Fall Final Review 2024 PDF

**[Unit 1, Test 1 -- How Geographers Study the World]** 1. **Draw an outline of the world and label (name and degrees) the following:** a. Tropic of Cancer - 23.5° N b. Tropic of Capricorn - 23.5° S c. Prime Meridian - 0° longitude d. Equator - 0° latitude e. Arct...

**[Unit 1, Test 1 -- How Geographers Study the World]** 1. **Draw an outline of the world and label (name and degrees) the following:** a. Tropic of Cancer - 23.5° N b. Tropic of Capricorn - 23.5° S c. Prime Meridian - 0° longitude d. Equator - 0° latitude e. Arctic Circle -- 66.5° N f. Antarctic Circle -- 66.5° S 2. **What is the grid system? What is it used for?** The grid system is a set of lines *(parallels and meridians)* that cross each other at *(near)* right angles on a map. They allow for specific points on the map to be located or reported - absolute locations. 3. **Describe the differences in a political and physical map. What features would be found on each?** The difference is that physical maps show elevation and landforms like plains, plateaus, and mountains, etc., while political maps show national/ state boundaries, as well as important cities. A physical map is used to study physical features/the distribution of said physical features, whilst a political map is used to boundaries, neighboring countries, and other manmade boundaries. 4. **Identify the different elements of TODALSIGSs (Parts of a Map).** g. [**T**itle] -- describes what a map will show, where the map's area is, and often the time period h. [**O**rientation] -- refers to principal geographic directions *(NESW)* by an arrow or compass rose i. [**D**ate] -- tells when the map was made, helps judge accuracy of the map *(ex. 200 AD)* j. [**A**uthor] -- this element identifies the maker of the map *(ex. U.S. Geological Survey or a name)* k. [**L**egend] -- this element defines the symbols that are not labeled on the map *(legend = key)* l. [**S**cale] -- shows relationships of distances on map to distances on Earth -- shown by scale, which is usually represented by a line divided into miles/kilometers m. [**I**ndex] -- alphabetical list of places shown on the map-- gives grid address of each listed place n. [**G**rid] -- set of intersecting parallels/meridians which provides a mean of absolute location o. [**S**ource] -- sources the map's information not obtained by direct experience or observation p. [**s**urrounding places] -- identifies features that border *(outside)* the depicted area of the map 5. **Describe each of the following types of regions, and give an example of each:** q. Formal (uniform) -- defined by government, physical features, or common characteristic i. Example: USA/Texas, Great Lake states/Rocky Mountains, Corn/Rust Belt r. Functional -- oriented/organized around a set of interactions/connections between places, usually characterized by a central hub/place with links to that hub. ii. Example: A city, metropolitan area, pizza delivery zone, newspaper delivery route s. Perceptual -- an area which is loosely defined by the way their characterizations are perceived in the same way; in a sense, stereotypical imaginations form this region. iii. Example: Bible Belt, Silicon Valley, Hillbilly Region, etc. 6. **List the 6 elements of geography and describe each of them.** t. The World in Spatial Terms -- where a place is in relation to other places, the location. Geographers look for things on Earth's surface as well as changes in settlement patterns. u. Physical Systems -- 4 physical systems are studied: air *(atmosphere)*, land *(lithosphere)*, water *(hydrosphere)* and life *(biosphere)*. Their interactions are also studied, as they change physical features, environments, and climate/weather. iv. Ecosystem -- all of an area's plants/animals together interacting with their non-living parts in an environment; Earth is the largest ecosystem. Natural events/human activities change ecosystems, despite all life relying on them. v. Human Systems -- includes a population's distribution, growth, and movement, which is affected by age, birthrate, deathrate, and life expectancy. Also studies population density and immigration *(ex. urbanization)* and the movement of information/ideas/goods/people by means of travel/trade/internet/politics, etc. Includes push/pull factors. w. Environment and Society -- how people interact with their environment *(can be positive or negative)*. Also how people adapt, modify, or depend on their environment, but most importantly, recourses. v. Recourses -- Very important in relation to people; demand for recourses increases with population. Study location, quality, and quantity of recourses and the effect on people. x. Places and Regions -- how a place has both physical and human characteristics which make it special. vi. Physical characteristics -- mountains, rivers, wildlife, beaches, etc. vii. Human/cultural characteristics -- buildings, roads, clothing, food, people, language, religion, etc. viii. These characteristics form regions *(areas of Earth's surface with similar characteristics)* and there are three types: formal, functional, and perceptual. **See question 5 for more.