‎⁨فاينل انترو⁩.pdf

Pharmaceutical Sciences Related Terms Lecture 11 This lecture deals with the terminology related to some sciences, pharmacy student should be aware of. DELL 12/27/2010  -G.‫ وﻳﺴﻤﻰ أﻳﻀﺎ اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ‬.‫ أو "ﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﻴﻊ اﺨﻤﻟﺪرات؛ ﺻﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ‬."‫ﻓﻦ ﲢﻀﻴﺮ وﺻﺮف اﺨﻤﻟ...

Pharmaceutical Sciences Related Terms Lecture 11 This lecture deals with the terminology related to some sciences, pharmacy student should be aware of. DELL 12/27/2010  -G.‫ وﻳﺴﻤﻰ أﻳﻀﺎ اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ‬.‫ أو "ﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﻴﻊ اﺨﻤﻟﺪرات؛ ﺻﻴﺪﻟﻴﺔ‬."‫ﻓﻦ ﲢﻀﻴﺮ وﺻﺮف اﺨﻤﻟﺪرات‬ Pharmacy: "The art of preparing and dispensing drugs." Or "A place where drugs are sold; a drugstore. Also called apothecary." 19 I P Pharmacognosy: "the pharmaceutical science that deals with the identification of ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ اﳌﻮاد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ natural substances e.g. herbs and extraction of their medicinally active components." Si -( / Pharmacogenomics: "the study of the inheritance of characteristic patterns of interaction between drugs and organisms." / ‫دراﺳﺔ اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻀﺎرة أو اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸدوﻳﺔ‬ Pharmaceutical toxicology: "the study of the harmful or toxic effects of drugs." sld1 ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻷدوﻳﺔ وﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻬﺎ واﺳﺘﻘﻼﺑﻬﺎ واﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ وﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺬي ﲢﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ Pharmacokinetics: "the pharmaceutical ADME science that deals with the & absorption, & distribution, & metabolism and& elimination of drugs and amount of time needed by each parameter." Study the effect of the body on the drug ‫دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﳉﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪواء‬ 31615 3)5 ‫ ﺗﺪرس اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺎت اﻟﺪواﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻷدوﻳﺔ ﲟﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺗﻬﺎ واﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬.‫دراﺳﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻷدوﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺗﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ Pharmacodynamics: "the study of the interactions of drugs with their receptors at ‫واﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻼزم ﻹﻧﺘﺎج اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬. their sites of action. Pharmacodynamics examines the way drugs bind with their receptors, concentration and time required to produce a response." Study the effect of the drug on the body ‫دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺪواء ﻋﻠﻰ اﳉﺴﻢ‬ Sn ".‫دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﺪواء اﳉﺪﻳﺪة ودراﺳﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺪواء ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ اﳊﺮاﺋﻚ اﻟﺪواﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﺪواﺋﻴﺔ‬ Pharmaceutical chemistry: "the study of synthesis of new drug molecules and the · study of drug design to optimize pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics." bin9 5- ‫دراﺳﺔ وﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺪواﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻷﻣﺜﻞ واﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار واﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ اﻟﺪواﺋﻴﺔ وﻗﺒﻮل اﳌﺮﻳﺾ‬ Pharmaceutics: "the study and design of drug formulation for optimum delivery, - stability, pharmacokinetics, and patient acceptance." Study the dosage form design ‫دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻲ‬ · Biopharmaceutics: "the study of the physicalIand chemical properties of drugs and their proper dosage as related to the onset, duration, and intensity of drug action." ‫ وﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺷﻜﻞ اﳉﺮﻋﺔ وﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻹﻋﻄﺎء‬،‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺪواﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎت ﺻﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲢﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ )اﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎت( اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ jacPharmaceutical ‫ ﻣﻠﻎ( وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬5 ‫ ﻛﺒﺴﻮﻻت‬،‫ ﻛﻠﻮردﻳﺎزﻳﺒﻮﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﻠﻮرﻳﻚ‬،‫وﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻘﻮة أو اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬ Equivalents: "drug products are considered pharmaceutical."‫اﻟﺦ‬....‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻛﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻟﺴﻮاﻏﺎت‬ i equivalents if they contain the same active ingredient(s), are of the same dosage form, [↳ route of administration and identical in strength or concentration (e.g. chlordiazepoxide is s - HCl, 5 mg capsules) but they may differ in some characteristics such as shape, excipients….etc." (51/5/5 %615011 , sled) 9 5.. Pharmaceutical Alternatives: "drug products are considered pharmaceutical = 615 /% alternatives if they contain the same therapeutic moiety, but are of different salts or of V, - - & - sid different - dosage forms or strengths (e.g. tetracycline HCl, 250 mg cps vs tetracycline it phosphate, 250 mg cps; quinidine sulfate 200 mg tab.vs quinidine sulfate 200 mg cps)." ‫ وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ذات أﻣﻼح ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ أو ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎل ﺟﺮﻋﺎت أو ﻧﻘﺎط ﻗﻮة ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬،‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺪواﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ ﺻﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲢﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻣﻠﻐﻢ‬200 ‫ ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺳﻠﻔﺎت‬tab.vs ‫ ﻣﻠﻐﻢ‬200 ‫؛ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﻨﻴﺪﻳﻦ‬cps ‫ ﻣﻠﻐﻢ‬250 ،‫ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﺘﺮاﺳﻴﻜﻠﲔ‬cps ‫ ﻣﻠﻐﻢ‬250 ،‫ﺗﺘﺮاﺳﻴﻜﻠﲔ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﻛﻠﻮرﻳﻚ‬ · Y 19 5). ni( S 5 /Hi s ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺪواﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎت ﻋﻼﺟﻴﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﺻﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ وإذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻋﻨﺪ إﻋﻄﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺿﻰ وﻓًﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺮوط‬ Therapeutic Equivalents: "drug products are considered therapeutic equivalents if ".