FBS 21 Forest Formation and Species in the Philippines 2024 PDF

FBS 21 Forest Taxonomy Forest Formations in the Philippines Manuel L. Castillo Professor, Department of Forest Biological Sciences UPLB College of Forestry and Natural Resources Forest Formations Forest Formations in the Philippines Heading  Nature of tropical forests High...

FBS 21 Forest Taxonomy Forest Formations in the Philippines Manuel L. Castillo Professor, Department of Forest Biological Sciences UPLB College of Forestry and Natural Resources Forest Formations Forest Formations in the Philippines Heading  Nature of tropical forests High biodiversity (up to 10,000 species/ha) High biomass, NPP, and N uptake of world eco-regions Thin top soil layer Short nutrient cycle Multi-layered (emergent trees, upper canopy, understory, forest floor) Unique growth forms: epiphytes, lianas, climbers, stranglers Microclimate: humid and warm Varying exposures to Heights of numerous shifting winds and mountains typhoons Peculiar Is responsible for the distribution of complex mix of rainfall and ecosystems and of the Kuro –siwo Japanese Philippine habitat current –warm water flowing landscape and wetscape northward along the eastern coast of the archipelagoo The Northern Sierra Madre harbors the largest contiguous tracts of remaining rainforests in the Philippines Tropical Rainforest  Tropical forests “One hectare of land in a tropical forest can hold 650 tree species – more than in all of Canada and the continental US.” http://www.iflscience.com/environment/why-one-hectare-rainforest-grows-more- tree-species-us-and-canada-combined#14W2oMY03eSPsXTL.99 World’s Tropical Rainforests  FOREST FORMATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Beach forest forms a narrow strip of woodland along sandy and gravelly beaches of the seacoast many species have fruits and seeds adapted for water dispersal Principal species: Cocos nucifera, Terminalia catappa, Erythrina orientalis, Barringtonia asiatica, Hibiscus tiliaceous, Calophyllum inophyllum, Pongamia pinnata, Casuarina equisetifolia Pandanus tectorius http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Coconut_trees_at_Pengkalan_Balak_beach.JPG BEACH FOREST http://img214.imageshack.us/img214/3751/talisay.jpg BEACH FOREST BEACH FOREST BEACH FOREST BEACH FOREST BEACH FOREST BEACH FOREST http://expatphilippines.ph/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Pine-trees-along-Salibungot-Beach BEACH FOREST BEACH FOREST 2. Mangrove forest occurs along clayish seashores and in tidal zones in river estuaries it merges gradually into the beach formation species of Avicennia and Sonneratia occupy the seaward side where the soil is generally mixed with sand or coral limestone Common and abundant species Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera cylindrica, B. gymnorrhiza, B. parviflora, B. sexangula, Ceriops decandra, C. tagal, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia alba, S. caseolaris  Number Number Number Family Genus of of of species subsp. Hybrids Acanthus 3 (3) ACANTHACEAE Avicennia 8 (2) 4 (3) Dolichandrone 1 (1) BIGNONIACEAE Tabebuia 1 Conocarpus 2 COMBRETACEAE Laguncularia 1 Lumnitzera 2 (2) 1 EUPHORBIACEAE Excoecaria 3 (1) FABACEAE Cynometra 1 (1) Pemphis 2 (1) LYTHRACEAE Sonneratia 6 (3) 2 Camptostemon 2 (1) MALVACEAE Heritiera 2 Aglaia 1 (?) MELIACEAE Xylocarpus 2 (2) MYRSINACEAE Aegiceras 2 (2) MYRTACEAE Osbornia 1 (1) PLUMBAGINACEAE Aegialitis 2 Bruguiera 6 (4) Ceriops 5 (2) RHIZOPHORACEAE Kandelia 2 (1) Rhizophora 6 (3) 5 RUBIACEAE Scyphiphora 1 (1) TETRAMERISTACEAE Pelliciera 1 14 (12) 24 (17) 63 (31) 4 (3) 8 (0)  Philippine Mangroves Acanthus ebracteatus Acanthus ilicifolius Acanthus volubilis ACANTHACEAE 21  Philippine Mangroves Avicennia marina Avicennia marina ssp. eucalyptifolia Avicennia marina var. rumphiana Avicennia officinalis ACANTHACEAE 22  Philippine Mangroves Dolichandrone spathacea BIGNONIACEAE 23  Philippine Mangroves Lumnitzera littorea Lumnitzera racemosa COMBRETACEAE 24  Philippine Mangroves Excoecaria agallocha EUPHORBIACEAE 25  Philippine Mangroves Sonneratia alba Sonneratia caseolaris Sonneratia x gulngai Sonneratia ovata LYTHRACEAE 26 Philippine Mangroves Camptostemon philippinensis MALVACEAE 27  Philippine Mangroves Xylocarpus granatum Xylocarpus moluccensis MELIACEAE 28  Philippine Mangroves Aegiceras floridum Aegiceras corniculatum MYRSINACEAE 29 Philippine Mangroves Osbornia octodonta MYRTACEAE 30  Philippine Mangroves Acrostichum aureum Acrostichum speciosum PTERIDACEAE 31  Philippine Mangroves Rhizohpora apiculata Rhizohpora mucronata Rhizohpora stylosa Ceriops zippeliana Ceriops tagal Kandelia candel RHIZOPHORACEAE 32  Philippine Mangroves Bruguiera cylindrica Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Bruguiera parviflora Bruguiera sexangula 33 RHIZOPHORACEAE  Philippine Mangroves Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea RUBIACEAE 34  3. Brackish-water forest occurs on the inland edge of the mangrove forest and tidal limit of estuaries dominated by distinct palm Nypa fructicans  Hirap magsag wan /rowing dusa talaga Manny Castillo  B I G N O N I A C E A E Tui Dolichandrone spathacea (L.f.) K. Schum. BIGNONIACEAE DESCRIPTION: Small tree up to 5 m tall. Leaves pinnate, with terminal leaflet and 2-4 pairs of opposite leaflets, young leaves slightly pinkish. Flower large, white, trumpet shaped. Fruit is a pod, which is long and curly up to 45 cm long, flattened, curved like a bean with seed located inside the fruit. Seeds dark grey, with thick corky wings. 8 3. Fresh water swamp forest regularly to occasionally inundated with mineral-rich fresh water from rivers with water level fluctuating periodic drying off the soil surface Metroxylon sagu is dominant  3. Fresh water swamp forest http://www.google.com/search?q=Agusan+marsh+trees+images 3. Fresh water swamp forest https://c2.staticflickr.com/2/1345/792021240_3fe1ecb543_z.jpg 4. Peat swamp forest ◆occurs in areas where water table is higher than the surrounding areas, with peat about 50 cm deep ◆soil is acidic ◆incoming water is from rain ◆Only known in Leyte (Sab-a basin) and Agusan marsh Fernando et al. 2008 4. Peat swamp forest Fernando et al. 2008 4. Peat swamp forest Fernando et al. 2008  5. Tropical lowland evergreen rainforest (Dipterocarp forest) occurs from coastal flat up to ca. 1,200 meter in elevation best developed in areas where rainfall is more or less uniform throughout the year or a short dry season richness in arborescent flora dipterocarps and mixed dipterocarp are the major components La Paz tropical lowland evergreen rainforest Pasonanca Natural Park Anisoptera thurifera Dipterocarpus alatus Hopea mindanensis Parashorea malaanonan Shorea falciferoides ssp. falciferoides Shorea palosapis Shorea astylosa Shorea contorta Shorea palosapis Shorea polysperma  6. Tropical semi-evergreen rainforest (Dipterocarp forest) occurs in areas where there is yearly water stress includes decidous yakal-lauan and lauan-apitong subtypes found on the western side of the Philippine archipelago, including Palawan with dry climate Pterocymbium tinctorium 7. Tropical moist-decidous forest (Dipterocarp forest) Occur in areas where water availability is limiting Western