Extension and Advisory Services Study Material PDF

Extension and Advisory Services (EAS) The word ‗extension‘ is derived from the Latin roots, ‗ex‘ – meaning ‗out‘ and ‗tensio‘ -meaning ‗stretching‘. Stretching out is the meaning of extension. In other words, the word ―extension‖ signifies an out of school system of education. The Concept of Exte...

Extension and Advisory Services (EAS) The word ‗extension‘ is derived from the Latin roots, ‗ex‘ – meaning ‗out‘ and ‗tensio‘ -meaning ‗stretching‘. Stretching out is the meaning of extension. In other words, the word ―extension‖ signifies an out of school system of education. The Concept of Extension The use of the term `extension‘ originated in England in 1866 with a system of university extension which was taken up first by Cambridge and Oxford Universities, and later by other educational institutions in England and in other countries. The term `extension education‘ was first used in 1873 by Cambridge University to take the educational advantages of universities to ordinary people. There are many experts and practitioners who have defined and opined extension in various ways encompassing many facets of extension‘s functions.  The main objective of all extension work is to teach people living especially in rural areas, how to raise their standard of living by their own efforts using their own resources of manpower and materials with the minimum assistance from Government – J.P.Leagans (1960) Meaning and Definitions of Extension Extension is a programme and a process of helping village people to help themselves, increase their production and to raise their general standard of living. - D. Ensminger 1967 Extension is a two way channel; it brings scientific information to the village people, and also takes the problems of the village people to the scientific institution for solution. It is a continuous educational process, in which both learner and teacher contribute and receive. -B. Rambhai Extension Education is a science which deals with the creation, transmission and application of knowledge designed to bring about planned changes in the behaviour-complex of people, with a view to help them live better by learning the ways of improving their vocations, enterprises and institutions. - Reddy A Adivi 1993 Extension Education is an applied science consisting of content derived from research, accumulated field experiences and relevant principles drawn from the behavioural sciences synthesized with useful technology into a body of philosophy, principles, content and methods focused on the problems of out-of- school education for adults and youth. - Leagans (1961) Agricultural Extension: It is a professional method of non formal education aimed at inducing behavioural changes in the farmers for increasing their income through increased production and productivity by establishing firm linkages with research for solving farmer‘s problems ensuring adequate and timely supply of inputs and using proven methods of communication for speeding of the process of diffusion and adoption of innovations. -Y.C. Sanoria. It may be defined as a special branch of Extension Education which deals with the economic and social aspects of people engaged in or associated with agriculture. -National Commission on Agriculture, 1976 Basic definitions related to extension Extension education is an applied social science consisting of relevant content derived from physical, biological and social sciences and in its own process synthesised into a body of knowledge, concepts, principles and procedures oriented to provide non-credit out of school education largely for adults. - Paul Leagans (1971). Extension service refers to a program for agricultural development and rural welfare which (usually) employees the extension process as a means of program implementation. Extension process is that of working with rural people through out of school education along those lines of their current interest and need which are closely related to gaining a livelihood improving the physical level of living of rural families and fostering rural community welfare. Differences between Formal Education and Extension Education Importance of Extension Education 1. Extension uses democratic methods in educating the farmers. 2. Extension helps in adoption of innovations. 3. Extension helps in studying and solving the rural problems.  4. Extension increases farm yields and improve the standard of living of farmers 5. Extension makes good communities better and progressive. 6. Extension contributes to national development programmes. Scope of Extension Education Need for creating awareness amongst the people and changing their behaviour by informing and educating them. Kelsey and Hearne (1967) identified nine areas of programme emphasis, which indicate the scope of agricultural extension. 1. Efficiency in agricultural production. 2. Efficiency in marketing, distribution and utilisation. 3. Conservation, development and use of natural resources. 4. Management on the farm and in the home. 5. Family living. 6. Youth development. 7. Leadership development. 8. Community development and rural area development. 9. Public affairs The following statements will further amplify the scope of extension: 1. Extension is fundamentally a system of out-of-school education for adults and youths alike. It is a system where people are motivated through a proper approach to help themselves by applying science in their daily lives, in farming, home making and community living. 2. Extension is education for all village people. 3. Extension is bringing about desirable changes in the knowledge, attitudes and skills of people. 4. Extension is helping people to help themselves. 5. Extension is working with men and women, boys and girls, to answer their felt needs and wants. 6. Extension is teaching through learning by doing and seeing is believing. 7. Extension is working in harmony with the culture of the people. 8. Extension is a two-way channel; it brings scientific information to village people and it also takes the problems of the village people to the scientific institutes for solution. 9. Extension is working together (in groups) to expand the welfare and happiness of the people with their own families, their own villages, their own country and the world. 10. Extension is development of individuals in their day-to-day living, development of their leaders, their society and their world as a whole. NEED FOR EXTENSION 1. Need for extension arises out of fact that the condition of the rural people in general and in the farm families in particular has to be improved 2. There is a gap between "what is and what ought to be" (Actual desirable situation) 3. The gap has to be narrow down by the application of science and technology in their livelihood system and bringing appropriate change in their behavior. 4. Supe (1987) explained ―the researcher neither have the time nor are they equipped for the job of persuading the villagers to adopt scientific methods and to ascertain from them their problems. Similarly, it is difficult for all the farmers to visit the research station and obtained first-hand information.  5. Thus, there is need for an agency to interpret the findings of research to the farmers and to carry the problems of the farmers to the researchers for solution. This gap is filled by extension agencies. Father of University Extension James Stuart Father of Extension J P Leagans Father of Indian Extension K. N. Singh Father of Sociology Auguste Comte ―Rural advisory services, also called extension, are all the different activities that provide the information and services needed and demanded by farmers and other actors in rural settings to assist them in developing their own technical, organisational, and management skills and practices so as to improve their livelihoods and wellbeing.‖ (Christoplos, 2010). Agricultural Extension was once known as the application of scientific research, knowledge, and technologies to improve agricultural practices through farmer education. Agricultural Innovation System ―is a network of organisations, enterprises, and individuals focused on bringing new products, processes, and new forms of organisations into social or economic use, together with the institutions and policies that affect their behaviour and performance.‖ (GFRAS 2012). Important actors within such a system are innovative farmers who successfully determine, through trial and error, which crops/products, as well as the necessary technologies, are most profitable in supplying different and emerging markets. Advisory Service Advisory Service is a term commonly used as an alternate for ―extension services‖. These systems involve a broad spectrum of market and non-market entities, and agents are expected to provide useful technical information about new technologies that can improve the income and welfare of farmers and other rural people. Apart from their conventional function of providing knowledge and technology to improve agricultural productivity, agricultural advisory services are also expected to fulfill a variety of new functions, such as linking smallholder farmers to high-value and export markets, promoting environmentally sustainable production techniques, adapting to climate change, and coping with the effects of HIV/AIDS and other health challenges that affect rural people. Commodity-Based Advisory Services Commodity-based advisory services are similar to value-chain extension systems in which an economically important crop or product, generally for export (e.g., cotton, coffee, other high value crops or products), requires that producers use specified genetic materials or varieties and follow strict quality- control standards in producing and harvesting the crop or product. Cooperative Extension Service This organizational and funding model for extension is unique to the United States of America. It is a joint effort of national, state, and county governments within each specific state to advance the practical application of knowledge through a wide variety of extension and outreach activities. The main program areas are: youth development (especially through 4-H), agricultural and rural development, natural resource management, family and consumer sciences, and community and economic development (i.e., helping local governments investigate and create viable economic options for community development). This extension system has traditionally focused on a wide range aspects of rural development at the household and community levels and is not limited to agricultural extension and advisory services. Decentralized Extension This concept is based on three major elements: (1) transferring specific decision-making functions to local levels, starting with simple managerial functions, then setting priorities and allocating funds and providing other administrative functions, including accountability and financing/co-financing; (2) encouraging public participation, reflecting the degree of authority that is formally transferred to rural people, starting in an advisory capacity for program planning and implementation, and eventually assuming control over selected financial planning and accountability functions; and (3) expanding local involvement in organizing and delivering extension services, be it through local government actors, private firms or non-governmental organizations. Demand-Driven Extension “Demand-driven refers to the economic concepts of supply and demand‖. However, most people view technology systems as being ―supply-driven‖ by research institutions; therefore, extension scholars relate ―demand-driven‖ to