** y. Uses of Geography -- geographers are using geography to understand history, as instead of just looking at when things happened, they also look at when/why. Helps for understanding the present and past. ix. Use tools such as maps, charts, and graphs, or even satellites for detailed images. 1. Computer databases like the G.I.S. *(geographic information systems)* store these images and other huge amounts of data. 7. **Define latitude and longitude.** Also, be able to identify different places on a map using latitude and longitude *(absolute location).* z. Latitude - angular distance of a place north/south of the Earth\'s equator *(expressed in degrees/minutes)* a. Longitude - angular distance of a place east/west of the Prime Meridian *(expressed in degrees/minutes)* 8. **What is the difference between relative location and absolute location?** b. Relative location -- described by landmarks, time, distance from another place; where a place is in relation to other places *(world in spatial terms)*. c. Absolute location -- found using "imaginary" lines known as latitude and longitude *(parallels/meridians)*. d. Relative location is described by relations to other places, absolute location is coordinates and it is exact. 9. **What is the difference between a general purpose map and a special purpose map?** e. General purpose -- display a wide range of geographical features such as roads, rivers, and boundaries. This provides a basic overview of an area -- for general purpose. f. Special purpose -- focuses on a specific theme/data set such as population density, climate zones, or geological formations. Designed for a particular use case or audience -- for a special purpose. 10. **Understand the difference between small-scale and large-scale maps. Be able to use scale.** g. Small scale -- shows a large area with less detail h. Large scale -- shows a smaller area with more detail 11. **Know the names of all the continents and oceans.** i. Oceans - Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Southern j. Continents -- North America, South America, Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia and Antarctica. **[Unit 1, Test 2 -- Physical Systems]** 12. **Define and know the differences or similarities between the following terms:** a. Climate and Weather -- **[weather]** is the current state of the atmosphere; **[climate]** is the average weather over a long period of time. b. Leeward and Windward - **[leeward]** is the dry/warm side of a mountain; **[windward]** is the cold/rainy side of a mountain due to the condensation as damp air is pushed up the side; both caused by rain-shadow effect c. Erosion and Weathering -- [**erosion**] wears away at the Earth's surface *(by means of wind/glaciers/water)* and carries the materials away; **[weathering]** is the breaking down of rocks on the Earth's surface. d. Physical and Chemical Weathering -- [**physical** **weathering**] is when rocks are broken into smaller pieces *(ex. water freezing in crack and ice splitting rock)*; [**chemical** **weathering**] is when the actual chemical make-up of the rock is changed *(ex. water + carbon dioxide = destruction of limestone)* e. Equinox and Solstice -- An **[equinox]** is the time *(twice a year)* at which the sun [crosses](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=8f1ce1ec8e583385&rlz=1C1GCEB_enUS1139US1139&sxsrf=ADLYWIKQ6WwXx6zPPauEfmA1c7Uwz2YNsA:1734119497228&q=crosses&si=ACC90nwUEXg6u2vxy-araGkF9MAxVeAWJuEz4RdtRkjAazJZ81bVmyv3s8N8PwcfI7Aglxh_wLbjLwEaAPofda6EhQ56BHLgrOO6ND8GvtOytuboTzKlUHs%3D&expnd=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1mIXFwqWKAxUlL0QIHTwGNUsQyecJegQIQxAO) [equator](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=8f1ce1ec8e583385&rlz=1C1GCEB_enUS1139US1139&sxsrf=ADLYWIKQ6WwXx6zPPauEfmA1c7Uwz2YNsA:1734119497228&q=equator&si=ACC90nwUEXg6u2vxy-araGkF9MAxFR0CiGvPnOfSpg3x-M8aCPf4Z3ngCbzmbtEHGlBJ2XP3PggbjOO7dkJ2jSec-hLHH1TTLYp5rO8prTcv0GNQgqOU-ko%3D&expnd=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1mIXFwqWKAxUlL0QIHTwGNUsQyecJegQIQxAQ) and day/night are of equal length *(September 22/March 20)* and the start of spring/fall*.