‫اﶈﺪدة ﰲ اﳌﻠﺼﻖ‬ they are pharmaceutical equivalents and if they have the same clinical effect when administered to patients under the conditions specified in the labeling." · Bioavailability: "the degree to which a drug releases itself from its dosage form to become accessible for its intended effect. i.e. the rate and extent of drug absorption." The percentage of applied drug that is absorbed to the blood ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺪواء اﳌﻄﺒﻖ اﻟﺬي ﳝﺘﺺ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪم‬ sig Bioequivalence: "drug products are considered bioequivalent if they release their Sess contents in equal amounts over the same amount of time and have similar dissolution and absorption properties.".‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎت اﻟﺪواﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟًﻴﺎ إذا أﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎت ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ وﻟﻬﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن واﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص‬ If they have similar Bioavailability ‫إذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ / 9 *Patient noncompliance: “Patient is not using the medication appropriately.” , I :‫ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻋﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﰲ ﻋﺪم اﻣﺘﺜﺎل اﳌﺮﻳﺾ‬."‫اﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺪواء ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ 519 Several factors may contribute to patient noncompliance, such as: · 1.  Patient did not receive adequate instructions on the use of medications..‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻠﻖ اﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺣﻮل اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷدوﻳﺔ‬ !  Patient did not understand fully how to take the medication..‫ﻋﺪم ﻓﻬﻢ اﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﺪواء‬  Patient forgets to take the medicine..‫ﻧﺴﻴﺎن اﳌﺮﻳﺾ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﺪواء‬  Errors of dosage..‫أﺧﻄﺎء اﳉﺮﻋﺔ‬  Incorrect administration..‫اﻹدارة اﳋﺎﻃﺌﺔ‬  Errors in the time of administration, which disturbes the dosage regimen..‫أﺧﻄﺎء ﰲ وﻗﺖ اﻹﻋﻄﺎء ﳑﺎ ﻳﺨﻞ ﺑﻨﻈﺎم اﳉﺮﻋﺎت‬.‫اﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ اﳌﺒﻜﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﺪواء‬ ·  Early discontinuation of the medicine. What is the dosage regimen? Dosage regimen / “A formalized schedule by which drugs are administered, including the amount of drug, the number of doses in a period of time, and the time between doses.”.‫ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺪواء وﻋﺪد اﳉﺮﻋﺎت ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﲔ اﳉﺮﻋﺎت‬،‫ﺟﺪول رﺳﻤﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲟﻮﺟﺒﻪ إﻋﻄﺎء اﻷدوﻳﺔ‬ ·  Lectures 9&10 (cont,d) Terms related to official Specifications for x9 storage conditions T Sjtl- Term Meaning islj5 , 19 Excessive heat Temperature above 40°C " j( - + Warm place Temperature between 30 and 40°C os -) g Room temperature Temperature prevailing in a working area Controlled room temperature Temperature held between 15 and 30°C. -55 4 is EY) - = Cool place Temperature held between 8 and 15°C (1941) 37- Cold place Temperature not exceeding 8°C - Refrigerator Cold place held between 2 and 8 °C ,5. 5) Freezer Cold place with temperature between -10 and -20°C 7- Drug Formulary: A list of prescription drugs that are available through your health plan. Ideally, a hospital pharmacy should have any drug to treat any disease. Unfortunately, stocking every available drug is not feasible, so hard choices must be made to select the drugs to be used. This list is the hospital formulary. 1. A hospital formulary is a comprehensive list of every drug and therapeutic agent stocked by the pharmacy of that hospital. 2. A formulary includes a list of the drugs; monographs with information on each drug, such as uses, dosages and warnings; and a general reference section with information that might be helpful in treating patients.  PHARMACY RELATED TERMS (Cont'd) (1) S + ‫ اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻫﻮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪواء ﻹﻧﻬﺎء‬.‫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ أﻳﻀًﺎ اﺳﺘﻘﻼب اﻷدوﻳﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪث داﺧﻞ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ اﳊﻴﺔ‬.. ‫ اﳌﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ اﳉﺴﻢ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼب اﻟﺪواء ﻫﻮ اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬.‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻪ اﻟﺪواﺋﻲ أو زﻳﺎدة ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن أو اﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﻤﻮم‬ S - Metabolism : "The chemical changes that take place inside the living cells. Living organisms can also metabolize drugs. The purpose of these reactions is to alter the chemical t nature of the drug to terminate its pharmacological activity, increase its solubility or cause its detoxification. The body's primary site for drug metabolism is the liver. ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﳉﺴﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﳌﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ‬.‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻣﻌﻘﺪة ﰲ اﳉﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاد أﺑﺴﻂ‬ ‫ وﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬،‫" ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺎء وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬.‫اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ وﳕﻮ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ اﳉﺪﻳﺪة واﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﳊﻴﺎة وﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ Anabolism : "The process of building complex molecules in the body from simpler.‫اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ( materials. The body uses simple nutrients to build the basic chemicals that support cellular functions, growth of new cells and sustain life and storage of energy for future use." Anabolism is all building and storing, it is called construction metabolism. ‫ ﻟﻠﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪرات واﻟﺪﻫﻮن اﺨﻤﻟﺰﻧﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ‬،‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﳊﺎل ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻀﻢ‬،‫اﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎر اﻷﻳﻀﻲ‬ 2,&15.‫ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ إﻃﻼق اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻮﻗﻮد ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ وﺗﺪﻓﺌﺔ اﳉﺴﻢ وﺗﻘﻠﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت وﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﳉﺴﻢ‬.‫اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﰲ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ‬ Catabolism :"The metabolic breakdown, as in digestion, of stored proteins, carbohydrates /and fats to provide energy required for all activities in the cells. This energy release provides , fuel for anabolism, heating the body, contraction of muscles and movement of the body." Jill i ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷدوﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻔﻢ ﰲ‬.