the technology system itself and are aware that research and development (R&D) is seldom farmer-led. Demand-driven extension is a concept in which the farm household is the central focus of a farmer-led or participatory extension system. ―Farmer oriented knowledge services are a prerequisite for innovation‖. Diffusion of Innovation It is the process by which new ideas and technologies spread through different farming systems, countries, and cultures. Everett Roger‘s innovation theory (2003) states that innovation diffusion is a process that occurs over time through five stages: knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. Accordingly, the innovation–decision process is the process through which an individual or other decision-making unit passes through the stages of 1. having awareness and knowledge of an innovation, 2. forming an attitude toward the innovation, 3. making a decision to adopt (or reject) the innovation, 4. implementing the new innovation, and 5. confirming the decision. Farmer Field School Farmer Field School is a group-based experiential learning approach which seeks to empower farmers to learn, understand and make informed decisions. In a farmer field school, groups of farmers meet regularly in the field with a facilitator to observe, talk, ask questions and learn together. Farmer field schools, were first conceived by FAO in the late 1980s as a way of training farmers on integrated pest management (IPM). Farmer-to-farmer extension Farmer-to-farmer extension is the provision of training by farmers to farmers, often through the creation of a structure of farmer-trainers. Different organizations use different terms for the farmers they engage to be trainers, (e.g., lead farmer, farmer-promoter, community knowledge worker) and the different names often imply different roles. There is also much variation in the way farmer trainers are selected, how they are trained and supervised and how, if at all, they are compensated for their time and expenses. Gender equality means ensuring that both women and men have equal access to the opportunities, rights, resources and voice that allow people to pursue a life of their own choosing and to avoid extreme deprivations in outcomes. (World Bank, 2009). 4-H Clubs are youth organizations with the mission of ―engaging youth to reach their fullest potential while advancing the field of youth development.‖ The 4 H‘s stand for ―head, heart, hands, and health‖. These clubs serve over 6.5 million members in the United States, and 4-H clubs or similar organizations now exist in many other countries. The goal of 4-H is to develop citizenship, leadership, and life skills of youth, primarily through experiential learning programs. Though typically thought of as an agriculturally focused organization, 4-H today encourages both rural and urban members to learn about many topics, such as youth leadership, youth– adult partnership, working together to achieve common objectives, practice parliamentary procedures, public speaking, and entrepreneurship. Fee-for-Service Extension Under fee-for-service extension programs (FSE), the provider may be a public entity, a non-governmental organization, a private-sector firm, or even a consultant. Input Supply Advisory Services Input Supply Advisory Services are one-on-one advisory services provided by private-sector input supply firms (and input-supply cooperatives) to farmers who purchase production inputs from these firms. This is the dominant model in most industrially developed countries because it has become a ―win– win‖ arrangement. Farmers get sound technical advice from certified crop advisors, and the input supply firms are able to recover the cost of advisory services through profits generated from the sale of inputs, especially to commercial farmers. Market-Driven Extension Focus of formerly technology transfer driven agricultural extension shifts from production to profitability and market orientation, and this focus tends to be more prevalent for high-value crops, livestock, fisheries, or valuate added products. Pluralistic Extension systems Pluralistic Extension systems encompass a range of service providers, approaches, funding streams, and sources of information available to farmers and clients. This model can allow farmers the opportunity to choose the most appropriate extension services and providers for their needs. Collaborating extension service providers could include governments/public systems, private companies, international or domestic non-governmental organizations, non-affiliated community extension workers, or other actors (World Bank, 2012). Governments or public extension systems often serve as facilitators and help coordinate extension actors to deliver services that utilize the relative strengths of each entity. When pluralistic systems work well, they are well equipped to deal with the diversity of conditions, needs, audiences, and farming systems that make up the agricultural landscape by providing an equally diverse array of services and service providers (Feder, Willett and Zijp, 1999). Private Advisory Services: Under a system of private advisory services (PAS), a private for-profit sector advisor or advisory firm (or non-governmental organization) is contracted by a government entity, donor, or a farmer organization to provide specified types of advisory services to farmers. Private advisors often use the same basic tools and methods as public extension staff, but the management of a private firm has more flexibility in hiring or laying off employees and to provide incentives based on performance, as well as to more adequately allocate program and operating funds. Therefore, the short-term performance of PASs can be efficient and effective. However, this approach appears less sustainable over the long-term, because policy changes (e.g., when a different political party takes over government leadership) may directly affect the availability of government funding for these PAS. Strategic Research and Extension Plan Formulating a strategic research and extension plan (SREP) involves identifying the farming systems and the resource base of farmers within a target area, as well as identifying the successes and failures of innovative farmers. It also involves the identification of problems and needs of farmers by using PRA techniques and then analyzing all of this information using a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis. In addition to farmer information, the SWOT analysis examines other important types of agricultural information, including (1) the different agro-ecological zones within a region (e.g., soil type/conditions; rainfall patterns; irrigation water, including availability and cost), (2) transportation infrastructure, and (3) available markets for all types of staple and high-value food crops/products. The analysis must consider all of this information in determining the most feasible economic opportunities for different categories of farm households within each agro-ecological zone of a region. The output of the SWOT analysis will be a preliminary SREP that is reviewed, modified, and eventually approved by a cross-section of agricultural community representatives, consisting of all types of farmers (including women farmers), rural banks, input supply firms, and agricultural product buyers Technology Transfer: Technology transfer is the process of disseminating new technologies and practices that largely result from research and development efforts in different fields of agriculture. In general, these technologies include (1) genetic improvement in the form of improved crop varieties/hybrids and livestock breeds; (2) improved production practices, including soil fertility and animal nutrition; (3) improved plant protection and animal health practices; (4) mechanical technologies that will improve labor efficiency and other management practices; and (5) sustainable natural resource management practices, such as drip irrigation, water harvesting, integrated pest management, and In other words, technologies that all types of agricultural producers will need in order to increase agricultural productivity and farm incomes. In recent years, the term has fallen out of favor among some development practitioners because the word ―transfer‖ implies a one-way, linear path from research to extension to farmers, and because it appears to preclude feedback mechanisms and the modification of technology by users. Training and Visit Extension is based on the principles that (1) extension agents should have primary responsibility for carrying out extension functions, (2) extension should be closely linked with research, (3) training should be carried out on a regular and continuous timetable, (4) work should be time-bound, and (5) a field and farmer orientation should be maintained. This technology-driven approach was initially successful during the late 1970s and 1980s in disseminating the production management practices associated with growing Green Revolution wheat and rice varieties. However, in rain-fed and other production areas where these new technologies were not a good fit, the training and visit approach had limited success because here the extension agents did not have economically useful messages to disseminate to these farmers. The agents had not been trained nor equipped to assess the needs of farmers and then identify alternative technologies or production systems that might better address the needs of farmers in these areas. Potential Roles of Extension and Advisory Services in Specific Areas Seed and input provision are often a part of humanitarian responses in postdisaster and postconflict situations. If they have acquired such knowledge through prior presence on the ground, extension/advisory agents can play a role in informing providers of what inputs are appropriate in the affected areas and which ones could be locally sourced. Extensionists can also help farmers learn how to use new varieties. 2. Regarding climate change, a core challenge for extension and advisory services in the future is shifting from providing ―packages‖ of technological and management advice to supporting farmers with the skills and information they need to make informed decisions. 3. Information‐sharing tools such as information and communication technologies (ICTs) are another area at the nexus of these services and resilience. Farmers‘ exposure to risk and uncertainty is often aggravated by lack of information about weather, inputs, farm management practices, or market prices; this lack of information can have an adverse impact on crop production and income. TENTATIVE POLICY DIRECTIONS TO STRENGTHEN EXTENSION AND ADVISORY SERVICES FOR IMPROVED RESILIENCE 1. Build individual, organizational, and system capacity to deal with risk and change. 2. Consider long‐term sustainability. 3. Use ICTs to communicate information to reduce and prevent risk. 4. Use intervention plans and programs such as weather insurance, once it is proven viable, to compensate for shocks that have occurred.  5. Develop policies that define the role of extension and advisory services in assisting smallholders to become more resilient. Extension & Advisory Services “Extension advisory services, are all the different activities that provide the information and services needed and demanded by farmers and other factors in rural people to assist them in developing their own technical, organizational and management skills and practices so as to improve their livelihoods and wellbeing.