* A **[solstice]** is the time *(twice a year)* at which the sun reaches its maximum or minimum declination, marked by the longest and shortest days *(June 21/December 22)* and the start of winter/summer. f. Atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere - **[atmosphere]** includes all surrounding gases. Consists of five layers and is responsible for weather; **[biosphere]** is all the living things on Earth, including fish, birds, plants, people, etc.; **[lithosphere]** is the portion including rocks/minerals, which starts at the ground and extends all the way down to the core. Provides natural resources and a place to grow food; **[hydrosphere]** includes oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and frozen water. 13. **How does elevation affect climate? (know the equation as well)** Temperature drops 3.5**°** every 1000 ft; the higher, the thinner the atmosphere becomes, allowing for more sunlight but less trapped heat on Earth's surface. 14. **Describe the typical climates and vegetation in each of the following latitude zones:** k. Low Latitudes -- a generally hot climate with wet and tropical vegetation l. Mid Latitudes -- a climate with moderate temperatures, but this can change drastically, and there is deciduous and coniferous vegetation m. High Latitudes -- very cold climates, can even be covered in ice, and coniferous vegetation to only lichen 15. **In what latitude zone do the polar areas lie? In which zone do the tropics lie?** Polar areas in high latitude zones, and the tropics are in low latitude zones. 16. **What is acid rain? What type of weathering or erosion is caused by acid rain?** Acid rain is the mixing of acidic chemicals from pollution *(ex. from factories/cars)* with precipitation, which is then rained down on earth, causing [chemical erosion] and eating away at buildings whilst killing fish/plants. 17. **What is subduction?** the downwards movement of a tectonic plate to go beneath another tectonic plate, this occurs during convergent plate boundaries *(however, it does not always in continental-continental convergent)* 18. **Define Rain Shadow Effect.** A mountain near a body of water has cool, damp air pushed up the windward side of the mountain and release moisture as the air condensates, making it cold/rainy, whilst on the opposite side of the mountain, on the leeward side, hot, dry air moves down and creates deserts, making it warm/dry. 19. **Why do seasons exist? What is the most important factor affecting climate?** The rotational axis of Earth is tilted, which causes seasons *(axis points towards sun = summer for hemisphere)*; the most important factor is latitude. 20. **What is desalination?** Removal of salt from ocean/groundwater for human use -- environmental/economic costs 21. **What are hemispheres?** Halves of the earth divided into northern/southern [halves](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=90b8eec74f6d06b2&sxsrf=ADLYWIJK2KHgS56fq6_5UfnLddToHSVbpg:1734150407267&q=halves&si=ACC90nwdkA2npcVVmNPViiSe8FMKx-PY-sxcK0g5ZgYAZi1PEtDG2zSaPWjTwkfg9purLs7mQc3LTD-eX9GgKUjooGA270V44w%3D%3D&expnd=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGnYzYtaaKAxXeLtAFHZrwEMIQyecJegQIMxAP) by the [Equator](https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=90b8eec74f6d06b2&sxsrf=ADLYWIJK2KHgS56fq6_5UfnLddToHSVbpg:1734150407267&q=equator&si=ACC90nwUEXg6u2vxy-araGkF9MAxFR0CiGvPnOfSpg3x-M8aCPf4Z3ngCbzmbtEHGlBJ2XP3PggbjOO7dkJ2jSec-hLHH1TTLYp5rO8prTcv0GNQgqOU-ko%3D&expnd=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGnYzYtaaKAxXeLtAFHZrwEMIQyecJegQIMxAQ), or into western/eastern halves by the Prime Meridian. **[Unit 1, Test 3 -- Human Systems]** 22. **Define the following terms:** a. Culture Hearth -- early centers of civilization where ideas spread from these as nomads passed through b. Subsistence farming -- farming only enough for your own family, usually in developing countries c. Commercial farming -- farming or raising livestock purely to sell, usually in developed countries d. Ethnic Group -- a group with common ancestry or cultural characteristics e. Agricultural Revolution -- the revolution in which people went from hunting and gathering to farming and living in permanent settlements *(civilizations)* f. Industrial Revolution -- revolution that led to mechanically made products for cheaper prices *(factories)* g. Informational Revolution -- the revolution which connected people globally *(increased globalization)* h. Population Density - the measure of people living in an area, expressed as number of people per square kilometer or mile - used for statistics in population studies, especially population distribution 23. **What is an absolute monarchy? How is this different from a constitutional monarchy?