‫اﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺪواء ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺎ أﺛﻨﺎء دوراﻧﻪ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻷول ﻣﺮة‬.‫ وﻳﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺪم اﳌﻮﺟﻮد ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻳﺬﻫﺐ إﻟﻰ أي ﻣﻜﺎن آﺧﺮ ﰲ اﳉﺴﻢ‬.‫اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻄﻦ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﳌﻌﻮﻳﺔ‬ · First pass metabolism : "The degree to which a drug is chemically altered as it ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ‬ circulates through the liver for the first time. Most orally administered drugs are absorbed into the blood vessels that line the intestinal tract. The blood in these vessels flows directly to the liver before it goes anywhere else in the body. Some drugs are totally destroyed the first time they pass through as nitroglycerine, while others are hardly affected at all. 1551541.‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ أدوﻳﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﻼق‬،‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷدوﻳﺔ ﲤﺎًﻣﺎ ﰲ اﳌﺮة اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻲ ﲤﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻦ‬ Idleid Absorption :" The ability of a drug to pass into the blood stream through a barrier." E.g. drugs taken per os typically pass from intestinal fluids through the intestinal wall (the barrier) and into the blood stream. A drug given by intramuscular injection passes from the muscle (barrier) into the blood stream. ‫ ﲤﺮ اﻷدوﻳﺔ اﳌﺄﺧﻮذة ﰲ اﳉﺴﻢ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﳌﻌﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺟﺪار‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬."‫ﻗﺪرة اﻟﺪواء ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﺮور إﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﺪم ﻋﺒﺮ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ‬ &).‫ ﳝﺮ اﻟﺪواء اﳌﻌﻄﻰ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﳊﻘﻦ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت )اﳊﺎﺟﺰ( ﰲ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﺪم‬.‫اﻷﻣﻌﺎء )اﳊﺎﺟﺰ( وإﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﺮى اﻟﺪم‬ sa)(j)0 Adsorption : "The property some solids (adsorbent) have of attaching other solids, liquids g or gases to their surface (adsorbate)."."(‫ أو ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ أو ﻏﺎزات أﺧﺮى ﺑﺴﻄﺤﻬﺎ )ﳑﺘﺰة‬، ‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﻮاد اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ )اﳌﻤﺘﺰة( ﻫﻲ رﺑﻂ ﻣﻮاد ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬ Adsorbent : "Solid material that adsorbs (binds) another substance to its surface. The best examples are activated charcoal (due to its porous surface) and kaolin used to reduce the free availability of toxic chemicals in treating poisoning." (‫ وأﻓﻀﻞ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻔﺤﻢ اﳌﻨﺸﻂ )ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ اﳌﺴﺎﻣﻲ‬.‫ﻣﺎدة ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﲤﺘﺺ )ﺗﺮﺑﻂ( ﻣﺎدة أﺧﺮى ﺑﺴﻄﺤﻬﺎ‬.‫واﻟﻜﺎوﻟﲔ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﺮ اﺠﻤﻟﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻼج اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ‬ Adsorbate : "Material being adsorbed." ( ‫اﳌﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ)اﻟﻐﺎز او اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬ I S Antidote : "An agent that counteracts a poison, e.g. activated charcoal, oxygen inhalation in s case of carbon monoxide poisoning and terbutaline sulphate inhalation in case of irritant gases poisoning." ‫ واﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎق‬،‫ واﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎق اﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ ﺑﺄول أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬،‫ اﻟﻔﺤﻢ اﳌﻨﺸﻂ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬،‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺘﺼﺪى ﻟﻠﺴﻢ‬."‫ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت اﻟﺘﻴﺮﺑﻮﺗﺎﻟﲔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎزات اﳌﻬﻴﺠﺔ‬ 49 Indication : "A reason to prescribe a drug." E.g. aspirin is used as analgesic. ).‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻷﺳﺒﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﺴﻜﻦ‬."‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﺪواء‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل ﳝﻨﻊ ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﺒﻨﺴﻠﲔ ﳌﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﲡﺎه اﻟﺪواء‬."‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﲤﻨﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام دواء ﻣﻌﲔ‬ -H, &.‫ﻫﻮ ﺑﻄﻼن اﻟﺘﺘﺮاﺳﻴﻜﻠﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮأة اﳊﺎﻣﻞ‬.‫ﳝﻨﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺎﺻﺮات ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺑﻮ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺒﺪأون ﻧﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺮﺑﻮ‬ Contraindication : "A medical condition that prevents the use of a particular medication." E.g. Penicillin is contraindicated for a person who is allergic to the drug. Tetracycline is contraindicated for a pregnant woman. Beta blockers are contraindicated for people with asthma as they initiate asthmatic attacks. 54951."‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮب ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺪواء‬ Side effects : "An unwanted outcome of a medication." ‫ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺘﺨﺪﻳﺮ ﻛﺄﺛﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﻓﻴﻨﻴﺮاﻣﲔ ﻛﻤﻀﺎد ﻟﻠﻬﺴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬ - E.g. chlorpheniramine maleate used as antihistaminic, causing sedation as a side effect. s.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل اﻟﻨﺎﻟﻮﻛﺴﻮن ﻫﻮ ﺧﺼﻢ ﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت اﳌﻮاد اﻷﻓﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬."‫دواء ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت وﳝﻨﻊ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻄﻬﺎ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ Antagonists : "A drug that reacts with receptors and prevents their normal endogenous activation." E.g. naloxene is an opioid receptor antagonist. i Drug interaction : "The effect of two or more drugs have on each other when used at the."‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ دواءﻳﻦ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﳌﺮﻳﺾ‬ S, same time in the same patient." :‫ واﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﺪم أﻧﻮاًﻋﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬،‫ﻏﺎﻟًﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪوث ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ دواﺋﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺪواﺋﻲ اﻟﺪواﺋﻲ‬ The occurrence of two drugs interacting with each other is often called a drug-drug interaction, -set & S which presents different types:  Opposing (Antagonistic) action: On using two drugs together, thereby reduction of the effetivness of one or both. E.