SFI 101 - Reviewer PDF

LECTURE 1: Review of Basic Soil Science - influence soil formation Concepts - affects slope and hydrology percolation Soil Profile Parent Materi...

LECTURE 1: Review of Basic Soil Science - influence soil formation Concepts - affects slope and hydrology percolation Soil Profile Parent Material Soil - origin of the soil (Pedological) - defined in relation to its - great influence on the resulting existence in the ground property of soil - synthesized in profile form (edaphological) - defined in relation to its Time function in plant growth - determines the duration of the (SSS-Soil Science Society, 2017) - the Parent Material subjected to soil relationship of international community to forming factors soil - longer time; stable condition = more - describes soil on the planetary developed and old soil surface, in order to define soil in other planetary surface Pedogenic Processes Forest Soil soil existing under the influence of forest Soil Forming Processes vegetation Addition - OM addition through litterfall 5% organic material = high OM Transfer - eluviation of clay particles from A - High holding capacity to B Horizon Transformation - Litter to humus; weathering of minerals Factors of Soil Formation Removal/ Loses - Soil Erosion and runoff Soil = f {Cl, O, R, P, T} losses Climate Soil profile vs. Soil Horizon - temperature and rainfall - affects rate of soil processes, Vertical section the layers of the weathering, decomposition soil parallel to the ground surface Organisms - plant and animals from the top-most has distinct - affects physical property layer to the least properties from weathered material each other - pore space - weathering through root exudates - faci transport, translocation Master Horizons of soil particles O horizon Relief - organic horizon - Affects stability  - OM - fresh (Oi); decomposed (Oe), A, E, B, C “regolith” humified (Oa) mineral horizon; - top of mineral soil all materials above - distinguishing property of forest soil bedrock (some may to agricultural soil not be present) A horizon Plow Layer - topmost mineral horizon Top soil = 0 - 20 cm - dark-colored, granular, friable Subsoil = beneath topsoil - coarse-textured than horizon below it Pedogenic Processes - zone - Max. OM accumulation - zone - max biological activity (fine Leaching roots, microorg) - most fertile - The removal of materials in solution from the soil by percolating water E horizon - materials going to the ground water - mineral horizon Calcification - zone - max eluviation (trasnfer of - The accumulation of carbonates materials out of its original place; - usually happens on deserts movement of material-clay, Fe, and - may leave white powdery Al oxides-out of the horizon) appearance - Lighter in color than horizon above Decalcification and below it - The eluviation of carbonates - “bleached” horizon Salinization - The accumulation of salts B Horizon Desalinization - mineral - The leaching of soluble salts - zone - max illuviation (movement of Alkalization material into the horizon) - The accumulation of sodium (which - finer-texture is a salt) - reddish in color Dealkalization - blocky - The removal of sodium Melanization C horizon - The darkening of light-colored - mineral mineral by admixture of organic - parent material matter - blocky to prismatic soil structure Leucinization - nearest to bedrock (hardness level = - The paling of soil horizons by the 3) disappearance of dark organic - brittle materials either through transformation to light-colored ones Remember or through removal from soil A and B Solumn horizons Gleization  - The reduction of iron under Soil Taxonomy anaerobic “waterlogged” soil conditions, with the production of bluish to greenish gray matrix color, with or without yellowish brown, brown, and black mottles Pedoturbation - Biologic and/or physical churning and cycling of soil materials Podzolization - The process by which organic materials and sesquioxides are translocated from the upper soil horizon and subsequently deposited Entisol in the B horizon; produced a spodic Inceptisol horizon Alfisol - usually crates spodosol Ultisol Desilication (Laterization) Oxisols - Removal of silica resulting to the Spodosol concentration of Fe immobilized as Histosol ferric oxides under oxidizing - high in OM conditions; the process of formation - 20% min OM of laterite, an iron-rich subsoil layer Mollisols found in some highly weathered Vertisol humid tropical soils that, when - commonly seen in rice fields exposed and allowed to dry, Andisols becomes very hard and will not Aridisols soften when rewetted; produced an - desert oxic horizon Gelisols - non-penetrated LECTURE 2: Soils of Major Forest Biomes Associates Soil Orders Across Forest Types Hans Jenny Eq: Soil f(Cl O R P T) : forest vegetation and coil co-vary - Broad global level - due to climatic influence - regional and local level - parent material topography - investigated with aerial photograph (stereoscope) Boreal Forest  - High lat Mineral Soil - northern hemisphere - Actinomycetes - upper elevations of mountains - break down cellulose and most - Dominated by the species belonging resistant materials to the Genera Picea, Abies, and Pinus with hardwood spp of b. Leaching Populus, Betula and Alnus - movement/ removal of water soluble sugars, polyphenols, organic acids LECTURE 4: Forest Floor Decomposition - result = increase palatability Stages and its Resulting Condition c. Fragmentation - converting to smaller pieces Decomposition Process - done by soil fauna - result of the complex web of - result interactions among specific soil - increase surface area = OM fauna and microorganism is now more accessible to - from fresh organic matter to humus bacteria and fungi to colonize = decomposition is more a. Pathogen Invasion faster and more efficient - occurs when leaves/ needles still on - breakdown of complex tree carbohydrate - defense breakdown prior to - organisms involved abscission - vertebrate (wild boar, - Result - cell integrity disrupted / cell reptiles) wall breakdown - deep OM - Organism involved - saprophytic incorporation fungi - Macrochannel - i.e Narra - leaf spot formation (Oi) L Layer - predation (indirest for - sugar fungi, Ascomycetes (stack some) fungi) - invertebrate - needles - attacked by airborne - same as above ascomycetes, affects surface and - increase surface area internal tissue - through branches (Oe) F Layer - termites - Penicillium - Hyphomycetes - important in tropics, - Trichoderma- Pyrenomycetes subtropics - use to hazen composting - either feed on wood, process litter or cultivate fungi - found in the litter - can decompose - needles compressed here = hemicell and cellulose increases moisture - rely of flagellates (Oa) H Layer (protozoan) in gut - Basidiomycetes - mushrooms  - to reduce - result: concentration of resistant complex organics substance - biological Condensation/ Humidification natural fixation - high molecular weight of carbon - earthworms compounds - temperate - affects physical, chemical and - associated w/ mull humus biological properties of soil formation - soil structure, color, thermal - mucus like substance conductivity, water holding (cutaneous mucus) capacity, chemical sorption - lubricant to for worm - result: humus movement - prevent worm from being encased in soil Forets Floor Decomposition Modeling particles - types Why? - epigeic -red - to predict future stocks earthworm, litter - better understanding of process in dweller/ feeder the system - epi-endogeic - found - estimate C and N loss/ in or just beneath the transformation litter - endogeic - peregrine - Decomposition models soil feeder, mineral - aimed at explaining C loss soil dweller - i.e NC model (how much carbon is - anecic - nightcrawler - released through CO2 release soil dweller - assumes = active faunal community Microbial Conversion and considers factors affecting the - cellulose and carbo to CO2 community (or organisms) (released) and H2O - temp - organisms involved - moisture - bacteria - empirical (cause and effect) - heterotrophic (feed on - varies in complexity organic carbon) vs autotrophic (photo vs Decomposition process chemo/ chemical) - two-stage process (based on - Aerobic (need materials decomposed) oxygen) vs Unaerobic - fast stage vs. facultative - slow stage - occurs after anaerobes (may need about ⅔ of organic C is left oxygen) - fungi - actinomycetes Factors affecting rate of decomposition  1. Substrate pit and mound - high amount (lignin, topography polyphenols) = slow rate - nutrient balance - c. serves as binding agent for 2. Temperature soil structure formation a. affects organism activity - mycorrhizal roots 3. moisture content - aggregates a. affects organisms activity (formed by root w/ through aeration and temporary binding moisture supply action) stability (binding agent affected by humus) LECTURE 5: Tree Roots and their Significance 2. Concentration of OM a. annual production of fine root Influence and Characterization (has turn over) exceed leaf litter production Roots b. Keys and Grier - provide the interface between soil i. on poor fertility site, and plants the 50% total - quite plastic - bend and adjust production is below - influence soil property ground - to widen - porosity - roots create large reach for nutrients channels for the soil - ii. on good site, the 23% important for groundwater of total production on recharge roots - short roots is efficient enough to Influence of roots on soil properties reach nutrients in fertile soil 1. Alters morphology and micromorphology 3. Nutrient uptake and recycling a. stabilizes soil/ slope a. “the nutrient pumping theory” - landslide i. the trees take up - shallow - w/ heavy vegetation nutrients in the soil - deep seated - soil beyond then use it for foliage root system (become forest litter) - harvest trees - leave stump - slope still have support (still 4. Formation of large continuous stable) and tensile strength macropores even after 2 yrs a. increases infiltration and soil by-pass contact b. microtopography b. lot of roots - lesser filter - tree fall creates root disk which results to 5. Weathering  a. disintegration - roots forcing - Depend if there is mycorrhizal cracks relation b. accelerate decomposition - I.e. HI - Q VAM (endo) (through root exudates) Characterizing Root System Depth of Rooting System - uncommon to penetrate below 0.2 m Allometric Equation - 0-60 cm depth An equation that shows the general - the root (0 - 90%) is present relationship among the weight of individual tree components or between above and below ground biomass Components of Root System Interaction of tree roots and other plants Structural Roots - Root competition can be more - Large, for stability and support important than light or aboveground - “Base camp” of fine roots competition - Compete: water, nutrients, light, Basic Forms space - Tap root - Strongly developed tap root - Laterals - near root collar; LECTURE 6: Mycorrhiza irregular sinkers - Heart root Mycorrhiza - 10 or more roughly equal - Symbiotic association between sized roots radiating from the specific root-inhaitting fungi and fine bole feeder roots of plant - Dillenia - soil root shear strength - affects slope Types, Function, and Operationalization property - Sinker Root Ectomycorrhizae - Numerous laterals from the - Form a hartig net base of the stump, sinkers - Air-disseminated spores; produce extending down mushrooms and puff balls Fine Roots - Does not penetrate root cortex - 1 - 2 mm in dia - Function: water and nutrient uptake Endomycorrhizae - Penetrate the cortex Fine root measurement - Storage organs (vesicles) - Expressed in Root abundance - Absorbing organs (arbuscules) (indicator of chance of survival and - Soil-borne spores, can slo move by poor growth) water Mycorrhizal Roots Endo-ecto : falls between teh two Naming: based on host plant Benefits to Plants - Similar to fine roots - Increase absorptive surface of roots - partly due to phosphorus from Al P compound - Increase tolerance - Increase availability of unavailable ions (bound P) - Acts as a deterrent (means it cannot be infected by other fungi) - Increase access to organic N sources - May negatively affect growth when potting medium is high in P Benefits to Fungi - Most must form mycorrhizal association to complete life cycle - Depend on photosynthate for carbohydrates and some vitamins Factors affecting mycorrhizal development 1. Feeder root growth 2. Availability of inoculum (spores) 3. Soil aeration 4. Soil pH 5. Temperature 6. Nutrient concentration Harnessing mycorrhizal association - Application of suitable mycorrhizal inoculant to seedlings - Use of symbionts especially in degraded sites (e.g., mined-out sites) - Inducing mycorrhizal formation in urban areas through application of inoculant during tree planting or use of inoculated seedlings