** n. Absolute monarchy -- Kings/queens have all the power, and this is typically inherited *(ex. Saudi Arabia)* o. Constitutional monarchy -- Kings/queens share power with the legislative branch *(ex. United Kingdom)* 24. **Define the following levels of government:** p. Unitary -- all key powers are held by the national government, and this government then creates lower branches with limited sovereignty*,* which is complete independence/self-rule *(ex. U.K. and France)* q. Federal -- powers are divided between the national and state governments, but supreme power is given to the national/federal level. States also have powers the federal government cannot touch, meaning the state governments have sovereignty in certain areas *(ex. U.S.A., Mexico, Canada, Brazil, India)* 25. **What are the different elements that make up culture?** r. Language -- passes on cultural values/traditions and is one of the strongest unifying forces. Includes dialects and is organized into language families, where languages have similar roots, but can be diverse. s. Religion -- source of conflict, identity *(influences daily life)*, and religious symbols/stories affect art. t. Social groups -- groups that help members meet basic needs, where family is the most important group in all cultures, but structure can vary. Social classes ranked by ancestry/wealth; ethnic groups (**see question 22\[d\])** u. Government -- reflects beliefs/elements of culture, and all have the similar duties of maintaining order within the country *(laws/police)*, providing protection from outside *(military)*, and supplying people with services. There are multiple levels of power *(national/regional/local)* and many types of authority. v. Economy -- cultures must make money, can be farming/industry/service, defined by economic activities. w. Culture regions -- Earth divided into culture regions based on common traits *(economy/gov./social groups)* 26. **What are the different factors that change cultures?** x. Cultural diffusion -- internal changes within cultures *(new ideas/lifestyles/inventions)* or changes caused by external influences *(trade/migration/war)* y. Cultural divergence -- different cultural influences causing an area to divide into separate parts z. Cultural convergence -- diff. cultures exchange ideas, become more similar, common with more globalization a. Cultural contacts -- civilizations affecting each other when permanent migration occurs; practices and ideas blend. Migration is caused by choice *(jobs, education)*, reluctance *(wars, gov.)*, or force *(exile, slavery)* 27. **What is the difference between communism and socialism?** b. Communism -- equally distributing wealth/goods and removing social classes *(Marxism)* is the goal. Government makes all economic decisions, typically by force/coercion, and people have no voice. Most communist nations decline due to the lack of free decision making or incentives. c. Socialism -- equally distributing wealth is the goal, and the owners of production are public *(gov. owned)*. Typically in democratic nations where people elect representatives to make economic decisions on their behalf. Socialist nations can be under the range of free enterprise, as if a surplus of a product is made, the extra can be kept instead of shared. 28. **Define the following terms:** d. Autocracy -- a government where one person has all power. It is the oldest/most common form, and power is inherited or given by force *(military/police).* Two types, as seen below. x. Totalitarian dictatorship -- one person controls all aspects of society/economy, and people have no say or power to limit the rulers actions. *(ex. Adolf Hitler, Kim Jong Un, Joseph Stalin, etc.)* xi. Monarchy -- two types of monarchies. **See question 23 for more details.** e. Democracy -- leaders rule with consent of the people *(popular sovereignty)* and there are two types. xii. Direct democracy -- citizens vote/decide on issues directly, only occurs in small groups, no countries have this xiii. Representative democracy - citizens elect representatives to make decisions based on their needs. A republic has all of their officials elected *(U.K. = democracy with constitutional monarch)* f. Oligarchy -- a small group holds power, which is gotten by wealth/military/social position/religion. Mostly in communist nations with leaders of communist parties. Most opposition is suppressed in an oligarchy g. Theocracy - priests rule/hold the power in the name of a god -- ruled by religion *(ex. Vatican City)* 29. **Describe the differences between a market economy and a mixed economy.