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) may reduce the diuretic effect of diuretics as hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide. ‫اﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎب ﻏﻴﺮ‬Two  Duplication action: ‫ﻣﻀﺎدات‬drugs ‫ﳌﺜﺎل ﻗﺪ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ‬of ‫ﺒﻴﻞ ا‬the ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ‬same.‫ﺎ أو ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ‬effect ‫ﻟﻴﺔ أﺣﺪﻫﻤ‬are ‫ﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻌﺎ‬taken ‫ﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘ‬at ‫ ﳑ‬،the ‫رﻳﻦ ﻣﻌًﺎ‬same ‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻋﻘﺎ‬time. ‫ ﻫﻮ ا‬:‫ﻀﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﳌﺘ‬ E.g.. ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ز‬ people may take cold remedy and pain reliever both containing acetaminophen which‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﳌ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﳌ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (NSAIDs ) ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮوﻳ‬ may risk toxicity.  Alteration action: Antacids raise pH of stomach and decrease the absorption of ketoconazole.  Synergistic action: ‫ا‬Drugs ً‫ص ﻋﻼﺟًﺎ ﺑﺎرد‬ ‫ﻷﺷﺨﺎ‬work that ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻨﺎول ا‬together ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬.so ‫ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬that ‫ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ا‬their‫ﺲ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬effect ‫ﺎرﻳﻦ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻧﻔ‬is ‫ ﻋﻘ‬greater ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎول‬:‫واج‬than ‫ﺟﺮاء اﻻزد‬the ‫ إ‬sum of the two. E.g. acetaminophen enhances the action of codeine as pain reliever.. ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺆ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﲔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻸ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ Drugs may also interact with laboratory tests or food. Interaction with food is referred to as drug- food interactions. Food rich in vitamin K, as Spinach and Broccli, decreases the anti-coagulant effect of warfarin, hence increasing blood clotting. Allergic reactions ‫(ﻣﻴﻨﻮﻓﲔ ﻋﻤﻞ‬Hypersensitivity ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل ﻳﻌﺰز اﻷﺳﻴﺘﺎ‬.‫ﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻻﺛﻨﲔ‬reaction): ‫ اﻷدوﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌًﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻫﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣ‬:‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺂزري‬ The interaction between the immune system and an allergen that may.‫م‬be ‫ﻦ ﻟﻶﻻ‬a‫ﻤﺴﻜ‬drug, ‫اﻟﻜﻮدﻳﲔ ﻛ‬food or any environmental condition, which is manifested by skin rash, itching or sneezing. More serious reactions may cause wheezing, shock and even death. / easi ‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﰲ ﻃﻔﺢ ﺟﻠﺪي‬،‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ اﳉﻬﺎز اﳌﻨﺎﻋﻲ وﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎت اﳊﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن دواء أو ﻃﻌﺎم أو أي ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬.‫ ردود اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺧﻄﻮرة ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺼﻔﻴﺮ واﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ وﺣﺘﻰ اﳌﻮت‬.‫أو ﺣﻜﺔ أو ﻋﻄﺲ‬ =  Drug Classification 31599..‫ اﻟﺒﺎراﺳﻴﺘﺎﻣﻮل‬،(ASA) ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل اﻷﺳﺒﺮﻳﻦ‬."‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺨﻔﻒ اﻷﻟﻢ دون اﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬  Analgesic : "An agent that relieves pain without causing loss of consciousness." E.g. Aspirin (ASA), Paracetamol. % %5.(‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل اﻟﺒﺎراﺳﻴﺘﺎﻣﻮل )أﺳﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﻮﻓﲔ‬."‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺨﻔﻒ أو ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ اﳊﻤﻰ‬  Antipyretic : "An agent that relieves or reduces fever." E.g. Paracetamol (Acetaminophen). Esse ‫ وﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻜﻮرﺗﻴﻜﻮﺳﺘﻴﺮوﻳﺪات ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻧﻴﺰون وﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻷدوﻳﺔ‬.‫أي ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻷدوﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ اﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎب‬  Anti-inflammatory : "Any of several drug groups that reduce inflammation. They include j0 Corticosteroids like Prednisone and the so-called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.‫( ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﺳﺒﺮﻳﻦ واﻹﻳﺒﻮﺑﺮوﻓﲔ‬NSaids) ‫اﳌﻀﺎدة ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺘﻴﺮوﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ · (NSAIDS) like Aspirin and Ibuprofen. is.Hydroxyzine HCl ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬."‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ اﳊﻜﺔ‬  Antipruritic : "An agent that reduces itching." E.g. Hydroxyzine HCl.  Counterirritant : "An agent which produces counterirritation, i.e. it relieves discomfort somewhere by producing local irritation, (it is secondary irritant against primary irritant) in order to reduce deeper irritation and inflammation. - It is believed that counterirritants stimulate cutaneous sensory receptors in the skin, so sensations they produce, as itching, burning, warmth and/or cooling, masks the pain that is occurring more deeply in the body. Thus it does not produce cure but simply makes the underlying pain more bearable. E.g. capsicum, methylsalicylate, Eucalyptus oil, Camphor and Menthol..‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﺣﻤﺮار اﳉﻠﺪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻬﻴﺠﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ وﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺪم‬ ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻴﺴﻴﻼت واﻟﺮوﺑﻴﻔﺎﺳﻴﻨﺘﺲ اﻟﻌﺸﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ؛ زﻳﺖ اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ واﻟﺜﻮم واﻟﺰﳒﺒﻴﻞ‬.‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪون أﻧﻪ ﻳﺨﻔﻒ اﻷﻟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﳌﻀﺎد ﻟﻠﺘﻬﻴﺞ‬ 9505)  Rubefacient : "An agent that reddens the skin due to its irritation by causing vasodilatation &.‫واﳋﺮدل وإﻛﻠﻴﻞ اﳉﺒﻞ‬ - effect increasing circulation and blood flow. They believe to relieve pain by counterirritant effect. E.g. Salicylates and common herbal rubifacients include; Cloves, Garlic, Ginger, Mustard and Rosemary oil. 1918.‫ أﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴﲔ د و ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻣﻴﺴﲔ‬،(FU-5) ‫ﻓﻠﻮروﻳﻮراﺳﻴﻞ‬-5 ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬."(‫دواء ﻳﻘﺘﻞ أو ﳝﻨﻊ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ اﳋﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ )اﻷورام اﳋﺒﻴﺜﺔ‬ (85  Antineoplastic agent : "A drug that , kills or inhibits reproduction of cancer cells (malignant tumors)." E.g. 5-Flurouracil (5-FU), Actinomycin D and Bleomycin. :  Antioxidant : "A chemical that prevents oxidative reactions. Commonly used antioxidants.E‫ و‬A ‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻀﺎدات اﻷﻛﺴﺪة ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎت‬.‫ﻣﺎدة ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﲤﻨﻊ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ' & includes Vitamins A and E. & Astringent : "An agent that causes contraction of tissues, usually the skin. An astringent causes dryness of tissues." E.g. Calamine, Tannin, Salts of Zinc..‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل اﻟﻜﺎﻻﻣﲔ واﻟﺘﺎﻧﲔ وأﻣﻼح اﻟﺰﻧﻚ‬."‫ ﻣﺎدة ﻗﺎﺑﻀﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺟﻔﺎف اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬.‫ وﻋﺎدة اﳉﻠﺪ‬،‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﻠﺺ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬  Antimicrobial Agents Drugs that can kill or inhibit the reproduction of a microorganism, which include: -.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل اﻟﺒﻨﺴﻠﲔ واﻷﻣﺒﻴﺴﻠﲔ واﻷﻣﻮﻛﺴﻴﺴﻴﻠﲔ‬.‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺪﻣﺮ أو ﳝﻨﻊ ﳕﻮ أو ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬  Antibacterial: "An agent that destroys or suppresses growth or reproduction of bacteria. E.g. Penicillin, Ampicillin and Amoxicillin. -19.‫ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻣﺴﺎر اﻹﻋﻄﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬."‫ اﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻛﻮﻧﺎزول‬،‫ اﳉﺮﻳﺰوﻓﻮﻟﻔﲔ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬،‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺪﻣﺮ أو ﳝﻨﻊ ﳕﻮ أو ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎت‬  Antifungal : "An agent that destroys or suppresses the growth or reproduction of fungi, e.g. Griseofulvin, Ketoconazole." The route of administration depends upon the site of infection. i ‫ أﻟﺒﻴﻨﺪازول ﻓﻌﺎل ﺿﺪ اﻟﺪودة اﻟﺪﺑﻮﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﰲ اﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬."‫دواء أو ﻣﺎدة ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺘﻞ أو ﲤﻨﻊ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ اﻟﻄﻔﻴﻠﻴﺎت‬  Antiparasitic : "A drug or chemical that kills or inhibits reproduction of parasites." E.g..‫واﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ‬ Albendazole is active against pin worm which lives in children in rectum and lower intestine. -gi."‫ اﻟﺮﻳﺒﺎﻓﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل اﻷﺳﻴﻜﻠﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬.‫ﻫﺬه ﻫﻲ اﻷدوﻳﺔ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻘﺘﻞ أو ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ اﻟﻔﻴﺮوس‬  Antiviral drugs : "These are drugs used to kill or inhibit reproduction of a virus. E.g. Acyclovir, Ribavirin."  Antiseptic : "A chemical that inhibits growth of microbes upon making physical contact but · does not necessarily kill them." E.g. Iodine (Tincture Iodine). The term antiseptic is used to describe agents that are used on intact skin. While Disinfectants : "Agents are used on inanimate objects. E.g. countertops and floors as Formaldehyde. ‫ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬.(‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل اﻟﻴﻮد )ﺻﺒﻐﺔ اﻟﻴﻮد‬."‫ﻣﺎدة ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﲤﻨﻊ ﳕﻮ اﳌﻴﻜﺮوﺑﺎت ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل اﳉﺴﺪي وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺘﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة‬.‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﳌﻄﻬﺮ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳉﻠﺪ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل أﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻷرﺿﻴﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻔﻮرﻣﺎﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎﻳﺪ‬.‫ ﻳ" ﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻏﻴﺮ اﳊﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﳌﻄﻬﺮات‬ ·  Ess & , Central Nervous System Drugs & mist, sle ‫ أو ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬،(‫ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﻘﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﺪﻳﺮ اﳌﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺤﺪدة )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﳊﺎل ﰲ ﻃﺐ اﻷﺳﻨﺎن‬."‫دواء ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻹﺣﺴﺎس إﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻌًﻴﺎ أو ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ اﻟﺘﺨﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﺎم ﳝﻜﻦ إﻋﻄﺎؤه ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎق أو ﳝﻜﻦ‬.(‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﳉﻠﺪ اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ أو ﳝﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﰲ أﺷﻜﺎل ﺟﺮﻋﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﺎﻣﻴﻞ )ﻟﻠﺒﻮاﺳﻴﺮ‬  Anesthetic : "A drug that causes loss of sensation either locally or generally." Local.‫ﺣﻘﻨﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ اﳉﺮاﺣﺔ‬ anesthetics may be injected into specific areas (as in dentistry), applied directly to the intact skin or may be used in special dosage forms as suppositories (for hemorrhoids). General anesthetics may be given by inhalation or may be injected prior to surgery. -1/1 s  Antidepressant : "A drug used to treat or prevent depression.: e.g. Tricyclic- ‫دواء ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻌﻼج اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب أو اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‬ antidepressants (TCA) and Monoamino-oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). 9 (9) ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺤﻔﺰ اﻟﻨﻮم‬  Hypnotic : "An agent that induces sleep." E.g. Barbiturates and Diphenhydramine HCl (antihistaminic). 519 ،‫ "دواء ﻳﺨﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺞ واﻹﺛﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﳌﻬﺪئ‬ While Sedative : "A drug that allays irritability and excitement by ‫ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻟﻬﺪوء‬ inhibition of transmission of nerve impulses, producing calm." E.g. benzodiazepines as Valium and Ativan. Sedatives may be given by mouth or by injection. ،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬.‫ وﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﺎدًة ﻟﻌﻼج ﺣﺎﻻت اﳊﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬."‫ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﻌﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺗﻪ‬،‫دواء ﻳﺘﺼﺪى ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻬﺴﺘﺎﻣﲔ‬ j)nj4  - +1. (‫ )ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺼﺮﻓﻮن ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬.‫ واﻷدوﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻨﻌﺎس ﻛﺄﺛﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﺣﻴﺎًﻧﺎ ﻟﻌﻼج اﻷرق‬.