‖ (Christoplos, 2010). Meaning: These systems involve a broad spectrum of market and non-market entities and agents are expected to provide useful technical information about new technologies that can improve the income and welfare of farmers and other rural people. Pluralism in Extension Many organizations are brought together at one platform in the efforts of delivering extension services to promote production and productivity. Apart from their conventional function of providing knowledge and technology to improve agricultural productivity, agricultural advisory services are also expected to fulfill a variety of new functions, such as linking smallholder farmers to high-value and export markets, promoting environmentally sustainable production techniques, adapting to climate change, and coping with the effects of HIV/AIDS and other health challenges that affect rural people. Components of EAS Climate smart agriculture is an approach developed by FAO in 2010 to developing the technical, policy and investment conditions to achieve sustainable agricultural development for food security under climate change. Objectives:  Sustainably increasing agricultural productivity and incomes.  Adapting and building resilience to climate change.  Reducing or removing greenhouse gases emissions, where possible. Commodity-Based Advisory Services An economically important crop or product, generally for export (e.g., cotton, coffee, other high value crops or products), requires that producers use specified genetic materials or varieties and follow strict quality-control standards in producing and harvesting the crop or product. Gender equality: Means ensuring that both women and men have equal access to the opportunities, rights, resources and voice that allow people to pursue a life of their own choosing and to avoid extreme deprivations in outcomes. Farmer Field School Farmer Field School is a group-based experiential learning approach which seeks to empower farmers to learn, understand and make informed decisions. In a farmer field school, groups of farmers meet regularly in the field with a facilitator to observe, talk, ask questions and learn together. Information Communication Technology: The ICT is comprised of information technology, telephony, electronic media, and all types of process and transfer of audio and video signals and all control and managing functions based on network technologies. Integrated Rural Development Integrated Rural Development is ―an ongoing process involving outside intervention and local aspirations; aiming to attain the betterment of groups of people living in rural areas and to sustain and improve rural values; through the redistribution of central resources, reducing comparative disadvantages for competition and finding new ways to reinforce and utilize rural resources‖. Challenges Faced by Indian Farmers 1. Insufficient Water Supply: Water availability in India is insufficient to irrigate all cultivation areas; the problem is that we still have to find cheap and suitable solutions to utilize such enormous water supplies. Due to several reasons, farmers either don‘t receive the appropriate amount of water or don‘t get the supply on time; many farmers rely on rainwater for irrigation. 2. Less Use of Modern Farming Equipment: In most areas, to date, farmers follow primitive cultivation methods; traditionally-used plough and relevant native accessories continue to be farmers‘ preference. Despite no shortage of efficient equipment and machinery, there‘s very little use of modern equipment, majorly because most farmers don‘t have lands huge enough to use advanced instruments, heavy machinery. 3. Over Dependence on Traditional Crops: Indian farmers are growing rice and wheat for centuries now in several regions. The excessive production of the two grains, many times lead to the storage, sale problems and shortage of other farm products. Many farmers depending upon only these traditional crops indicates a lack of an effective, nation-wide agriculture plan. 4. Poor Storage Facilities: In rural areas, storage facilities are either insufficient or completely absent. In such a situation, farmers usually have no other option than selling their produce immediately once it‘s ready, at market prices that are often very low. They are far away from a legitimate income. 5. Agricultural Marketing: Agricultural marketing still continues to be in a bad shape in rural India. In the absence of sound marketing facilities, the farmers have to depend upon local traders and middlemen for the disposal of their farm produce which is sold at throw-away price. 6. Scarcity of capital: Agriculture is an important industry and like all other industries it also requires capital. The role of capital input is becoming more and more important with the advancement of farm technology. Since the agriculturists‘ capital is locked up in his lands and stocks, he is obliged to borrow money for stimulating the tempo of agricultural production. Natural Resource Management Natural Resource Management (NRM) refers to the sustainable utilization of major natural resources, such as land, water, air, minerals, forests, fisheries, and wild flora and fauna. The main objectives of Natural Resource Management are as follows:  Sustainable management of land resources.  Maintaining and enhancing water assets.  Protecting and enhancing the marine and coastal environment.  Conserving and recovering biodiversity.  Enhancing skills, capacity, and engagement. Management of declining/deteriorating water and soil for farming Agroforestry: It involves growing crops around trees and other plants such as hedges. Trees create their own microclimate, which is favorable for crops. They also act as a form of protection against wind and water damage and encourage biodiversity, which keeps ecosystems strong and healthy. Contour farming: Contour farming is one of the most commonly used agronomic measures for soil and water conservation in hilly agro-ecosystems and sloppy lands. Crop rotation: Crop rotation is the practice of growing different types of crops in succession on the same field to get maximum profit from the least investment without impairing the soil fertility. Intercropping: Cultivation of two or more crops simultaneously in the same field with definite or alternate row pattern is known as intercropping. It may be classified as row, strip, and relay intercropping as per the crops, soil type, topography, and climatic conditions. Mulching: Mulch is any organic or non-organic material that is used to cover the soil surface to protect the soil from being eroded away, reduce evaporation, increase infiltration, regulate soil temperature, improve soil structure, and thereby conserve soil moisture. Organic farming: Organic farming is an agricultural production system that devoid the use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides and includes organic sources for plant nutrient supply viz. FYM, compost, vermicompost, green manure, residue mulching to maintain a healthy and diverse ecosystem for improving soil properties and ensuring a sustained crop production.  Installing special tanks that store rainwater for irrigation.  Using drip irrigation for more efficient watering.  Establishing schools for farmers where they learn how to adapt to climate change with drought- resistant crops, crop rotation, and sustainable ways to raise livestock.  Starting seed banks to distribute local seeds more tolerant to extreme droughts and rainfall. WHAT IS Gender mainstreaming Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for developing policies, legislation, programs, projects, society and community‘s development plans from gender equality perspective in order to benefit both women and men.  It Is a strategy for achieving gender equality.  Strategy to end gender blindness in development process.  Ensures women & men, girls & boys have equal access to control over resources, opportunities & benefits at all levels.  Women‟s empowerment: Women's empowerment can be defined to promoting women's sense of self-worth, their ability to determine their own choices, and their right to influence social change for themselves and others.  Gender Mainstreaming: Looking at all programmes/actions through a ―gender lens‖ - i.e., considering the differential impact of our actions, systems, processes on men and women (boys/girls). Taking a gender perspective on everything from employment law to budgeting processes to infrastructure design. PRINCIPLES OF GENDER MAINSTREAMING 1. Gender-sensitive language. 2. Gender-specific data collection and analysis. 3. Gender-specific analysis of the initial situation must provide the basis for all decisions. 4. Women and men are equally involved in decision making. 5. Equal treatment is integrated into steering processes. KEY WORDS OF GENDER MAINSTREAMING GENDER BUDGETING: Gender budgeting is a powerful tool for achieving gender mainstreaming so as to ensure that benefits of development reach women as much as men. GENDER DISCRIMINATION: Prejudicial treatment of an individual based on a gender stereotype often referred to as sexual discrimination GENDER EQUILITY: Gender equality is the result of the absence of discrimination on the basis of a person sex in opportunities and the allocation of resources or benefits or in access to been propagated. Extension Support for Women Farmers Agricultural extension programmes ensure that information on new technologies, plant varieties and cultural practices reaches farmers. However, in the developing world it is common practice to direct extension and training services primarily towards men. Constraints to Women Access to Resources Many of the constraints that rural women confront are similar to those all-resource poor farmers confront such as lack of access to land, credit, training, extension and marketing facilities. But, for social and economic reasons, women constraints are even more pronounced and, in general, development interventions that seek to remove constraints for poor farmers do not reach women. Woman role in agriculture women role as farmers and producers of crops and livestock, as users of technology, as active agents in marketing, processing and storage of food and as agricultural labourers. The policy stated that high priority should be accorded to recognition and mainstreaming of women role in agriculture. Appropriate structural, functional and institutional measures would be initiated in the 10th Plan to empower women and build their capacities and improve their access to inputs such as land, credit and agricultural technology. Economic SHGs and empowerment causal pathways Social Empowerment: ✓ Self-help Groups improve the equality of status of women as participants, decision-makers and beneficiaries in the social, democratic, economic and cultural spheres of life. ✓ SHGs ensure the equality of status of women as participants, decision-makers and beneficiaries in the democratic, economic, social and cultural spheres of life Political Empowerment: ✓ SHGs enable women to develop their communication skills to speak at the Gram Sabha, public meetings, etc. ✓ An SHG functions through its regular meetings, where members perform transactional activities and discuss over different related issues. Factors responsible for women entrepreneurship PUSH FACTOR a. Death of bread winner b. Permanent inadequacy in income of the family c. Sudden fall in family income inadequacy in income of the family PULL FACTOR a. Need and perception of Women‘s Liberation, Equity etc. b. To gain recognition, importance and social status. c. To get economic independence d. To utilize their free time or education e. Women‘s desire to evaluate their talent Economic contribution of woman IN AGRICULTURE ✓ Capital formation ✓ Improvement in Per capita Income ✓ Generation of employment ✓ Social Contribution ✓ Balanced Regional Development ✓ Improvement in living standards ✓ Innovation Challenges faced by Women Entrepreneurship 1. Conflicts between domestic and entrepreneurial commitments 2. Gender gaps in education 3. Not Being Taken Seriously 4. Fear of taking risks 5. Wanting to please everyone Women in fisheries and aquaculture Women have rarely engaged in commercial offshore and long-distance capture fisheries because of the vigorous work involved but also because of women‘s domestic responsibilities and/or social norms. Women are more commonly occupied in subsistence and commercial fishing from small boats and canoes in coastal or inland waters. Women also contribute as entrepreneurs and provide labour before, during and after the catch in both artisanal and commercial fisheries. Roles of extension in supporting communities with growing nutritious crop and eating healthy food: There is heightened awareness globally, within development institutions and governments, for the potential of the agriculture sector to influence the production and consumption of nutritious foods necessary for healthy and active lives. Nutrition-sensitive agriculture aims to maximize the impact of nutrition outcomes for a population through sustainable farming systems. Integration of Nutrition within EAS The rationale for the integration of nutrition within EAS lies in the opportunity to leverage key strengths of agriculture EAS systems and agents, including: (a) an established infrastructure (b) reach (c) community trust, (d) cultural aware-ness, (e) an understanding of how to mitigate the constraints faced by farmers. How EAS works to produce nutritious crops: Home economics extension agent: who are responsible for addressing the nutritional needs of vulnerable family members, care and feeding practices, food preparation, and intra-household distribution of food. Lead farmer / Community volunteer: The approach aims to move away from a dependence model towards one where community members are learning the skills and the methods to share them Farmer field school (FFS) facilitator: The focus is primarily on agricultural production, the participatory nature of FFS provides an entry point to the discussion of other priority issues such as HIV, gender, and nutrition. ACCESs and UTILIZATION of EAS ACCESS: Enhanced marketing strategies for nutrient-rich vegetables. Improved linkages to markets. Increasing the availability of missing sources of nutrition through engaging communities to track the seasonality of local food. Utilization: Increased dietary diversity. Use of weaning with foods rich in vitamins and minerals, and recommended infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices. Awareness of the basic benefits of a nutritious diet, including the quality and quantity of food required, and the role of each food group. Recipes and food preparation techniques that maximize the nutritional benefit of locally available foods  LINKING FARMERS TO MARKETS FARMERS: A farmer is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. MARKETS: A regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commodities. The linkages may simply involve working to bulk up supplies so that traders‘ costs can be reduced. Extension worker/NGOs can play important role as Traders. TRADERS: A trader is an individual who engages in the buying and selling. They allowed buyers to buy goods from a wider range of sellers, and they allowed sellers to sell goods over a wider area. Now- a- days farmers are producing to the requirements of the market rather than relying on the markets to absorb whatever they produce. These linkages help improve household level welfare through income growth when commodity prices are realized in the market. However, the ability of smallholders to access markets that are characterized by changing demand for higher value and quality goods is problematic due to farm and market level challenges. Why is it important to link farmers and markets? Bring awareness about the opportunities and challenges in food safety and requirements for getting linked with profitable value chains. To bring understanding of pathways of linking farmers to alternative markets like contract farming, e-markets, direct marketing etc. Provide exposure to best marketing practices in ensuring food safety, managing supply chains and value addition. The goal in linking farmers to market is to invest in ways that enable farmers or group of farmers to access market. How to link farmer to markets? STEP-01: Create a list of potential opportunities. STEP-02: Identify farmers‘ strengths and limitations. STEP-03: Compare market opportunities with farmers‘ strengths and limitations. STEP-04: Investigate the short list in detail Survey STEP-05: Farmers to decide on the opportunities that best suit. STEP-06: Value Chain Meetings Members need to agree on: how/when to provide feedback to solve any problems; and improvements. STEP-07: Finalize action plan with farmers. VALUE CHAIN EXTENSION The Agriculture Value Chain Extension curriculum is designed to help farmers succeed in increasing their yield and income by building technical agriculture skills and an Agro-business mindset. The curriculum develops skills and knowledge related to in-season, harvest, and post-harvesting farming practices. EXTENSION: Extension Education is the process of teaching rural people how to live better by learning ways to improve their farm, home and community institutions. FEATURES  Provides key technical extension outreach to farmers for their interaction and engagement in the learning process through an applied learning approach  Outlines effective farmer field days that show case best practices and encourage linkages and relationship building with other value chain actors  Currently offered for the following value chains: rice, maize, sorghum, soy, cassava, aqua culture, cocoa, millet, cowpea and groundnut. VALUE CHAIN A set of connected activities that work together to add value to a product, while linking producers to processors and markets. AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAIN: The goods, services and processes involved in an agricultural product moving from the farm to the final customer. An agricultural value chain usually includes a wide range of activities, including  Input supply.  Farm production.  Post-harvest handling and processing.  Production and handling technologies.  Grading criteria and facilities.  Cooling and packing technologies. In his concept of a value chain, Porter splits a business's activities into two categories, "primary" and "support". Primary Activities : 1. Inbound logistics 2. Operations 3. Outbound logistics 4. Marketing and sales 5. Service Support Activities: The role of support activities is to help make the primary activities more efficient. 1. Procurement 2. Technological development 3. Human resources (HR) management 4. Infrastructure Types of value chain Firm level Industry level Global level Strengthening value chain: It fosters productive diversification and expands participation in the segment of the production structure with the greatest knowledge intensity or highest demand growth, and in this way contributes to structural change. HOW DOES VALUE CHAIN WORK? The value chain framework helps organizations identify and group their own business functions into primary and secondary activities. Analyzing these value chain activities, sub activities and the relationships between them helps organizations understand them as a system of interrelated functions. Then, organizations can individually analyze each to assess whether the output of each activity or sub activity can be improved -- relative to the cost, time and effort they require. When an organization applies the value chain concept to its own activities, it is called a value chain analysis. HOW DOES VALUE CHAIN SUPPORT FARMERS? High value chains can contribute to food security in the dimensions of access, availability, and quality of food primarily by the increase of production volumes, farm diversification, generating higher incomes, reducing postharvest losses, and upgrading technologies to use more efficiently natural resources. Three main steps can be distinguished in value chain analysis: 1. Identify the main functions and types of firms in the value chain; 2. Analyze structural connections; and 3. Analyze dynamics. AGRI FOOD SYSTEM: Agrifood systems encompass the primary production of food and non-food agricultural products, as well as in food storage, aggregation, post-harvest handling, transportation, processing, distribution, marketing, disposal, and consumption. Examples of local food systems include community-supported agriculture, farmers markets and farm to school programs. Agrifood systems have three main components: 1. Primary production 2. Food distribution 3. Household consumption  Importance of agri-food system: Food systems can help combat environmental degradation or climate change. Sustainable agri-food systems can deliver food security and nutrition for all. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE ADOPTION:  Adoption is a decision to make full use of an innovation as the best course of action available. Rejection is a decision not to adopt an innovation. MITIGATION:  The action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something. ADAPTATION AND ITS TYPES Adaptation is the act of changing something or changing your behavior to make it suitable for a new purpose or situation. Most living creatures are capable of adaptation when compelled to do so. Types of adaptations:  Structural Adaptations  Behavioral Adaptations  Physiological Adaptations CLIMATE CHANGE: Climate change refers to significant changes in global temperature, precipitation, wind patterns and other measures of climate that occur over several decades or longer. These include warming temperatures and changes in precipitation, as well as the effects of Earth‘s warming, such as:  Rising sea levels  Shrinking mountain glaciers  Ice melting at a faster rate than usual in Greenland, Antarctica and the Arctic  Changes in flower and plant blooming times. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE: Climate change adaptation refers to actions that reduce the negative impact of climate change, while taking advantage of potential new opportunities. It involves adjusting policies and actions because of observed or expected changes in climate. Adaptation can be reactive, occurring in response to climate impacts, or anticipatory, occurring before impacts of climate change are observed. In most circumstances, anticipatory adaptations will result in lower long-term costs and be more effective than reactive adaptations. Adaptation is not a new concept. Canadians have developed many approaches to effectively deal with the extremely variable climate. For example, communities in the Prairie provinces have been designed to withstand extreme differences in seasonal temperatures. Adaptation and mitigation are necessary complements in addressing climate change. The Earth‘s climate is changing. Some of this change is due to natural variations that have been taking place for millions of years. Human activities that release heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere are warming the planet by contributing to the ―greenhouse effect.‖ THREE PILLARS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: 1. Mitigation. 2. Adaptation. 3. Means of implementation. THREE PILLARS OF CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE(CSA): 1. Mitigation of GHG emissions from agriculture. 