** h. Market economy -- economic decisions made by individuals/private groups. Supply and demand has people choose what to buy so businesses make what they want. Free choice of jobs and who you work for; free enterprise/capitalism - limited government interference. No nation has a pure market economy. i. Mixed economy -- free enterprise is supported and regulated by the government, who also keeps the competition fair, trade free, and supports the public's best interest. *(ex. USA, Japan, Singapore, etc.)* 30. **What are natural resources? What is the difference between renewable and nonrenewable? Give 4 examples.** Natural recourses are recourses/materials which come from the Earth rather than people, meaning it cannot be artificially made by humans/be produced by us. j. Renewable recourses -- recourses that cannot be used up due to the fact that they can be naturally or artificially remade, making them therefore renewable xiv. Wind, water, sunlight, forests/lumber, animals, etc. k. Nonrenewable recourses -- recourses that cannot be replaced or reproduced once they are used, neither by natural nor artificial means, making them therefore unrenewable xv. Minerals, fossil fuels, coal, natural gases, etc. **[Unit 2 -- United States and Canada]** 31. **Define the following terms:** a. Urban Sprawl -- rapid growth of cities and their suburbs, usually poorly planned due to their speed b. Metropolitan areas -- an area that has a population of 50,000+ that features many outlying communities c. Megalopolis -- connection between metropolitan areas and the many small/large cities between them d. Manifest Destiny - idea that white Americans were told by God to settle North America *(going west)* e. Quebecois -- French-speaking people in Canada, carry on French culture *(minority)*, want independence f. Republic - government where supreme power is held by the people and who they elect *(all officials are elected in a republic)* which has an elected president; rejects monarchies. g. Outsourcing - hiring someone outside of a company to perform services/create goods, which in this example is U.S. businesses building factories in Mexico, providing cheaper labor/goods, which saves Americans money, but it also moves jobs out of the U.S. and increases dependency on imports 32. **What are the 4 amendments that led to more rights and liberties for minorities?** l. 13^th^ amendment -- the abolishment of slavery m. 14^th^ amendment -- the newly freed African Americans are now U.S. citizens and have citizenship rights n. 15^th^ amendment -- the right to vote, regardless of race o. 19^th^ amendment -- the right to vote, regardless of gender 33. **What led to the Quebec Act, and what were the effects of its passage?** British difficulty governing, gaining loyalty of the French, and establishing religious freedom/a government led to the Quebec act in 1774. This gave French citizens in British controlled Canada the right to keep their language/religion/culture in this territory. 34. **Where are the Appalachian Mountains located?** Eastern U.S.; starts inland near western Kentucky/Tennessee but then moves to the coast and ends in New Brunswick, which is in south-eastern Canada. 35. **Name and describe the type of climate in the following areas:** p. Hawaii -- tropical rainforest, making it hot and rainy q. Oregon, Washington and Northern California -- marine west coast, making it cool and rainy r. Majority of Canada -- subarctic, making it cold with drastic temperature changes s. New York -- humid continental, making it have four seasons with hot summers and cold winters t. Texas -- humid subtropical, making it both hot for most of the year and rainy year-round 36. **What is a dominion? Who represents King Charles III in Canada and in what branch of government?** A dominion is a country that independently rules itself whilst under the rule of another country *(independent territory)*, and currently, King Charles III is represented by the governor-general, Mary Simon, who is in the executive branch. 37. **In which type of landform are rich mineral deposits found?** Plateaus, but specifically, the Canadian Shield; one of the richest areas in the world for minerals *(nickel/gold/silver/copper)*; slightly in the U.S., but mostly in Canada. 38. **Where do the majority of Canadians live? Why?** Near the U.S.-Canada border, as most of Canada has harsh climate but this area has geography suitable for agriculture *(arable land)* and settlement. Canada\'s economy is also tied to the U.S., so people living close to the U.S. border is not strange. 39. **Describe the similarities and differences in the U.S. and Canada's government systems.