Punctuation and Conjunctions - Grammar Guide PDF

Punctuation and Conjunctions Standard Punctuation Do I need a comma ? Or do I need an apostrophe? In this chapter you will learn about …..      Comma Apostrophe End marks Conjunctions Linkers 'C Comma  A comma (,) is a punctuation mark that is used to separate items in a list, connect two inde...

Punctuation and Conjunctions Standard Punctuation Do I need a comma ? Or do I need an apostrophe? In this chapter you will learn about …..      Comma Apostrophe End marks Conjunctions Linkers 'C Comma  A comma (,) is a punctuation mark that is used to separate items in a list, connect two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction, or set off nonessential elements in a sentence.  Commas help to clarify the meaning of a sentence and make it easier to read. Rules of Comma (,) Use a comma to separate items in a list of three or more. For example: “I need to buy apples, oranges, and bananas.” Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives that describe the same noun. For example: “The tall, dark man walked into the room.” Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet) that connects two independent clauses. For example: “I wanted to go to the park, but it started to rain.” Apostrophe (‘)  An apostrophe (‘) is a punctuation mark used to indicate possession or to indicate the omission of letters in a word. Rules of Apostrophe (‘)  Possessive nouns: An apostrophe is used to show possession for singular and plural nouns. Example: The book’s cover, the students’ notebooks.  Contractions: An apostrophe is used to show where letters have been omitted in a contraction. Example: I’m (I am), can’t (cannot), it’s (it is). End Marks Use the period [. ] to end statements. Jasmine ate a chocolate-broccoli muffin. Use the question mark [ ? ] when asking a question. Did Jasmine eat a chocolate-broccoli muffin? Use—not overuse —the exclamation mark [ ! ] to signify excitement or emphasis. Oh, no! Jasmine ate a chocolate-broccoli muffin! Conjunctions What is a conjunction?  Words that connect other words or groups of words in a sentence are called conjunctions.  Conjunctions can connect two subjects, two predicates, or two sentences. Gulls and puffins are sea birds. They swim and dive well. Gulls soar, and puffins swim gracefully. Conjunctions continued  Conjunctions can also connect other words in a sentence. Sam walked quickly but quietly. He looked on the cliff and near the shore. He did not see any puffins or gulls. Coordinating Conjunctions  You can remember F.A.N.B.O.Y.S. in order to identify the conjunctions in a sentence. F = For A = And N = Nor B = But O = Or Y = Yet S = So  Be careful not to mistake a preposition for a conjunction! Common Conjunctions Conjunction Use Example And Joins together An addition Shows contrast Swans and penguins swim. Swans live on ponds, but penguins do not. Shows positive choice Penguins slide or waddle But Or Common Conjunctions Conjunction Use Example For To show reason I wore my blue dress for everyone was dressing up Nor Shows negative choice Neither penguins nor ostriches can fly. Yet Shows contrast Brian hurried, yet time was running out. So Shows results I wanted to stay home, so I told my mom I was sick. Identify the conjunction in each of these sentences. 1. Parrots live in wild places or in zoos. 2. Their beaks and feet are good for climbing. 3. Tame parrots are friendly and loyal to their owners. 4. Most parrots live in jungles, but some live in grasslands. 5. They eat seeds and drink at water holes. Subordinating Conjunctions  Also known as AAAWWUBBIS words A: After A: Although A: As W: When W: While U: Until B: Because B: Before I: If S: Since Subordinating Conjunction Conjunction Use Example After Following Although Even though As In comparison with When At that time While At the same time After we eat, we will go watch a movie. I washed the clothes although I forgot to put them in the dryer. As we headed out the door, the phone rang. I will meet you by the fountain when I get to the mall. While we ate dinner, the band played. Subordinating Conjunction Conjunction Use Until Because Before If Since To the time when Example Until last night, we really needed rain. For a reason We were late because we had a flat tire. Earlier Before you leave, please make sure to turn off the light. Something that Grandma will take us to depends on something the park if we help her else to occur first rake the yard. For a reason during Since you came to town, I the period following always have a friend. the time Identify the conjunction in each of these sentences.  We are practicing every afternoon because our marching band is playing in the Rose City Parade.  Although we are all learning to march, We all can play our instruments well.  The woodwind section marched and played while everyone clapped and whistled.  As the whole band began to play, the crowd went crazy! Correlative Conjunctions  Pairs of conjunctions that work together to connect ideas. Conjunction Example both/and Both apples and oranges are grown on trees Either my mom or my dad will pick me up after the party. Neither my sister nor my brother eat broccoli. either/or neither/nor Identify the conjunctions in each of these sentences. A. I want either the cheesecake or the frozen hot chocolate. B. Both Jon and Lauren enjoyed the movie. C. Neither Peter nor Andrew has passed the test. Use of English Linking Words What are linking words? Linking words are words that join clauses into sentences. There are three main types of linking words: conjunctions sentence connectors subordinators. Monday 23 August 2010 39 Sentence connectors Sentence connectors are used to link ideas from one sentence to the next and to give paragraphs coherence. Sentence connectors perform different functions and are placed at the beginning of a sentence. Monday 23 August 2010 40 Logical / sequential order Firstly, secondly, thirdly etc Next, last, finally In addition Furthermore Also At present / presently Monday 23 August 2010 41 Order of Importance Most / more importantly Most significantly Above all Primarily It is essential / essentially Contrast However On the other hand On the contrary By (in) comparison In contrast Monday 23 August 2010 42 Result As a result As a consequence Therefore Thus Consequently Hence Comparison Similarly Likewise Also  Reason The cause of The reason for Monday 23 August 2010 43 Activity 1 – Fill in the gaps Firstly / Finally / Secondly / In fact t Time management skills are essential for study success. , there are several useful strategies that can be used to improve your time management skills. , have clear goals in mind. , plan your time by having a yearly and weekly planner. Careful planning will enable you to keep on the top of your work and avoid stress. , reward yourself when the job is done.