2. Adaptation of agricultural practices to climate change. 3. Sustainable maintenance or increase of agricultural productivity. CSA frame work: HOW EXTENSION CAN CONTIBUTE TO UP SCALING CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE Up scaling Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) entails changing the behavior, strategies and agricultural practices of millions of agricultural producers. Extension and Advisory Services (EAS) can play a very important role in up scaling CSA, but they need to be better organized to do so. Extension can play a crucial role in helping the farmers to deal with the various impacts of global climate change by using the appropriate approach to make awareness and make them aware of the various adaptation and mitigation strategies. Several organizations are generating new agricultural knowledge, but a wide gap persists between the knowledge generated and the knowledge used. Extension and Advisory Services (EAS) were established primarily to address this gap. Although the EAS approach has contributed much to agricultural development by disseminating technologies, it has been less successful at up scaling new knowledge. New knowledge is often adopted by a limited number of farmers only, and even successful pilots tend not to have a far-reaching impact. Moreover, ―projects, programmers and policies are often limited in scale, short-lived and without lasting impact‖ FAMILY FARMS: ―Family Farming (which includes all family-based agricultural activities) is a means of organizing agricultural, forestry, fisheries, pastoral and aquaculture production which is managed and operated by a family and predominantly reliant on family labor, including both women's and men's. A family farm is generally understood to be a farm owned and/or operated by a family; it is sometimes considered to be an estate passed down by inheritance. FAO works through a multi-dimensional approach to address the challenges that poor family farmers face in their daily lives and increase their income generating capacity with a view to reducing rural poverty. CSA: SEVEN PRIORITY ACTIONS TO SUPPORT FAMILY FARMING: 1) Looking beyond a strict vision of farms 2) Improving and securing access to productive resources 3) Valuing local knowledge 4) Guaranteeing jobs for young people 5) Promoting and valuing quality production 6) Strengthening organizations representing and defending family farming 7) Investing massively in family farming Migration- advising farmers to better respond to opportunities that emerge from increasing mobility and also supporting migrants in enhancing their skill & knowledge Migration Migration can be defined as the movement of people from one region to another region of a state or a country by settling temporarily or permanently, for better living conditions. Most of the migrations are due to economic conditions, business opportunities, education, and employment. Types of Migration Based on the movement of people from rural to rural, rural to urban, urban to urban, and urban to rural areas, there are several more types of migration:  Internal Migration When a large number of people migrate from one region or state in a country to another region or state in the same country, then it is called internal migration. The migration of a person from a village to an urban area is an example of internal migration.  External Migration When people move from one country to another country, then it is called external migration or international migration. External Migration is further divided into two types of migration: a) Intracontinental migration b) Intercontinental migration. When Indians migrate to China (within Asia), it is called intracontinental migration but when Indians migrate to the USA (outside Asia), then it is called intercontinental migration. When people move to another country, they are called emigrants by the people of their own country but in the country to which they migrate, they are known as immigrants. Causes of migration:  In search of better economic conditions, employment, business opportunities, and education.  Migration to the towns in order to secure better living conditions, especially better schooling for their children.  To escape poor climate conditions such as drought, and natural disasters.  As punishment for crimes committed, the criminals and banned from a country due to their work against government laws.  To escape war, invasion, military takeover, etc.  Migration to reunite with family, friends, marriages, etc. who have previously settled there.  To find personal freedom, to live a certain lifestyle, to hold certain beliefs. Impacts of Migration Migration is becoming a very important subject for the life of cities. Many opportunities and attraction of big cities pull large numbers of people to big cities. Migration can have positive as well as negative effects on the life of the migrants. Positive Impact:  Unemployment is reduced and people get better job opportunities.  Migration helps in improving the quality of life of people.  It helps to improve social life of people as they learn about new culture, customs, and languages which helps to improve brotherhood among people.  Migration of skilled workers leads to a greater economic growth of the region.  Children get better opportunities for higher education.  The population density is reduced and the birth rate decreases. Negative Impact:  The loss of a person from rural areas, impact on the level of output and development of rural areas.  The influx of workers in urban areas increases competition for the job, houses, school facilities etc.   Having large population puts too much pressure on natural resources, amenities and services.  It is difficult for a villager to survive in urban areas because in urban areas there is no natural environment and pure air. They have to pay for each and everything.  Migration changes the population of a place; therefore, the distribution of the population is uneven in India.  Many migrants are completely illiterate and uneducated; therefore, they are not only unfit for most jobs, but also lack basic knowledge and life skills.  Poverty makes them unable to live a normal and healthy life.  Children growing up in poverty have no access to proper nutrition, education or health. Challenges & Opportunities of migration for rural areas  Migration brings both opportunities and challenges to rural areas in the countries of origin, transit and destination.  For rural areas in the countries of origin, migration will affect the supply of labour and the related skills mix and demographic composition of the remaining population.  Public policies targeting smallholder family farmers and promoting the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Role of Agriculture & rural development for migration  Diversification to off-farm activities.  Rural education and vocational training.  Sustainable agricultural practices.  Financial inclusion.  Access to land, credit and markets.  Integration of migration concerns into disaster risk reduction strategies. Supporting migrants in enhancing their skill and knowledge  Adult learning and integration.  Language development through empowerment.  Holistic approach to supporting the social, educational and economic integration.  New technologies to support learning and integration.  Using a ‗Conversation Club‘ to assist integration through language. FAO and migration  Migration is intimately linked to the work of FAO. With its mission of ending food insecurity and malnutrition, eliminating poverty and promoting the sustainable management of natural resources.  Working with governments, UN agencies, academia, the private sector, civil society, migrants and diaspora associations, and local communities.   FAO is expanding on its work to strengthen the positive contribution that migrants are making to rural development and ensure safe, orderly and regular migration. FAO‟s work on migration can be divided into four key areas:  1. Addressing the adverse drivers of migration and providing rural people with the possibility to remain in their communities of origin (if it is safe for them to do so) by creating alternatives in rural areas.  2. Facilitating rural mobility and ensuring people can move regularly and safely between rural and urban areas as well as across international borders.  3. Reinforcing the positive contribution of migrants and displaced people to agriculture and rural communities.  4. Promoting resilient, agricultural livelihoods for migrants, displaced people, returnees and host communities, including migration as an adaptation strategy to climate change. ATTRACTING AND RETAINING YOUTH IN AGRICULTURE INCLUDING PROMOTION OF AGR-PRENEURSHIP AND AGRI-TOURISM The aim of the project is to attract and empower the rural youth to take up various agricultural, and allied sector enterprises for sustainable income and gainful employment Youth play vital role in meaningfully transforming agriculture in India. What is ARYA? Realizing the importance of rural youth in agriculture development of the country, ICAR has initiated a programme on ―Attracting and Retaining Youth in Agriculture‖ on 16 July 2015. Under this scheme, special efforts will be taken to attract rural youth under the age of 35 years in agriculture so that we can control the migration of rural youth into cities. Objectives of ARYA To enable the farm youth to establish network groups to take up resources and capital-intensive activities like processing, value addition and marketing. To demonstrate functional linkage with different institutions and stakeholders for convergence of opportunities available under various schemes/programs for sustainable development of youth. Need of ARYA It is a matter of worry that in a farming economy like India, rural youth are looking down at agriculture and moving to towns, cities and urban centers in search of better jobs What is really worrying is the fact even the educated rural youth, including agricultural graduates, are almost totally not interested in taking up farming as a profession Even the majority of farmers do not want their next generation to do this job, their traditional profession. Views to ATTRACT YOUTH TOWARDS AGRICULTURE The need for a strategy to keep youth grounded in agriculture was first voiced by the national commission on farmers, headed by scientist and father of India green revolution, M. S. Swaminathan, in 2006. ―The youth can be attracted to and retaining in farming only if it becomes economically rewarding and intellectually satisfying‖. Radha Mohan Singh also stated that, agriculture has become unprofitable enterprise for small and marginal farmers. This sector not only needs integrated approach but certain structural reforms to deal with farm crises. It has also stressed the need for providing essential facilities such as power, roads, education and health care among others in rural areas. Our country so heavily depends on agriculture cannot develop without making agriculture profitable. Achievements of ARYA project In Karbi Anglong (Assam) total 111 rural youth benefited from different enterprises like poultry, piggery, pineaaple and mushroom. In senapati (Manipur) 120 rural youth got training about mushroom cultivation, piggery, poultry, fisheries. In Lunglei (Mizoram) 145 rural youth benefited with various enterprises such as piggery, poultry, mushroom and bee keeping. In workha (Nagaland) 90 rural youth succeed in attaining several enterprises like mushroom, poultry, piggery and cut flowers. In north Sikkim 90 rural youth gained diverse enterprises like cardamom cultivation in protected cultivation, piglet cultivation, off season vegetable production under walk in tunnel. SWOT analysis of rural youth STRENGTHS  They process good energy  They have capacity &ability to produce more.  