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Questions and Answers
Which family does Avicennia officinalis belong to?
Which family does Avicennia officinalis belong to?
Which of the following is NOT a species of the Rhizophoraceae family?
Which of the following is NOT a species of the Rhizophoraceae family?
Which of the following pairs belongs to the same family?
Which of the following pairs belongs to the same family?
What is the family classification of Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea?
What is the family classification of Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea?
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Which species is categorized under the Euphorbiaceae family?
Which species is categorized under the Euphorbiaceae family?
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Which type of forest is characterized by arborescent flora including dipterocarps and has a more or less uniform rainfall throughout the year?
Which type of forest is characterized by arborescent flora including dipterocarps and has a more or less uniform rainfall throughout the year?
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What is a primary characteristic of the tropical semi-evergreen rainforest?
What is a primary characteristic of the tropical semi-evergreen rainforest?
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Where can you find forests over ultramafic rocks, known for their unique flora including species like Scaevola micrantha?
Where can you find forests over ultramafic rocks, known for their unique flora including species like Scaevola micrantha?
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Which dipterocarp species is mentioned as part of the tropical lowland evergreen rainforest?
Which dipterocarp species is mentioned as part of the tropical lowland evergreen rainforest?
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What type of forest generally has limiting water availability and is found on the western side of Luzon and Palawan?
What type of forest generally has limiting water availability and is found on the western side of Luzon and Palawan?
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Which family does Avicennia belong to?
Which family does Avicennia belong to?
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What environmental condition primarily supports the growth of mangrove forests?
What environmental condition primarily supports the growth of mangrove forests?
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Which of the following species is abundant in mangrove forests?
Which of the following species is abundant in mangrove forests?
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Which genus contains the highest number of species listed in the provided content?
Which genus contains the highest number of species listed in the provided content?
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What characteristic of tropical forests allows for high biodiversity?
What characteristic of tropical forests allows for high biodiversity?
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What type of soil conditions do Avicennia and Sonneratia commonly occupy?
What type of soil conditions do Avicennia and Sonneratia commonly occupy?
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Which species belongs to the family Rhizophoraceae?
Which species belongs to the family Rhizophoraceae?
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Which tropical forest formation is characterized by species adapted for water dispersal?
Which tropical forest formation is characterized by species adapted for water dispersal?
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What typographical characteristic is prevalent in tropical forests?
What typographical characteristic is prevalent in tropical forests?
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How many subspecies or hybrids does the genus Avicennia contain according to the content?
How many subspecies or hybrids does the genus Avicennia contain according to the content?
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What factor contributes to the unique growth forms like epiphytes and lianas in tropical forests?
What factor contributes to the unique growth forms like epiphytes and lianas in tropical forests?
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Which species is not listed as a common mangrove species?
Which species is not listed as a common mangrove species?
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What is a significant ecological feature of tropical rainforests?
What is a significant ecological feature of tropical rainforests?
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Which current influences the ecological distribution in the Philippines?
Which current influences the ecological distribution in the Philippines?
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Which statement accurately describes the Northern Sierra Madre?
Which statement accurately describes the Northern Sierra Madre?
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How many tree species can one hectare of a tropical forest potentially support?
How many tree species can one hectare of a tropical forest potentially support?
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What type of forest occurs at the inland edge of the mangrove forest and the tidal limit of estuaries?
What type of forest occurs at the inland edge of the mangrove forest and the tidal limit of estuaries?
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Which plant is dominant in the fresh water swamp forest?
Which plant is dominant in the fresh water swamp forest?
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What characteristic is true of peat swamp forests?
What characteristic is true of peat swamp forests?
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What is the typical structure of leaves on Dolichandrone spathacea?
What is the typical structure of leaves on Dolichandrone spathacea?
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Which of the following statements best describes the water conditions in the fresh water swamp forest?
Which of the following statements best describes the water conditions in the fresh water swamp forest?
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What is the maximum height that Dolichandrone spathacea can grow?
What is the maximum height that Dolichandrone spathacea can grow?
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What type of water mainly nourishes the peat swamp forest?
What type of water mainly nourishes the peat swamp forest?
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Which of the following characteristics is NOT true of the brackish-water forest?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT true of the brackish-water forest?
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What characterizes the soil composition of the forest over limestone?
What characterizes the soil composition of the forest over limestone?
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Which of the following trees is primarily dominant in the Molave Forest?
Which of the following trees is primarily dominant in the Molave Forest?
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What is the primary elevation range for the tropical lower montane rainforest?
What is the primary elevation range for the tropical lower montane rainforest?
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Which species of pine is found in pure stands in Mindoro above 900 m?
Which species of pine is found in pure stands in Mindoro above 900 m?
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What describes the typical vegetation of the subalpine rainforest on Mindoro Island?
What describes the typical vegetation of the subalpine rainforest on Mindoro Island?
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In which environmental condition does the tropical upper montane rainforest thrive?