** Both countries are democracies with a constitution, and they both have 3 branches of government, 9 supreme court judges and power shared by the national government with state/provincial governments. The 3 branches are seen below: u. U.S. branches: Executive *(president, vice president, cabinet)*, Judicial *(9 judges)*, and Legislative *(Congress -- senate and the house of representatives)* branch v. Canadian Branches: Executive *(prime minister, cabinet, and appointed governor-general)*, Judicial *(9 judges)*, and Legislative *(Parliament -- senate and the house of commons)* branch 40. **Describe the reasons for a growing number of Patriots that led to the American Revolution.** Taxation without representation *(taxes placed on the colonists without their input or permission)*, cultural differences, and a want for self-rule due to the colonists' lack of representation in the government. 41. **What was the Underground Railroad? What happened to slaves that escaped to Canada?** A network of safe houses where slaves hid as they attempted to escape to Canada, where they would become free citizens. 42. **List three "pros" to urban sprawl**. Cheaper housing, more jobs/businesses, more space 43. **List three "cons" to urban sprawl.** Animals lose habitats, local businesses fail, pollution and traffic increase 44. **What industry employs ¾ of Americans?** Service 45. **What are the effects of NAFTA? What is NAFTA called today?** Free trade between North American countries *(no taxes/embargoes)*; U.S. outsources businesses to Mexico. USMCA *(United States Mexico Canada Agreement)* 46. **What is a post-industrial society?** **What level of economic activities do you find most in post-industrial societies?** A society where emphasis is placed on service/high tech businesses rather than industry/manufacturing, and it is mostly tertiary economic activities. 47. **.** **[Unit 3 -- Latin America]** 48. **Identify the following people:** a. **Fidel Castro -- leader of the Cuban revolution** b. **Simon Bolivar -- leader of Venezuelan revolution - helped other S. Amer. nations fight for independence** c. **Toussaint L'Overture -- former slave, led Haitian revolution; Haiti is 1^st^ independent island in Latin Amer.** d. **Francisco Pizarro -- conquered the Incas** e. **Hernan Cortes -- conquered the Aztecs** f. **Father Hidalgo -- leader of the peasant revolt in Mexico** 49. **Define the following terms:** w. **Polytheism -- the belief in many gods** x. **Maquiladores -- factories built in Mexico by American or Canadian companies; outsourcing** y. **Latifundia -- large farms; commercial farming** z. **Minifundia -- small farms; campesinos work here** a. **Campesinos -- small farmers; work on Minifundia; subsistence farming** b. **Ecotourism -- tourism experiencing nature and the environment without harming it** c. **Carnival -- a huge celebration the week before Lent, which is Christian** d. **Llanos -- cowboys of Colombia, also known as Llaneros** e. **Gauchos -- cowboys of Argentina** 50. **List the major accomplishments of the following empires:** f. **Olmecs -- oldest of the empires/civilizations, built giant stone heads** g. **Mayan -- created the 365-day calendar** h. **Aztec -- sacrificed many people to Sun god and built chinampas *(floating islands used for farming)*** i. **Inca -- known for their mastery of roads and the creation of quipu -- see question 58 for more.** 51. **Where are the Andes Mountains located? Along the western side of South America, as it goes through Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela *(does NOT go through Brazil)*** 52. **What is a cordillera? A parallel mountain range *(ex. Andes Mountains in Peru)*** 53. **Describe the Atacama Desert. Located in Chile; extremely dry due to rain-shadow effect. See questions 12(b) & 18** 54. **Describe the Mexican Plateau. An area of fertile soil located in between the Sierra Madre ranges *(central Mexico)*** 55. **What altitudinal zone of the Andes Mountains is the most populated? Tierra Templada** 56. **What is the significance of:** a. **Lake Titicaca -- highest navigable lake in South America** b. **Amazon River -- widest river in the world** 57. **Where was Tenochtitlan located? What are chinampas? Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec Empire, and it was located in central Mexico on an island. A chinampa is a 'floating island' used for farming.** 58. **What is a quipu and which empire were they used in? Series of knots in ropes used for record keeping; Inca** 59. **In terms of immigration, what are coyotes? What is the Wet foot versus Dry foot policy?