Due to their exposure to media, they are capable of accepting new ideas in farming. WEAKNESS  Elderly farmers in the family takes the decisions in farming  They lack training in improved methods &skills  Non- remunerative prices to agricultural produce. Opportunities  Increased market for agricultural produce & secondary agricultural commodities, which ensure good income to young farmers.  Training opportunities through KVKs & other training institutions.   Farmer friendly policies, incentives & schemes of the Government in the field of agriculture. Threats Increased migration to urban areas. Less respect for agriculture profession. Poverty and unemployment in rural areas. Lack of education Role of Extension person to attract youth in Agriculture 1.Motivation 2.Training 3.Involvement 4.Opportunities Advantages  Improves Agro- productivity in the country  Controls rural migration of youth  Income of rural youth become sustainable and meaningful  Develops services sector in the rural area  Business and entrepreneurial skill of youth get developed  Disadvantages  Youth would remain confined to rural areas. Agri- preneurship  Agripreneurship refers to entrepreneurship in agriculture.  Agripreneurship defined as entrepreneur whose main business is agriculture or agriculture related.  Agriculture + Entrepreneur = Agripreneur BENEFITS OF AGRI-PRENEURSHIP  It helps in reducing food costs , supply uncertainties and improving the diets of the rural and urban poor in the country  It also generates growth , increasing income ,and providing entrepreneurial opportunities in both rural and urban areas.  Agri- preneurship for women empowerment  Land ownership  Agricultural cooperatives  Self help groups: SHG  MSME in agriculture  ICT tools  Policy implications PROMOTING AGRI-PRENEURSHIP IN INDIA.  Creating products or services for which s/he must find a market and customers.  Adapting to changing consumer requirements and technological possibilities.  Advertising in TV, Newspapers, Pamplates and wall posters about Agri- Preneurship Agri - Tourism :- It refers to people visiting working farms or other agriculture operations for the purpose of enjoyment, education or other active involvement. Father of Agro – Tourism in India  Pandurang taware Agri- tourism is a sustainable form of tourism business. It provides an additional source of income for the farmers. It gives prestige to rural life and creates new jobs at local levels PROMOTION OF AGRI-TOURISM Give a wide publicity of their tourism centre by newspapers, television etc. and develop contacts with the schools, colleges, NGOs, clubs, unions, organizations etc. Train their staff or family members for reception and hospitality of the Agri-tourists. Understand the customers' demands and their expectations and serve them accordingly. Charge optimum rent and charges for the facilities/services on the commercial base. Develop a website and update from time to time to attract foreign tourists and take their feedback and comments about the service and suggestions for more development and modification. Develop different Agri-tour packages for different types of tourist and their expectations. Small farmers can develop their Agri-tourism centers on the basis of cooperative society. URBAN AND PERI URBAN FARMING ,farmers distress,suicides. DEFINITION : Producing or growing food in a city or other heavily populated areas is known as urban farming. BENEFITS OF URBAN FARMING Business Growth: Urban farming helps stimulate the local economy through job creation, income generation, and the growth of small businesses. Job Creation: Urban farms can offer them valuable skills and education in addition to a steady source of income to many unemployed, even if it is seasonal work. Urban Redevelopment: Unused lands and wastelands can be used for cultivation purposes. It creates more green space and reduces pollution. Areas with community gardens and urban farms also increase property value. Health and Wellness: Urban farming creates fresh produce closer to where it‘s ultimately consumed. Food from urban farms is far more likely to be perfectly ripe, more nutritious, and produced in season. Less Food Waste: People produce only what they need. This reduces food wastage to a large extent. Low Investment: Urban farming requires less space, and initial infrastructure and setup costs. The installation cost is very low when compared to traditional farming. Soil Conservation: The usage of methods like hydroponics, aquaponics etc. allow them to use less land. PERI URBAN FARMING Peri urban agriculture is located on the fringes of the city or town Close to market , reduce fuel employment to local people , less food spoilage , organic waste readily available in urban areas , agro-tourism , increases greens to city surroundings. DISADVANTAGES URBAN FARMING:  Contamination is one of the concering[water]  Space related problems  Maintanance costs  Lack of experienced skilled labour  Initailly its discouraging  Pollution. PERI URBAN FARMING  Contaminated soils  Competition for resources with other urban sectors  Local land use pressures  Pollution  Some are unplesant to urban residents[smell ,diseases, noises,pollution] HOW TO SUPPORT URBAN AND PERI URBAN FARMING  How to Sustainably Feed 10 Billion People by 2050.  In 2050 -50 percent of indian population expected to live in cities  There is a big shortfall between the amount of food we produce today and the amount needed to feed everyone in 2050. Urban and peri urban farming: a solution helping to feed cities Urban growth could become problematic in terms of feeding the population. In response to the need for food and the growing demand for local food to reduce the impact on the environment, current farming practices needed to be redesigned. Urban and peri-urban farming was the result. It consists of producing vegetables, fruit and other food or raising animals in and around cities. Countries where urban agriculture is popular  Argentina  Australia  Canada  China  Colombia  Ghana  India  Netherlands Cost estimation in a rooftop farming model Initial cost of rooftop farming is high. But it will be compensated by the benefit. In general, the cost of cultivation will be around Rs. 10,000 to 15,000 per roof area of 500 sq ft. WHY ARE FARMERS DISTRESS? Farming has become increasingly unviable with the average size of land holdings getting smaller over time due to the pressure of population growth. The last two years has been filled with the images of farmers protects by the way of dumping vegetables by roadside and resorting to distress sales of grains and pulses. Farmers are protesting against laws that deregulate the sale of crops, allowing private buyers more free rein in a marketplace that has long been dominated by government subsidies. FARMERS DISTRESS REASONS BEHIND FARMERS DISTRESS. 1] 2YEARS OF DROUGHT [2014- 15] Maharashtra , Gujarat , Karnataka. 2] Collapsing farm prices 3] Insurance fails to serve 4] Irrigation 5] Marketing is ignored 6] Modern technology is missing 7] Moneylenders 8] Lack of storage facility. INITIATIVES TAKEN REDUCE FAMERS DISTRESS.  Rashtriyakrishivikasyojana[RKVY]  National agriculture market[e-NAM]  National food security mission[NFSM]  National mission for sustainable agriculture[NMSA]. FARMERS SUICIDES  Farmer suicides in india refers to national catastrophe of farmers commiting suicides since 1970s,due to their inability to repay loans mostly taken from private money lanlords and banks.  Farmers income rose by 30 per while their debt surged about 58per between 2013-19. STATES AFFECTED MOSTLY According to a report by the National Crime Records Bureau, the states with the highest incidence of farmer suicide in 2015 were Maharashtra (3,030), Telangana (1,358), Karnataka (1,197), Madhya Pradesh (581), Andhra Pradesh (516), and Chhattisgarh (854). What are the reasons behind farmers‟ suicides in India?  The surge in input costs.  The cost of chemicals and fertilizers.  The cost agricultural equipment.  The labour cost.  Distressed due to loans.  Lack of direct integration with market.  Water crisis.  Climate change. RESPONSES TO FARMERS SUICIDES  2006 relief packge scheme  Agricultural debt wavier and debt relief scheme 2008  2013 diversity income sources package  Lower fertilizers scheme  Precision farming techniques  BEYOND THE TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY What is technology transfer in extension education? Technology transfer is a one-way process where technologies developed by scientists are passed on to extension services to be transferred to users. Technology transfer (TT), or transfer of technology (TOT), is an integral part of the extension process involving the transfer and spread of technical innovation and know-how to the farming population. The TOT model of the research-extension-farmer linkage is based on the tenets of DOI theory, in particular on a description of the diffusion process as a normal bell-shaped curve with farmers being placed in one of five categories according to their appearance on the curve. This linear model has limitations and has been severely criticized on a number of grounds, especially its assumptions about the dissemination process which raise the ―issue of equality‖ and contribute to the ―agricultural treadmill.‖ ADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER – Develops a platform to share ideas. Protects intellectual property. Promotes economic development through commercializing innovative technology. Enhances collaboration between the federal and non-federal science. Disadvantages of using modern farming methods are:- Modern farming methods have overused the natural resource base. Increased use of fertilizers has led to the loss of soil fertility. The use of groundwater for tube well irrigation has led to water depletion. Modern farming methods require a great deal of capital. CHALLENGES TO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER- There are three principles to be considered- 1. Asymmetric information. 2. Market power. 3. Externalities. New technologies frequently challenge existing legal systems in new ways and foster the evolution of the law 1- ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION- Asymmetric information is a term that refers to when one party in a transaction is in possession of more information than the other. What is meant by asymmetric information In certain transactions, sellers can take advantage of buyers because asymmetric information exists whereby the seller has more knowledge of the good being sold than the buyer. 2- MARKET POWER- Market power refers to the ability of a firm (or group of firms) to raise and maintain price above the level that would prevail under competition is referred to as market or monopoly power. 3- EXTERNALITES- Externalities refers to situations when the effect of production or consumption of goods and services imposes costs or benefits on others which are not reflected in the prices charged for the goods and services being provided. Different types of technology transfer organizations:  Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs).  Technology and Innovation Support Centers (TISCs).  science and technology parks, technology incubators.  