Edexcel Revision - Typography, Punctuation, Organisation and Grammar PDF

iLS Edexcel Revision – Typography, Punctuation, Organisation and Grammar = questions on past exams have asked students to explain the e ect of this feature. Feature Example E ect/Explanation Attention! This is a...

iLS Edexcel Revision – Typography, Punctuation, Organisation and Grammar = questions on past exams have asked students to explain the e ect of this feature. Feature Example E ect/Explanation Attention! This is a Emboldening, italics, and underlining are all types bold/emboldening dangerous area. Please be of typographical emphasis. (Underlining is rare, but careful. still possible.) There was nowhere left to italics/italicizing go. Nowhere. They are used to grab attention, to emphasise He wanted to believe her, important information, or to reinforce what the underlining but he just couldn’t be sure. writer is saying. Words that have been shortened (‘approximately’ abbreviations approx., Dr., etc. becomes ‘approx.’). The first letter of a series of words, pronounced acronyms NASA, UNICEF together as one word The first letter of a series of words, pronounced as initialisms DNA, FBI the letters I love to travel—especially to exotic locations. dashes Dashes (—) are used to separate parts of a The party was a success— sentence. everyone had a great time! high-speed, full-time, well- Hyphens (-) are shorter than dashes and are used hyphens known to connect parts of a word. Well… I’m not sure. An ellipsis (…) shows a pause or a continuation. It ellipses A shadow fell across the can be used to build tension or suspense. room… It was a male gorilla (known brackets as the silverback). Brackets () can be used to give extra information They walk quadrupedally (on or to clarify information. all fours). I like apples, mangoes, and Commas can be used to separate items in a list commas strawberries. or to separate clauses in a sentence. I like apples, but I don’t like Using many commas can slow down the pace durian. and build suspense. The cities I visited were: colons Colons (:) introduce lists or connect information. London, Paris, and Rome.  The sun was shining brightly; the birds were singing cheerfully. Semi-colons (;) connect two related clauses into semi-colons She studied hard for the one sentence. exam; therefore, she got a good grade. full stops Full stops (.) are used to end sentences. Using There was no one there. Not. many full stops (short sentences) can emphasise One. Person. the information or emotion in the sentences. exclamation Exclamation marks (!) are used to show strong Not only did they survive, marks feelings. They can also be used to indicate they thrived! surprise or to emphasise a point. Question marks (?) show that the sentence is a What is your favourite type question. question marks of music? Rhetorical questions are questions that don’t require answers. They are used to make the What are you waiting for? reader think, and to show confusion and uncertainty. short sentences Short sentences speed up the pace of a story or She listened hard. Nothing. create a pause for suspense. They can also emphasise action or information. Single-line paragraphs emphasise the information single-line in the sentence. They can also foreshadow what paragraphs So similar in age with the next part of the text is about. In fiction, they comparable experiences. can sometimes create a pause for suspense or tension. Subheadings organise a text into easy to find subheadings Expert Navigation sections. How to succeed: bullet points Study hard Bullet points clarify main points into a list. Get some rest Work carefully There are three steps to writing: Numbered lists are used to show the order in numbered lists 1. Plan which things happen, or the relative importance 2. Write of di erent things. 3. Revise The title of a text informs the reader of the topic. It titles South: The Race to the Pole can also create intrigue or interest. figures This wolf is 8 years old. Numbers used in a text. 63% of wolves live in North Numbers used to express associations or statistics America. relations, often percentages, ratios, or fractions.  present tense: I go, I talk past tense: I went, I talked verb tenses Expresses when the events of a text take place. future tense: I will go, I’m going to talk I have visited Norway. The ‘helping verbs’ that give extra meaning (i.e. auxiliary verbs She was writing a poem. tense) to the main verb. Sit down right now! Imperative verbs are used to give commands, and imperative verbs Don’t go outside without an can be used to directly tell the reader to do umbrella. something. If you’re planning on direct/personal studying abroad, here’s Using ‘you’ to speak directly to the audience. address some advice for you. A noun phrase is any group of words built around a ‘a man’ noun, for example ‘a man’ or ‘the dog’. ‘the dog’ (expanded) noun A noun phrase is expanded when it includes words phrases ‘a tall man in a blue suit’ that modify the noun to describe it or be more ‘the dog barking loudly’ specific, for example ‘a tall man in a blue suit’ or ‘the brown dog’ ‘the brown dog’ or ‘the dog barking loudly’. 1st person: I/me/my 2nd person: you/your The use of pronouns to show the point of view that narrative person 3rd person: he/she/it/they/ the text is written from. his/her/their/them A Note on Contrast Recently the exam has included several ‘hidden contrast’ questions. These have been questions that don’t use the word contrast in the question – but you still need to talk about contrast to get full marks! Each of these questions have been worth two marks so if you are trying to think about a second idea to include in a two-mark question, contrast is a good idea. What are examples of ‘hidden contrast’? One question asks why the experts are wrong. To get two marks, you must include the contrast between what the experts thought (it would sink) and what really happened (it didn’t sink). Another question asks about why the writer used the phrase ‘...it’s amazing!’ To get two marks, you must write about the contrast between the first part of the text (which was negative) and the word ‘amazing’ later in the text (which is positive). A question asks why the writer used the phrase ‘Devastatingly, gorillas are endangered...’ To get two marks, you must include the contrast between the description of the gorillas’ behaviour earlier in the text (positive) and the fact that they may die out (sad).