long periods without water. SNAKES Snakes, especially those with specialized adaptations like sidewinding, are well-suited to arid environments. SCORPIONS These arachnids have adapted to survive in arid conditions by conserving water and having a venomous sting for defense. ROADRUNNERS These birds are known for their speed and agility, which help them hunt and escape predators in the desert. PEOPLE THE BEDOUIN ADAPTIONS Nomadic lifestyle, camel herding, and deep knowledge of desert resources. THE BEDOUIN who have inhabited the deserts of the Middle East and North Africa for centuries. They have developed a deep understanding of their environment, relying on camels for transportation and livestock for sustenance. TAUREG PEOPLE ADAPTIONS Nomadic lifestyle, camel herding, and deep knowledge of desert resources. THE TAUREG TRIBE Another nomadic people found in the Sahara Desert, known for their blue-hued clothing and their unique cultural traditions. They have adapted to the harsh conditions through their knowledge of oases and their ability to conserve water. HOW DO THESE TRIBES SURVIVED IN SUCH A HARSH CLIMATE? NOMADIC LIFESTYLE Many desert tribes adopt a nomadic lifestyle, moving with their herds or flocks to find fresh pastures and water sources. This allows them to avoid overgrazing and depletion of resources. WATER CONSERVATION Desert dwellers have developed techniques for conserving water, such as storing rainwater in underground cisterns, using efficient irrigation methods, and carrying water in animal skins or containers. ADAPTABLE DIET Their diets often include tough, drought-resistant plants, as well as animals that can survive in arid conditions. TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE They possess a deep understanding of their environment, including knowledge of edible plants, medicinal herbs, and weather patterns. THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE) is a country located in the Arabian Peninsula on the eastern coast of the Persian Gulf. Despite its arid climate, it has a thriving population of over 10 million people. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES(UAE) AIR CONDITIONING Almost all buildings in the UAE are equipped with air conditioning to provide relief from the extreme heat. DESALINATION The UAE has invested heavily in desalination plants to convert seawater into freshwater for drinking, irrigation, and industrial use. CONSERVATION EFFORTS The UAE government has implemented various conservation measures to reduce water consumption, such as promoting water-efficient appliances and landscaping. ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION While the UAE was once heavily reliant on oil and gas, it has diversified its economy to reduce its dependence on natural resources.  WHAT ARE THE REGIONS THAT HAS ARID CLIMATE SAHARA DESERT The largest desert in the world, covering most of North Africa. It's known for its extreme temperatures, sand dunes, and oases. SAHARA DESERT The Sahara Desert is approximately 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers) long. It stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east. SAHARA DESERT ARABIAN DESERT Located in the Middle East, it is characterized by its vast sand dunes, rocky plateaus, and ancient historical sites. ARABIAN DESERT The Arabian Desert is approximately 1,200 miles (1,900 kilometers) long. It stretches from the Red Sea in the west to the Persian Gulf in the east. ARABIAN DESERT SONORAN DESERT Found in parts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, it's known for its saguaro cacti, diverse wildlife, and high temperatures. SONORAN DESERT The Sonoran Desert is approximately 200 miles (320 kilometers) long. It stretches from southern California in the United States to northern Sonora in Mexico. KALAHARI DESERT Located in southern Africa, it's primarily a grassland desert with scattered trees and shrubs. It's home to various wildlife, including lions, elephants, and zebras. KALAHARI DESERT The Kalahari Desert is approximately 900 miles (1,450 kilometers) long. It stretches from southern Angola in the north to the Eastern Cape in South Africa in the south.