side of Luzon, Palawan, and Mindoro Common in coastal hills and leeward side of the mountains decidous dipterocarp subtypes belong to this formation Mt. Capoas, Taytay, Palawan 8. Forest over ultramafic rocks occurs in soil rich in heavy metals sclerophyllous stunted vegetation of about 2- 5 m. on Palawan (Mt. Victoria) Found in Northern Zambales, Northeastern tip of Mindanao, Dinagat Is. and Northern Leyte unique flora which includes Scaevola micrantha, Leptospermum spp., Brackeridgea palustris, Exocarpus latifolius and species of Gymnostoma. Suregada, Archidendron, Pouteria and the famous iron wood species Xanthostemon vedugonianus Busuanga island, Palawan 65 Xanthostemon bracteatus 66 Bago-adlau (Xanthostemon philippinensis) in Bislig, Surigao del Sur  Bago-adlau in Bicol National Park 67 68 Xanthostemon fruticosus 69 Xanthostemon speciosus 70 Xanthostemon verdugonianus Dillenia sibuyanensis Dillenia luzonensis Scaevola micrantha Scaevola taccada 9. Forest over limestone (Molave Forest) occupies low limestone hills, either coastal or bordering large uplifted valleys soil shallow, very thin mainly crystalline limestone generally open with few scattered large trees intervening spaces are filled with small trees, with sprawling, climbing and erect bamboos dominant trees are short-boled, irregular in form and with wide-spreading crowns has decidous foliage, especially in rough topography where dry season is pronounced dominated by Vitex parviflora along with other leguminous trees El Nido, Palawan Ilin Island, Occidental Mindoro 10. Tropical lower montane rainforest (Pine forest) reaches best development in high plateau region of Cordillera Mountains of Luzon found in altitutude ranging from c. 700-1800 m in elevation with distinct dry season occurs in Zambales and Mindoro island Two species: Pinus insularis found in Mt. Province; Zambales from 500-1500 m Pinus merkusii in pure stands in Mindoro and Zambales above 900 m.  Photo by Wally Suarez Mt. Tapulao, Sta. Cruz, Zambales Cuernos de Negros Clethra canescens Eurya sp. Macaranga cuernosensis Mallotus sp. Agathis philippinensis 11. Tropical upper montane rainforest (Mossy forest) occurs in mountains above 1000 m in elevation with upper limits varying depending on the locality and height of the mountain topography is rough and changing consist of steep ridges and canyons climatic conditions exceedingly moist with great exposure to wind dwarfed, crooked trees, seldom reach 20 m. in height trunks and branches are covered with mosses, liverworts, ferns and other epiphytes open places occupied by ferns and grasses floristics composition is relatively complex Dacrycarpus sp. Dacrydium sp. Falcatifolium gruezoi Podocarpus rumphii 12. Subalpine rainforest known only on the summit of Mt Halcon-Mt Sialdang range of Mindoro Island, with elevation ranging from 2470-2587 m. The soil is shallow, acidic, and nutrient poor resulting to a vegetation which is generally open. dominated by small, woody dicots that makes it different from the summit vegetation of the other high mountains (e.g., Mt Pulog, Luzon) where grasses and sedges dominate with few herbaceous elements Leptospermum amboinensis Lithocarpus sp. Vaccinium sp. Weinmannia sp. Saurauia sp.  Protect &Save our forest for all of us Thank you but the quest for knowledge in the science of forestry never ends, forest over ultramafic uniqueness needs our outmost understanding now by M. L. Castillo  Don’t Forget FINAL Examination Thank 10:00-12:00 noon you December 2024 Friday Lect and Lab May the forest be with you always Sound: Richard Clayderman-For Elise END © April/2009