‫ﻛﻠﻮرﻓﻴﻨﻴﺮاﻣﲔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎت‬ Antihistaminic : "A drug that counteracts the effect of histamine, by preventing it from y interaction with its receptors." They are typically used to treat allergic conditions. E.g. Chlorpheniramine maleate. Those that cause drowsiness as a side effect are sometimes used to treat insomnia. (some of them act centrally)  What is insomnia? It is the inability to sleep normally; includes inability to get to sleep in an appropriate amount of time , unnatural waking during the night or waking earlier than normal." ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻷرق؟‬ ‫ أو اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻘﺎظ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫وﻫﻮ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻮم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ؛ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﺪم اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻮم ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬.‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ أﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻞ أو اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻘﺎظ ﰲ وﻗﺖ أﺑﻜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﺘﺎد‬  · j /55. Digestive System Drugs / - 1s& ‫ وﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻌﻼج اﻟﺘﺸﻨﺠﺎت ﰲ اﳉﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ أو‬.(‫دواء ﻳﺨﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﺼﺎت اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﳌﻠﺴﺎء اﻟﻼإرادﻳﺔ )اﻟﺘﺸﻨﺠﺎت‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎت اﻷﺗﺮوﺑﲔ‬."‫اﳌﺴﺎﻟﻚ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬  Antispasmodic : "A drug that relieves involuntary smooth muscle contractions (spasms). They are most commonly used to treat spasms in the digestive or urinary tracts." E.g. Atropine Sulpate. /J's.‫ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮم وﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﳌﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮم‬،‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل‬."‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻘﺎوم ﻓﺮط اﳊﻤﻮﺿﺔ‬  Antacid : "An agent that counteracts hyperacidity." E.g. Aluminium hydroxide and Magnesium hydroxide. (1) 2451/5 -D.‫ ﻣﺜﻞ روح اﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎع‬."(‫دواء ﻳﺨﻔﻒ اﻧﺘﻔﺎخ اﻟﺒﻄﻦ )اﻟﻐﺎزات اﳌﻌﻮﻳﺔ‬  Carminative: "A drug that relieves flatulence (intestinal gas)." E.g. Spirit of peppermint. %/51.‫دواء ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﳌﻨﻊ أو ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ اﻟﻐﺜﻴﺎن واﻟﻘﻲء‬ Antiemetic: "a drug used to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting." E.g. Domperidone.  (w4(541 /: 14) i ·  Laxative : "A drug that promotes bowel movements and fecal passage decreasing its - consistency." E.g. Lactulose..‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﳌﺜﺎل ﻻﻛﺘﻮﻟﻮز‬."‫دواء ﻳﻌﺰز ﺣﺮﻛﺎت اﻷﻣﻌﺎء وﻣﺮور اﻟﺒﺮاز ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﲤﺎﺳﻜﻪ‬ is  ngs Respiratory Drugs J&Issil.‫ﻀﺎ ﻣﺜﺒﻄﺎت اﻟﺴﻌﺎل‬ ً ‫ وﺗﺴﻤﻰ أﻳ‬.‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺎل‬  Antitussive : "An agent that reduces coughing. They are also called cough suppressants. E.g. Dextromethorphan HCl. 1) / - 49.‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻗﻄﺮ اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺎت اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬  Bronchodilators : "An agent which widens the diameter of the bronchi. They include ß- adrenergic agonists and Xanthines as Theophylline which are commonly used to prevent.‫واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻋﺎدة ﳌﻨﻊ ﻧﻮﺑﺎت اﻟﺮﺑﻮ‬ asthma attacks. -161-4 (‫دواء ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻀﻴﻖ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﺨﻤﻟﺎﻃﻲ ﻟﻸﻧﻒ وﻳﻘﻠﻞ اﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎن )ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ‬  Decongestant : "A drug that causes vasoconstriction of nasal mucosa and reduces ! -(c)congestion& (excessive blood flow into an area)." E,g. pseudoephedrine. S (1) 5) -s  Expectorant : " A medication that promotes expectoration (the coughing up and spitting of mucous secretion from the lungs, bronchi and trachea after being liquefied as ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate and Guaifenesin. (‫دواء ﻳﻌﺰز ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻣﺔ )اﻟﺴﻌﺎل وﺑﺼﻖ اﻹﻓﺮازات اﺨﻤﻟﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ واﻟﺸﻌﺐ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺔ‬  14p Hist 9Cardiovascular Drugs it ‫دواء ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻌﻼج ﻋﺪم اﻧﺘﻈﺎم ﺿﺮﺑﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ↑  Antiarrhythmic : "A drug used to treat abnormal heart rhythms." E.g. calcium channel blockers as Verapamil. 561/11/4 / ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺪم‬  Antihypertensive : "An agent that reduces high blood pressure." E.g methyldopa (Aldomet) and clonidine hydrochloride (Catapres). g ".‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ إﻣﺪادات اﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﳌﻨﻊ أﻋﺮاض اﻟﺬﺑﺤﺔ اﻟﺼﺪرﻳﺔ‬  Antianginal drug : "An agent that increases oxygen supply to the myocardium to prevent S (4) symptoms of angina pectoris." E.g. Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets. Gedles  Diuretics : "Medicines that help to reduce the amount of water in the body. They are used to 96 i treat the buildup of excess fluid in the body that occurs with some medical conditions such as congestive heart failure, liver disease, and kidney disease. Some diuretics are also prescribed is to treat high blood pressure." E.g. furosemide (Lasix) and hydrochlorothiazide. - ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻼج ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة ﰲ اﳉﺴﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪث‬.‫اﻷدوﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﳌﺎء ﰲ اﳉﺴﻢ‬ ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺪرات اﻟﺒﻮل‬.‫ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ اﳊﺎﻻت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺼﻮر اﻟﻘﻠﺐ اﻻﺣﺘﻘﺎﻧﻲ وأﻣﺮاض اﻟﻜﺒﺪ وأﻣﺮاض اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬."‫ﻟﻌﻼج ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺪم‬ (46145295 1515551 (51) , (541 % 36 & 1919 31, s 1  PRESCRIPTION "It is a written order by a physician, a dentist or a veterinarian to the pharmacist for the preparation and administration of a drug or a device for a patient." Prescription can be:  Given to the patient directly.  Given to the pharmacist by telephone or fax.  Transmitted electronically from the physician's computer to the pharmacist's computer. Parts of the prescription Sample Prescription · PRIMARY CARE ASSOCIATES 1234 Wellness Road  Resume Speed, Kansas  (913) 999-1212 435 jusq Name Priscilla Promiscuous Date 8/14/98 Address 124 Red Light Lane Age/Wt ______ g. 45 RX Doxycycline 100 mg Disp #14 Sig: Take 1 capsule bid x 7 days __________________ Molly Moral, ARNP Dispense as Written Substitution Permissible Refills __0__ Per protocol Dr. Jones It is divided into several parts:  Date of the prescription.  