IP marketplaces. ORGANIZING- An extension agency is an organisation that practices extension, in the context of community development. An example is the Cooperative Extension Service, which aims to assist individuals or groups in defining and achieving their goals in rural communities in the USA. PRODUCERS- A producer is someone who creates and supplies goods or services. Producers combine labor and capital—called factor inputs—to create—that is, to output—something else. NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT- Natural Resource Management (NRM) refers to the sustainable utilization of major natural resources, such as land, water, air, minerals, forests, fisheries, and wild flora and fauna. Together, these resources provide the ecosystem services that provide better quality to human life. STRATAGIES FOR BETTER GROUP DECISION – MAKING-  Appoint a strategic dissenter (or even two).  Collect opinions independently.  Provide a safe space to speak up.  Don‘t over-rely on experts.  Share collective responsibility.  Keep the group small when you need to make an important decision.  Choose a heterogenous group over a homogenous one (most of the time). ACCESS TO MARKETS- Barriers in markets-  Lagging legal and regulatory provisions (e.g., digital payments, cross-border commerce, etc. ).  Inadequate input markets (land, labor, capital).  Cost barriers (compliance, formalization, informal payments).  Limited access to finance, inputs, tools, assets, and collateral.  Inadequate access to and limited use of technology enablers  Market-related information constraints (e.g., input costs, prices, demand, etc.).  Limited access to networks, (in-)formal information sharing, and role models.  Limited access to networks, (in-)formal information sharing, and role models.  Gender-based harassment in business transactions (e.g., buyers, sellers, suppliers, customs officials, etc.)  Limited access to new customers. MARKET FAILURES IN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT-  Natural resource and environment are particularly prone to market failure.  Market in other words, often fail to allocate natural in environmental resources efficiently.  Implications from the conditions of competitive market.  Prices do not affect relative scarcity and consumer preferences for goods.  Over exploited.(efficient sustainable ad equitable NR use). There are several ways to promote the adoption of new knowledge and influence policies at a large scale through networking. Here are a few ideas: Collaborate with policy makers and other stakeholders: Building partnerships and collaborations with policy makers and other stakeholders can help you get your ideas and recommendations on the radar of decision makers and increase the chances of them being considered and implemented. Use social media and other online platforms: Social media and other online platforms can be powerful tools for spreading information and getting your message out to a large audience. Use these platforms to share research, data, and insights on the importance of adopting new knowledge, and engage with others in discussions and debates on the topic. Participate in industry events and conferences: Attending and presenting at industry events and conferences can give you a platform to share your ideas and insights with a large and diverse audience. Engage with the media: Working with the media to publicize your ideas and research can help to raise awareness and influence policy decisions. Network with other organizations and individuals: Building a strong network of like-minded organizations and individuals can help you amplify your voice and increase your impact. 1. Engage with policy makers: It is important to establish relationships with policy makers and engage with them regularly to discuss the importance of new knowledge and networking. 2. Leverage data and research: Use data and research to demonstrate the benefits of new knowledge and networking, and how they can drive innovation and economic growth. 3. Partner with organizations: Partner with organizations that have a similar mission to promote new knowledge and networking. This can help increase the reach and impact of your efforts. 4. Advocate for change: Advocate for policy changes that support new knowledge and networking, such as investments in research and development or funding for networking programs. 5. Educate the public: Educate the public about the importance of new knowledge and networking, and encourage them to advocate for policies that support these efforts Partnership development, including convincing multi stakeholder platforms and innovation platforms, the following strategies can be used: 1. Build a strong case: Develop a strong case for the importance of new knowledge and partnership development, including the benefits it can bring to different stakeholders.  2. Engage with policy makers: Establish relationships with policy makers and engage with them regularly to discuss the importance of new knowledge and partnership development. 3. Partner with organizations: Partner with organizations that have a similar mission to promote new knowledge and partnership development. This can help increase the reach and impact of your efforts. 4. Leverage data and research: Use data and research to demonstrate the benefits of new knowledge and partnership development, and how they can drive innovation and economic growth. 5. Advocate for change: Advocate for policy changes that support new knowledge and partnership development, such as investments in research and development or funding for networking programs 6. Educate the public: Educate the public about the importance of new knowledge and partnership development, and encourage them to advocate for policies that support these efforts. To convince innovation platforms, it is important to:  Clearly articulate the benefits of new knowledge, networking, and partnership development for innovation and economic growth.  Involve innovation platforms in the policy development process to ensure that their concerns are addressed.  Build a coalition of supportive organizations and innovation platforms to increase the influence of your efforts.  Use compelling examples and data to support your arguments.  Be persistent and continue to engage with innovation platforms to build support for your efforts. Extension and Advisory Services  Rural advisory services also called extension.  Advisory Service(s) is a term commonly used as an alternate for ―extension services‖.he information and services needed and demanded by farmers.  These systems involve a broad spectrum of market and non-market entities, and agents are expected to provide useful technical information about new technologies that can improve the income and welfare of farmers and other rural people. OBJECTIVES:-  Providing knowledge and technology to improve agricultural productivity.  Agricultural advisory services are also expected to fulfill a variety of new functions, such as linking smallholder farmers to high-value and export markets.  To provide support services to internal clients to enable them to provide improved services to farmers.  Application of fertilizer, irrigation, cultural practices, spraying of pesticides, fungicides, harvesting of crops and storage or other farm related works are advised according to the weather forecasted. Capacity Needs of Extension and Advisory Services (EAS)  Agricultural advisory services are expected to fulfill a variety of new functions, such as linking smallholder farmers to high-value and export markets.  Promoting environmentally sustainable production techniques, and coping with the effects of HIV/AIDS and other health challenges that affect agriculture.  Extension and Advisory Services (EAS) need new capacities at different levels to deal effectively with the evolving challenges faced by rural communities. Capacity Needs at Different Levels NO. Levels Capacities 1 Field Level Technical knowledge and skills Communication skills Market linkage establishment 2 Middle Level Team building, leadership, management and liaising Conceptualizing and Planning programmes, and undertaking Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Convergence, networking, co-ordination and partnership development 3 Senior Level Visioning, goal setting, decision making skills, team building, leadership and mentoring Monitoring and Evaluation Policy development and engaging in policy advocacy 4 Organizational Human Resource Management Level Adequate infrastructure, logistics, and resources to support EAS Leadership and mentorship, team spirit and team building  Field-Level 1. Technical advisory Have latest knowledge on life cycle of crops grown, animals/birds domesticated, and other livelihoods pursued by farmers in the specific block/district. support development of women and men master farmers in specific crops and enterprises in order to enhance farmer-to-farmer extension activities. 2. Communicator: Communicating with farmers' is critically important for agriculture and society as Farmers need information to be aware of new seeds and other improved technologies. 3. Market linkage establishment: EAS providers should help farmers to enhance farm productivity by using sustainable and climate-smart production methods, and support farmers in organizing themselves to identify and engage with appropriate markets so as to improve their levels and consistency of income. Middle-Level Team building, leadership, management -They should possess soft skills for effective communication, facilitation, collaboration, and conflict management. Conceptualizing and Planning programmes and undertaking M&E (Monitoring and Evaluation). Convergence, networking, co-ordination and partnership development. Middle-level functionaries require networking, coordination and partnering skills and they need support in identifying the different actors working in their area. They also need support in identifying areas/interests for collaboration, developing Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs), access to guidelines on fund sharing and fund flows, and documents that showcase good practices on partnership management. Senior-Level Visioning (the action of developing a plan, goal, or vision for the future) and should be able to plan according to the varied scenarios/situations that are likely to emerge give direction and make decisions. Formulate policies and plans and monitor/supervise the implementation of the policies and plans. Policy development and engaging in policy advocacy Organizational Level Every EAS should have a clear vision, mission and goals. System for managing its human resources and an organizational culture that supports collaboration, networking and learning. It should have a system of good governance, a system for knowledge management, resources to achieve its goals and a result based management system in place. Advisory Function Meaning:-  Advisory function means furnishing advice, gathering information, and making recommendations. 1. FURNISHING ADVICE  The Vertical aims for a transformation of Indian agriculture, led by innovation, for improved nutrition and income of farmers, through sustainable as well as inclusive growth. 2. GATHERING INFORMATION  Data collected by the farmer's needs of information in a pre-tested semi structured questionnaire.  Gathering information in order to full fill their insistency towards agricultural purposes, however what are the problems have faced that also include here. 3. MAKING RECOMMENDATION  Recommend to farmer what technology is good and which type process is good for crop.  They also recommend pre and post fertilizer application. Which month is good for crops. How to strengthen/enhance capacities? Strengthening education and training curricula: -  Review existing curricula (both education and training) for capacity development at regular intervals.  