** j. **Coyotes- people who smuggle immigrants across United States-Mexican border** k. **Wet foot versus Dry foot Policy -- a former policy where Cuban immigrants that made it to America *(dry foot)* were allowed to stay and could have citizenship, but it was ended in 2017 by Obama, and Cuban immigrants now get sent back to Cuba if they are caught** **[Unit 4 -- Europe and Russia]** 60. **What is the Renaissance? What inventions were made?** A rebirth of education/art throughout Europe, which led to new technology such as the movable typewriter *(mass production of books/pamphlets and therefore ideas)* 61. **What separates the Iberian Peninsula *(Spain/Portugal/Andorra)* from Africa?** The Strait of Gibraltar 62. **What is marked by the Ural Mountains?** Boundary between Europe and Asia/European Russia and Siberia 63. **The British Isles include....?** The islands of Great Britain *(country of United Kingdom)* and Ireland 64. **Describe the following Russian Presidents:** l. Mikhail Gorbachev -- unique for his better relationship with the West and that he didn't use military to stay in power. Created a free market and democracy in Russia after he ended the Soviet Union. m. Vladimir Putin -- broke up the oligarchy companies set up by previous President Boris Yeltsin. He improved the economy but also threatens democracy in Russia. Despite this, he is highly popular. 65. **What goal led to the formation of both the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union (EU)?** The goal of increasing economic cooperation between the member nations. 66. **What symbolic event resulted in the fall of the Soviet Union?** The fall of the Berlin Wall 67. **What was the impact of the Peace Treaty of Versailles?** It found Germany guilty of starting WWI, causing Germany to pay reparations for the damages. This sent Germany into an economic depression and eventually into WWII, which means that overall, the Peace Treaty of Versailles lead to WWII. 68. **What land distribution of land system was popular during the Middle Ages? Describe this system.** Feudalism, which has land passed down from nobles to knights to peasants in exchange for protection, money, and/or goods 69. **Who was involved in the Cold War? Why was there so much tension between these countries?** The nations of the United States and the Soviet Union, as they disagreed on the idea of Communism, where the USSR *(Soviet Union)* wants to spread it throughout the world whilst the United States disagrees with it. 70. **What is the purpose of the European Union?** Strengthen member nation's *(Europe's)* economies/unite their people. 71. **The Alps run just north of what country?** Italy, but there is still some of the Alps in Italy. 72. **What organization currently unites Western and Central Europe?** The European Union *(E.U.)* 73. **What type of climate does Southern Europe have?** **Western Europe?** S = Mediterranean; W = Marine West Coast 74. **How does the Netherlands protect its lowland areas?** They build dikes to hold back water from the North Sea 75. **What is a city-state?** An independently run region of a nation, and there are two great examples: n. Athens -- learning, art, architecture, and philosophy -- introduced idea of democracy o. Sparta -- military and war -- militaristic oligarchy 76. **Who controls the European Union?** All member nations of the European Union have an equal say. 77. **Describe the following periods.** p. Renaissance -- a period where art and learning were revived, "rebirth". Happened before Enlightenment. q. Enlightenment -- a period where a change in thought was had as educated Europeans questioned old traditions/values, caused the common man to want improved education/a voice in government. Led to political and economic movements which shaped the world today. 78. **What is a republic? What is the difference between a civilization and an empire?** r. Republic -- a democratic nation who has the people elect all representatives/officials s. Difference is... civilizations do not conquer other lands, territories, or countries, while empires do 79. **What treaty was signed by the European Union and what were their goals?** The Maastricht Treaty was signed by the European Union in 1992, and the goals of the treaty was for a central bank and common currency within the European Union. This treaty is generally considered a success. 80. **What events make the Middle Ages the 'Dark Ages'? Who was fighting in the Crusades?** The Middle Ages was nicknamed as the 'Dark Ages' due to the bubonic plague, also known as the 'Black Death'. Other reasons include feudalism and the crusades, where Christians and Muslims fought over the Holy Land, where the Muslims won. **[Extra - Studying Materials from All Units]** **Levels of Government Review** **Types of Government Review** **Types of Economy Review**