Physician information (name, address of the clinic and phone number).  Patient information (name, address, weight of body and date of birth).  Superscription; or heading with the symbol "R" or "Rx", which stands for the word recipe (meaning, in Latin, to take) i.e. take the following components and compound this medication to the patient. French physicians begin their prescriptions with "P" which is the abbreviation of "Prenez".  Inscription; contains the names and quantities of the ingredients and the type of the dosage form. E.g. Amoxicillin capsules 500 mg. 4  S · sis 147 ·. 59 - is S Si % & ↳ 3 · 3, & s 9;  · - 99 1x3x7 = 2) 3434 ↓ 5 Sis  ‫‪3%‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪Dose‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪3 m/‬‬ ‫‪Dose‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫? ‪mg‬‬ ‫ﺑﺲ ﳌﺎ اﻛﻮن اﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﻮل اﻟﻮزن اﻟﻲ ﻏﺮاﻣﺎت‬ ‫وﻓﻘﻂ ﳌﺎ اوﺟﺪ اﳌﻮﻻرﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﻠﻮل اﳊﺠﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﺘﺮ‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪75‬‬  s. Sj 2x3430 Dosage regimen Dose = two drops Total = 180 drops m1 ? Am - voi 1 m1 = 20 drop x = am/  strength dosge - 55 ⑫ g ↳ close 2x500 1000 my = =   Subscription; contains dispensing and compounding directions for the drug to the pharmacist. e.g. mix and make capsules dispense 30 tablets  Transcription (signature) (signa) (sig); this section is often preceded by the sign "s" standing for signa (Latin for mark), giving the directions to the patient to be marked on the label by the pharmacist. e.g. 1 tablet to be taken 3 times daily after meals  Signature of the prescriber.  Repetatur; means refill. e.g. refill (n) times.  DAW = "dispense as written"; sometimes written at the end of prescription meaning no substitutions with other generics. Some medicines must be dispensed to the patient with a prescription, others may not. Accordingly, drugs are divided into:  Prescription drugs : "A medication that can only be legally dispensed to a patient with a valid prescription". Such drugs may only be dispensed by a pharmacist or by the prescriber. Most prescription drugs are so designated by the United States FDA. e.g. Adalat (Nifedipine) Valium (Diazepam) Codeine (Codeine sulphate) Carbamazine (Tegretol) 5  Over-the counter (OTC) drugs : "A medication that may be sold without a prescription, also called "Non-Prescription Drugs". OTC Drugs 6  Abbreviations most commonly used in the prescription xi A) How often to take your medication: T Abbreviation Meaning ad lib freely, as needed +4. single sid once a day 25 18 is. - bid [ - twice a day &4159 prn as needed -415x197 q every 5 h hour - qh every hour -51 q3h every 3 hours - - 3 - q4h every 4 hours -0 + 19 1% = 4% 6 qd every day 95 - · qid > four times a day 251 % 104 + · qod every other day 195-099- tid - three times a day 9515 9). q.s. a sufficient 50 & B) When to take your medication Abbreviation Meaning ac before meals 48 hs at bedtime 1575s int. between meals -d) = pc after meals 5619 stat. immediately "I g , C) Medication form to take: Abbreviation Meaning caps capsule - gtt drops -xg/ % 5 Inj. injection I Pulv. (pulvis) powder 5 , 5 · supp. suppository 8 elix., sol., susp., syr elixir, solution, suspension, syrup tabs -3 tablets 7  D) Site of application of your medication: · Abbreviation Meaning ad Os. right ear (54) as Ojs left ear au OS both ears od right eye -5 os left eye ou both eyes E) Routes of Drug Administration : Abbreviation Meaning sl sublingual -15 top & pj9 , apply topically 19 3 IV intravenous injection 51d)S / IM intramuscular - is ID intrademal &1s - · 5 SC subcutaneous 51 5 · IP intraperitonealmy ess4 Did , ; Po by mouth 9150s Pr rectallyEasy -( &5) - Y Bucc inside cheek 1 &S ⑪ -y/ -24()99141 , 11 6155 , F) Other instructions: Abbreviation Meaning 9 ss 5 9.4 , , one half tbsp tablespoon (15ml) S4[ tsp teaspoon (5ml) i, ii, iii, or iiii the number of doses (1, 2, 3, or 4) mg milligrams - ml of milliliters of - ad -J up to & Y & aq 90 water DAW 55 dispense as written Dil & dilute Div. 9 divide Disp. - dispense M, mist & mix M.D.U. to be used as directed G 2 -id 6541199 SS) & 8 jja si · - is · gloss ( - givos -(15) /19 - S  ‫…‪Loading‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮق اﻋﻄﺎء اﻟﺪواء واﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺪواﺋﻴﺔ‬  Routes of administration &/ 3 1 & S(d) s 50s. 5 j - NT5 & 5) 24 I / - - ((syst(yp) = 225 & 15 ys ‫ اﳌﺰﺑﻮﻃﺔ ﻋﺸﺎن ﻳﺄدي اﳌﻔﻌﻮل ﺗﺒﻌﻪ‬kinetics ‫ ﻻزم اﻟﺪراء ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ال‬، ‫ﻛﻴﻒ اﻧﺎ ﺑﺤﺪد ﻛﻴﻒ اﻋﻄﻲ اﻟﺪواء‬ ADME (Pharmacokinetic) 11519 lig Absorption ‫اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص‬ Distribution ‫اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻊ‬ Metabolism ‫اﻷﻳﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ Elimination  ‫‪Routes of Drug administration‬‬ ‫ﳑﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻔﻢ )‪-: (oral route‬‬ ‫‪5ba‬‬ ‫‪ -: Local‬ﳑﻜﻦ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﻳﺂﺧﺪ ﺣﺒﺔ دواء وﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺲ ع اﳌﻌﺪة‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﻮﻟﻮن ‪،‬اﻻﻣﻌﺎء‬ ‫‪ -:Systemic‬وﳑﻜﻦ ﻳﺂﺧﺪ ﺣﺒﺔ اﻟﺪواء وﺗﻨﺰل ع اﳌﻌﺪة او اﻻﻣﻌﺎء وﳝﺘﺺ وﻳﺮوح ﻟﻠﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪1- The oral route‬‬ ‫‪The oral route can produce either a systemic‬‬ ‫‪or a local effect.‬‬ ‫‪This is the most commonly used route for‬‬ ‫‪drug administration‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاًﻣﺎ ﻹدارة اﻟﺪواء‬ ‫‪Systemic‬‬ ‫‪Local‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪواء ﺑﻴﻮﺻﻞ اذا اﻟﺪواء اﺷﺘﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻴًﺎ وﻣﺎ وﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪورة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ )ﻳﺨﺘﺺ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻻﻧﺤﺎء ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎن واﺣﺪ )اﳌﻌﺪة ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎس((‬ ‫اﳉﺴﻢ‬  Routes of Drug administration The oral route 95 Advantages :. T The simplest and safest ‫أﺑﺴﻂ وأﻛﺜﺮ أﻣﺎﻧًﺎ‬ Sess ! Self-administration of drugs ‫اﻹدارة اﻟﺬاﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻸدوﻳﺔ‬ Si , is &s I Se I S  Routes of Drug administration The oral route Disadvantages estis (5) The onset of action is relatively slow + 19. , 55 > - Irregular Absorption Some drugs are destroyed ↳555954)4 First pass or presystemic metabolism Drug solubility may be altered Gastric emptying is very variable 24 - 19) · 4 It is an unsuitable in unconscious or vomiting Patient  patients Routes of Drug administration 51519 -5 - The buccal and sublingual route. Quick onset of action - 019-9 Avoid the ‘first pass’ effect (9191)4 56458 / can be administered to unconscious patients antiemetic drugs can be given by this route.  