Develop cases and good practices that can be used for training and develop technical manuals, fact sheets and posters. Organize mentoring programme: -  Mentoring is an important mechanism for capacity development where an experienced person uses his greater knowledge and expertise to support the personal development of another.  Link staff to work closely with mentors identified for different themes. Develop a directory of EAS providers: -  Develop a directory of EAS providers working at different levels with contact details, thematic and geographical focus and specialization to help everyone know the different initiatives happening in their region and enhance possibilities for collaboration. Digitize work environment and promote ICTs: -  Provide modern ICT tools (e.g.: tablets with relevant pre-loaded content, smart phones) to EAS staff with sufficient/ adequate resources to use data cards/data plans. Human Resource Development  Develop systems and procedures for Human Resource Management and organize sessions on manpower planning. Engagement/Influencing policy:  Strengthen capacities to develop and use evidence to influence policies that impact EAS and also develop a national extension policy Core competencies at the individual level A Core Competency is a knowledge, skill, or ability that contributes to the successful completion of a task on the job. core competencies are developed when an individual engages in particular skills that support educational curriculums. Every employee uses multiple core competencies every day to perform their daily tasks at their job. For example, if you are an administrative assistant, you use core competencies like verbal communication, organization skills, client service and decision making. Top management core competencies Self-confidence Self-confidence in the workplace involves believing in your own abilities and successes. As a leader, show others your confidence with a positive attitude and willingness to address any opposition. Personal development Personal development means you continue to learn new things and build new skills. Empowering others This core competency refers to encouraging employees to believe in their own abilities and providing them with autonomy to make decisions. Building effective teams Building effective teams is a core competency made of several parts. As a leader, choose employees who work well together, share a common goal and can rely on one another for success. Patience You must have and show patience as a manager. Each person is on their own path to success, and some people require more time and space than others.  Interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication is the ability to communicate effectively with others regarding various tasks, concerns and ideas. problem-solving A good leader has the ability to find solutions to problems. Managers need excellent problem-solving skills for internal workplace conflicts, daily challenges and potential business obstacles. Honesty and integrity Employees respond well to leaders who are honest and act with integrity. Showing trustworthiness and integrity improves your employees' impression of you, and it often encourages them to become more engaged at work. Varied mechanisms for capacity development (beyond training) Capacity development It refers to a process of change in which people, organizations and institutions improve their performance and refine, strengthen and adapt their capacity over time in response to changing circumstances. 1. Individual Level At this level, capacity building requires development and improvement of individuals to build existing knowledge and skills. 2. Institutional/Organizational Level: It is the middle layer of capacity building. It consists of procedures; policies; rules and regulations; systems and culture. 3. Societal Level: The last layer of capacity building is society. Mostly this level is neglected since many years. Traditionally, capacity building on individual and institutional level and this is common concept that after improvement of individuals, society will automatically improve.  VARIED MECHANISM: Scoping & Design Evaluati Capacity on Assessme nt Implemen Preparin t-ation g a Plan Stakehol der Review Scoping and Design Successful and sustainable capacity development can only occur when there is commitment from individuals who invest in the process from the design stage onwards. Capacity assessment Capacity assessment should be participatory in order to agree capacity strengths and weaknesses so as to implement effective health programmes. Preparing a Plan The capacity assessment report provides the basis for defining the draft plan. The plan should set out the capacity objectives, activities, and indicators; and the resources required to implement change and to measure progress. Stakeholders Review Stakeholders should review, prioritize and add more detail to the suggested interventions, which will enable relevant timelines, and the final budget to be agreed. Implementation The implementation of a capacity development plan includes managing interventions to achieve results and monitoring progress against the agreed indicators. Evaluation Evaluation of capacity development interventions can inform the direction for the next phase of capacity development activities. Pluralism in Extension Delivery 64% of India‘s population lives in villages and nearly 58% of it depends on farming for livelihood. The extension is one of the important support systems to mainstream this chunk of the Indian population in the process of socio-economic development of the nation. Considering the diversities and hardships under which these farmers and rural people live and work, it is obvious that the extension system has to be pluralistic in nature. The concern for pluralism in extension is justified as extension alone cannot solve all the problems of rural people and the conventional state-sponsored and public-funded extension cannot solve all the problems either. Pluralistic Extension A pluralistic extension system is provision of extension services for a community which is conducted by more than one source of extension services. Pluralistic extension system may hold complex providers like non-governmental organizations, private companies, farmers‘ organizations, commercial individuals, extension specialists‘ associations, and public extension services at municipal, state, and national. It is clear that pluralistic extension system do not eliminate the public extension workers from the system, but the system adds other potential extension agencies along with the existing public extension agency. Modal of using both public and private institutions for delivering extension services to the farming community. Why We Need a Pluralistic Extension System?  Fiscal crisis.  Lack of emphasis on farmers‘ training.  Lack of farmers‘ involvement in extension program planning.  Lack of transparency and accountability.  Inadequate technical capacity.  The public extension system is mostly supply-driven and top-down system.  Weak public sector linkages with private sector firms.  Inadequate communication capacity.  Lack of human resources.  Weak infrastructural facilities. SWOT Analysis of Pluralistic Extension System STRENGTHS Diversity in approaches by multiple agencies can complement and supplement the efforts of each other.  Help to address the varying needs of the farming community. Increase in outreach where the public system is weak. Provision of new technologies and skills to farmers. WEAKNESSES Provision of the contradictory information and resultant confusion gaps among farmers. Problem with the quality of messages from non-public agencies. The motives and objectives of all agencies may not be aligned with farmers. Making the extension system more complex. Possibility of duplication of effort. OPPORTUNITIES Enable farmers to choose among different agencies as per requirement which in turn makes extension demand driven. Greater scope for farmers‘ participation in extension programs. The public extension can reorient its role in leading the pluralistic system. Potential to create a linkage of farmers with other actors across the value chain. THREATS Lack of effective coordination among agencies. A mismatch between organizational agendas and problems due to hidden agendas. Lack of leadership and conflict resolution mechanism may hamper effective collaboration. Political and economic aspects prevent effective collaboration. Concept of Private Extension Private extension refers to the innovative ways that a private agency adopts in delivering the information and other input services as desired/demanded by the farmers. Privatization is the act of reducing the role of government or increasing the role of the private sector in an activity or in the ownership of assets. Chile was the first country to test a privatized extension service. Services provided by private extension system Information, Input supply Infrastructure, Technical services Marketing services  Consultancy Elements of Private Extension System 1. Objectives 2. Target Group: Only those who can pay Highly careful More committed Actively participating 3. Mandates: Technologies: Location-specific, demand-driven Input Supply: Quality, timely, adequate 4. Extension Personnel: Highly motivated Highly professional Accountable to farmers 5. Extension Method: Advisory in nature Types of Private Extension system 1. Entirely Private Type: Directly involved in farming activities through consulting, agri-business firms etc. 2. Semi-Government Type: Consists of farmers organizations like NGOs. Approaches of private extension 1. Contract farming 2. Voucher scheme 3. Share-cropping system Stakeholders in Private Extension 1. Agriculture consultants 2. ICT-based extension service providers 3. Agri-business companies, 4. Input traders 5. Farmers‘ co-operatives Agro-Based Companies  Agro-based industries provide all the necessary information to farmers and its involvement is inseparable from Indian agriculture. They play a crucial role in building the innovativeness in farmers and also they are taking R&D work.  Examples  Farmers One Stop Shop  Mahindra and Mahindra, the tractor giant has started a concept of ―Farmer‘s One Stop Shop‖ where farmers can purchase all their inputs including information, and machinery in one place.  He can also sell his product there.  They provide crop loans in collaboration with ICICI bank.  Rallis India  A subsidiary of Tata Chemicals Ltd. (TCL) has initiated the ―Samrudh Krishi‖ program to impart agricultural knowledge to farmers.  ITC‟s e-Choupal  Links rural farmers via the internet for procurement of agriculture and aquaculture products viz., soybean, wheat, coffee, and prawns.  Provides computers with internet access in rural areas to offer farmers up-to-date marketing and agricultural information.  Makes the input supply chain more efficient and delivers value to its customers.  Provides modern infrastructure, technologies, and distribution practices to cater to the agriculture sector. Input traders  Give valuable suggestions to solve the different problems of cultivation. Provide an idea about plant protection measures.  Supply valuable and up-to-date information to farmers about plant measures from magazines booklets etc.  Anticipate the demand for a product and supply it to the customers at the right time & place.  Try to supply the right information at right time.  Provide a guarantee for the goods sold by him to the customers and assumes the risk for bad quality etc.  Sell various products in the right price. Research Studies