In which environmental condition does the tropical upper montane rainforest thrive?
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What is a common characteristic of the trees in the mossy forest?
What is a common characteristic of the trees in the mossy forest?
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Which tree species can be found in the lower montane rainforest of Zambales?
Which tree species can be found in the lower montane rainforest of Zambales?
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Study Notes
Forest Formations in the Philippines
- The presentation covers different forest formations found in the Philippines
- A variety of tropical forest types exist; including those over ultramafic rocks, limestone, peat swamps, and more
- These formations vary based on factors like elevation, climate, soil type, and water availability.
Nature of Tropical Forests
- Tropical forests exhibit high biodiversity, holding a large number of species per hectare (up to 10,000)
- These forests are high in biomass, net primary productivity (NPP), and nitrogen (N) uptake.
- Tropical forest soil layers are thin.
- Nutrient cycles in tropical forests are short.
- The structure of the forest is multi-layered, going from emergent trees, to upper canopy, understory, and forest floor.
- Unique plant growth forms, like epiphytes, lianas, climbers, and stranglers, are common.
- The microclimate is generally humid and warm.
Factors Affecting Forest Distributions
- Shifting winds and typhoons are influential in shaping the distribution of rainfall across the archipelago.
- The Kuro-siwo current affects the rainfall patterns, particularly along the eastern coast.
- The varied topography (numerous mountains) contributes to the diverse mix of ecosystems.
- Geographic locations influence the forest formations, such as the Northern Sierra Madre containing large tracts of rainforests.
Specific Forest Types
-
Beach Forest:
- Narrow woodland along sandy/gravelly beaches
- Plants adapted to disperse seeds via water
- Some prominent species include Cocos nucifera (coconut), Terminalia catappa (almond), and others.
-
Mangrove Forest:
- Occurs along clayish seashores and tidal zones; merging into beach areas
- Soils are usually a mix of sand and coral limestone
- Dominant species include Rhizophora spp., Bruguiera spp., and Avicennia spp.
-
Brackish-water Forest:
- Occurs along the inland edge of mangrove forests and tidal limits of estuaries
- Dominated by the Nypa fruticans palm
- The area where soil is wet and/or regularly inundated.
-
Freshwater Swamp Forest:
- Regularly or occasionally inundated with mineral-rich water from rivers
- Metzoxylon sagu is dominant within this formation.
-
Peat Swamp Forest:
- Found in areas with a water table higher than the surrounding areas, possessing peat (50 cm deep)
- Soil is typically acidic, and incoming water is from rainfall
- Only known in Leyte and Agusan marsh areas
-
Tropical Lowland Evergreen Rainforest:
- Ranges from coastal plains to 1200m elevations
- Best found where rainfall is relatively uniform throughout the year
- Characterized by richness in arborescent flora and dominated by dipterocarps.
-
Tropical Semi-evergreen Rainforest:
- Experiences yearly water stress, making it distinct
- Contains decidous subtypes, such as yakal-lauan and lauan-apitong
- Found on the western side of the islands, including dry regions like Palawan
-
Tropical Moist-deciduous Rainforest:
- Found where water availability is limited
- Found on the western Luzon areas, Palawan, and Mindoro
- Deciduous dipterocarp subtypes are common to this forest type
-
Tropical Upper Montane Rainforest(Mossy Forest):
- Located in mountains above 1,000 m elevations
- Characterized by varied topography, steep ridges and moisture
- Dwarf trees and increased prevalence of mosses, liverworts, and ferns.
-
Subalpine Rainforest:
- Found on mountain summits with shallow, acidic, and nutrient-poor soil.
- Predominantly comprised of small woody dicots, distinguished from vegetation of other high elevation mountains.
Forest over Ultramafic Rocks
- Growing on soil rich in heavy metals
- Vegetation is sclerophyllous and relatively stunted, ranging from 2-5 meters tall.
- Found in Northern Zambales, Northeastern parts of Mindanao, Dinagat Island, and Northern Leyte.
- Notable plant species include Scaevola, Leptospermum, Brackeridgea, Exocarpus, Gymnostoma, Poutheria, and certain ironwood species.
Forest over Limestone
- Found in low limestone hills, potentially along coastlines or bordering valleys
- Soil is thin, primarily crystalline limestone
- Characterized by a mixture of large trees, smaller trees, and various types of bamboos
- Prominent species include Vitex parviflora and other leguminous trees, often with short-boled and irregularly shaped trees.
Additional Information
- The presentation includes various images and some notes about particular tree species found within specific Philippine forest formations.
- A summary of the classification of specific trees within each formation, and details about their taxonomy.
- References to particular websites and publications are provided throughout the document.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various tropical forest types and their associated plant families. This quiz covers the classification of trees, species identification, and unique characteristics of forests such as mangroves and dipterocarps. Challenge yourself and learn more about the biodiversity of these ecosystems!