Routes of Drug administration 1 = + The rectal route local or systemic effect - The rectum is supplied by lower and upper rectal veins. Loading… The first absorbs drug directly to the circulation and the second drains into the portal system. This means that, depending on the position within the rectum, bioavailability may be less than 100%  Routes of Drug administration - local > - 95 -(4) - Jy - -() -15 - · :, &2 , 5. +S The rectal route systemic < -515995. Systemic -95(d)(1) -94 Advantages dy2 -5X > local Can be used when the oral route is -(101)/15y5s1 61. 41 unsuitable, 4 (s. j do + , , 50/595 e.g. severe vomiting, unconscious patient, with -- E5n15 195/4 GI Test uncooperative patients such as children, i Y elderly or mentally disturbed and patients with dysphagia -4 > & & lot Useful when the drug causes GIT irritation  · Can be used for local action Routes of Drug administration X The rectal route Disadvantages Absorption can be irregular ‫ﳝﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬ Less convenient than the oral route ‫أﻗﻞ ﻣﻼءﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻔﻤﻮي‬  Routes of Drug administration local /5015466 - - 15&) systemic The vaginal route S - (1)s() 902 For local or systemic effect - d. 5 Drugs may be formulated as pessaries, tablets, capsules, solutions, sprays, creams, ointments and foams. 55() > - Not subject to the first pass effect C - %. 8/1j 419jd firstPass effect 40 vaginal /1sbs by -G oral JIL -  Routes of Drug administration Isist. W 9 4- (1) -> (1) % , &" slod -o local =5 5 The inhalation route. systemic [S19 , , +1) By-passes first pass effect raise the drug dose required to produce the desired si is, * - = 5)) effect is much smaller than for the oral route, 5419 5 ! -. 4 - with a consequent reduction in side-effects. l (15 1541524115 ‫اﳉﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎق أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻜﻮن‬ - (15y(415)) ( ‫ اﻛﺒﺮ‬Side effect) ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻔﻢ‬ y , 5 5% first Pass metabolism 209. & 5% L side effects 115 yaskb) =5 gix, ! sends W "swi-  Routes of Drug administration > local j61g) -en systemic The nasal route > gisa avoids first pass metabolism ·mo - -1 25 Local or systemic effect - - [51edl 9215 ] est 1) 45. = (4, (55925 55; 9).  Routes of Drug administration (915ys)5 , 6 The topical (dermal) route the skin is used as the site of administration 5 , Can give local or systemic effect 945-96leied -250.- 4 - / &15 Trasndermal patches are used for systemic = 22) ↳ J (7-94 1, 51. effect Sedle & ( S (5 - 44 - 87 4) -. local 11911" · L 125104524195. systemic effect 1919 (slide wil systemic -211/ - 15.441451 / , Salis ,/j) - = Li Edermal - local Patches S & d - (951, slijig is. 55)) = (T /25 =555j)  Routes of Drug administration Loral 115151 5) % 20 / The parenteral route S - Means drug administration by injection. - Many types: 593389 (9 - ) = "1e5195157 214 Intravenous (I.V) :This produces a very fast onset of. 951434 &15650s action. J 41 555 (59516561944)5 , ,61 % 9 65961s;. g Subcutaneous (S.C): slower than I>V. example is Insulin [5961sd(4(j) =x(G14 inj · 11, 5) , - 1 (5599 , 1 , 51551 ! ) ↑ Intramuscular (I.M): can be fast (drug in solution) or slow 20% En , " (drug in suspension or oily, ex: vaccines) - - - 0950/63 > 45 - 995 I. -. 5.; / /Nis - /zeg =STRNAji - 515 - = 1 - (95154) Is Loading… Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms i 01j 8. - - J · * · & & -5  Routes of Drug administration 551] Other 41j parenteral routes : intra-gastric, intraocular, intra-peritoneal, intra-articular.. - etc (20149 /1) : 15 &-415 Other routes Ocular Aural  Dosage Forms- Solid * 15j Capsules Lozenges P Tablets ↳ g en Immediate release (1541 9 , Sustained 105975 releases jbjo95 j'asj ) jij zi2j5 Delayed release. S ; Sublingual -15  Els · /1996 &S1)15 1 I - -1955: , 1995 5  = 15 2 : 9) %j55939 &15, 45 4148 -  hard gelatin capsule - is p. -j - j8s /. /  Dosage Forms & Oslo - - 9 jein (2) Powder- Granules external use 915  519 % -. -issues ! Y Y /5 59)- sachets  3,4 gl = 12 is =. jets) , si i &18s ye  Dosage Forms 3S - S Powder-Internal use Insufflations ‫اﳉﻬﺎز اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﻔﺘﺢ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺣﺒﺔ اﻟﺪوا وﻳﺴﺘﻨﺸﻘﻬﺎ اﳌﺮﻳﺾ‬ m  Dosage Forms ↓ Inhalers i9 ju g -95 · & · Jes ILS , ↓ (5) s (1) 51 5/54 > : 9/105/257135 = & - sije  Dosage Forms Pessaries , Ovules (vaginal)  ; 24 40 = - -ild J 10/16, 5195 256 [ - 9 -y - +&. & 9 S - -95 Shys ) (915%  ‫‪559( % 24‬‬ ‫اﺑﺮة او ﻋﻮد ﻣﻐﻤﺲ ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺪواء )اﻟﺪواء ﻣﺸﺒﻊ ﺟﻮاﺗﻪ( وﻣﻨﺰرﻋﻪ زراﻋﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺪواء ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻴﺘﺤﺮر ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴًﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﳑﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺳﻨﲔ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻣﻮن ﺑﺮوﺟﺴﺘﺮون ‪ ،‬واﻻﺳﺘﺮوﺟﲔ‬  # Dosage Forms-solids Implants (maybe oo solid or semisolid)  Dosage Forms-solids 9.S Transdermal patches galb , E :, (115/411550 5 % 9/2799/ jos]- &s 11.  ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪Gig‬‬ ‫‪bi‬‬ ‫)‪(15195‬‬ ‫‪El‬‬ ‫‪(2) ,‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻮن ﻣﻀﻐﻮط ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اول ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻔﺘﺢ ﺷﻮي ﺑﻴﻄﻠﻊ ﻏﺎز وﺑﻴﺪﻓﻊ اﻟﺪواء ﳉﻮا اﻟﻔﻢ ﺛﻢ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ‬  yes in se ) -60 S.. ① ⑮  Sisi % +199 - Sisiolsinside a res (0-solvently n41/s4) Y Y (50 % 9  &( , (j) 3. 5 /j ,  Dosage Forms- Liquids Solutions- Oral Ophthalmic ↓ Loading… ·  Dosage Forms- Liquids Enemas Gargles and Mouthwash  19 &198156 Pr iss ↑. & * -1. S6 (si , , - (45(c)  ess S - - 2 S Y ? gold slab &S -ma - 2 , -dy(51/ % dinin  local Dosage Forms- Liquids wis/jii jg Y Jing Ear and Nose drops mini Hyp C  Dosage Forms- Liquids T Paints and collodions (for warts and corns) "es ? · & bi. 194 5 = / Sins/sts) - ↳/ 2spolymer S1 %. 95 & jeis led n / -15-4) E5 - s &1149 , - - ·  Dosage Forms- Liquids 5 8 & 98 , Irrigations and lotions ( washing solutions, is or external) X internal +  Dosage Forms- Liquids Injections: Vials , Ampoules, prefilled syringes, prefilled pens si S I -14 Ja E " , , 4515 Vial prefilled prefilled syringes pens Ampoul S(jxg 5 loses ↳ inled S ga -9 Dosage Forms- Liquids Syrups, Elixirs, linctuses 3 75, % · , 41 , , Jil  -24 2) S. - -15j8 + 3 , 4 is S!L 955541929. , / crup - sl - Ed)s(s) 2) - - ① ⑬ ② -  Dosage Forms- Liquids Suspensions- Insoluble solid dispersed in liquid  8 ⑳ · -; assi Seein is il & it , suspension (4)29 4. jt5.· /is H.  / Dosage Forms- Liquids Emulsions: mixture of two immissible liquids Can be liquid or semisolid (cream) 151szi9j Mis Emulsions TPN 45 05. , hydrophobic hydrophilic 51s , seem 5419a 9 Misses sch - , water in oil oil in water j - ! iii -Sh * disperse is Continuous phases 101 / phase  & 251 14178s , 5, Sijlnbslesise & jeb e' * 5 Si% , -  e Dosage forms - semisolids Ointments (oily), creams (emulsion), gels (high liquid content, liniments (for rubbing) S'g O , i Wijessj u ~ - · 15sigil  ej. - se so i ales & & ↓ , kiji s 99 41. -50 j  % 59 / I / ↳ is ses · Ja)s ·jes/ ge ~  Dosage forms - semisolids Pastes. High amount of powder in liquid or semisolid.  · 955 ,b 1555 50.-. /5j 5 - - Lis &Is J 5j6. s -j51 98) I