Exam 2 Bio Exam Paper PDF

Q1a. What is the difference between a macro- and a micronutrient?\ Q1b. List the nine essential macronutrients\ Q2a. What are the most common 3 elements in chemical fertilizer? In what form are they found?\ Q2b. What other sources of these elements can be used?\ Q3a. Why do most plants prefer acidic...

Q1a. What is the difference between a macro- and a micronutrient?\ Q1b. List the nine essential macronutrients\ Q2a. What are the most common 3 elements in chemical fertilizer? In what form are they found?\ Q2b. What other sources of these elements can be used?\ Q3a. Why do most plants prefer acidic soils?\ Q3b. Where do mineral nutrients need to be in order for root uptake?\ Q3c. What is the role of cation exchange in making minerals available to the roots? Q1a. What is the difference between a macro- and a micronutrient?\ Q1b. List the nine essential macronutrients\ Q2a. What are the most common 3 elements in chemical fertilizer? In what form are they found?\ Q2b. What other sources of these elements can be used?\ Q3a. Why do most plants prefer acidic soils?\ Q3b. Where do mineral nutrients need to be in order for root uptake?\ Q3c. What is the role of cation exchange in making minerals available to the roots? Q1. What are the two long distance transport tissue in plants, and what do they transport?\ Q2. What are the main functions of different plant parts for resource acquisition (Fig 29.2 is\ helpful here).\ Concept 29.2\ Q3. Define the two major components of plant tissue;\ Apoplast\ Symplast\ Q4a. Which route requires substances to cross a plasma membrane only once?\ apoplastic route / symplastic route / transmembrane route\ Q4b. Which route requires substances to cross a plasma membrane multiple times?\ apoplastic route / symplastic route / transmembrane route\ Q5a. Which ion is used to establish the membrane potential in plants? Na+ / H+ / K+\ Q5b. What substance is co-transport with H+ responsible for moving?\ Q6a. Consider water potential (Ψ). If there is no barrier to water movement, which direction\ will the water flow?\ Q6b. What is "solute potential" and what are the typical solutes in plant cells?\ Q6c. When the solute concentration goes up, what happens to the number of free water\ molecules in that area?\ Q7. What is wilting?\ Q8. What is bulk flow? Q1. What is the barrier that minerals face when they hit the endodermis?\ Q2a. Describe the "cohesion-tension hypothesis"\ Q2b. What is transpiration?\ Q3c. What does the cohesion of water allow to happen for water transport in the xylem sap?\ Concept 29.6\ Q4. Generally speaking, what happens to cause the guard cells of stomata open? \... close?\ Q5. What are the three cues contributing to stomata opening in the morning?\ Concept 29.7\ Q6a. What is a sugar source?\ Q7b. What are 2 examples of a sugar source?\ Q7c. What are 2 examples of a sugar sink?\ Q8. What drives transport from the source phloem to the sink? Q1: What are some key traits that plants have in common with the Charophyceae?\ Q2: What new (derived) key traits have land plants evolved that they don't have in common with the\ Charophyceae?\ Q3: What does alternation of generations means?\ Q4: What is the difference between a gametophyte and a sporophyte?\ Concept 26.3: Early plants radiated into a diverse set of lineages\ Q5: What are the three phyla of the Bryophytes?\ Q6: In what way differ the gametophyte-sporophyte relationships when you compare the mosses and other\ non-vascular plants with the ferns and other seedless vascular plants?\ Q7: What are key developmental features that make ferns and other seedless vascular plants distinct from\ bryophytes?\ Q8: What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants and what are the main groups within these two phyla? Q1: What does the term heterospory means?\ Q2: What defines an ovule?\ Q3: What are the advantages of having reduced gametophytes?\ Q4: What are the evolutionary advantages of a seed?\ Q5: How does the role of the sporophyte change if you go from lower land plants (bryophytes) to higher land\ plants (e.g. gymnosperms or angiosperms)? Q2a. Name the female reproductive structure and indicate its three individual components:\ Q2b. Name the male reproductive structure and indicate its two individual components:\ \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--Skip Flower Formation\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--\ Angiosperm Lifecycle (focus on Figure 30.6 -- the text is hard to follow!)\ Female Gametophyte Formation Inside The Ovule - follow Figure 30.6 along the inner circle:\ Q3a. What is the name for the 6 structures shown inside the ovary?\ Q3b. What develops inside the ovules?\ Q3c. Inside the megasporangium of an ovule, four megaspores are produced. What happens to\ them?\ Q3d. Name the 4 cell types found in the female gametophyte:\ Q3e. Scan the text on pg 632 to determine the job of the two synergid cells flanking the egg\ cell:\ Male Gametophyte Formation Inside Pollen -- follow Figure 30.6 along the outer circle:\ Q4a. What is the name for the pollen sac inside the anther? Q1. What does a mature seed consist of?\ Q2a. What is the function of endosperm?\ Q2b. How many cotyledon's does a eudicot seed have?\ Germination, Growth, and Flowering\ Q3a. What happens during "imbibition"?\ Q3b. What emerges first from the germinating seed? What comes second? What comes third?\ Fruit Structure and Function\ Q4a. What is a fruit? What is its function?\ Describe each of the following fruit types (it helps to look at Figure 30.11 too):\ Q4b. Simple fruits\ Q4c. Aggregate fruits\ Q4d. Multiple fruits\ Q4e. Accessory fruit\ Dispersal Adaptations (Fig 30.12)\ Q5a. What adaptation is associated with dispersal by water?\ Q5b. What adaptation is associated with dispersal by wind?\ Q5c. How does having sharp, tack-like spines facilitate dispersal by animals?\ Q5d. How does edible fruit facilitate dispersal by animals? Concept 30.3 People modify crops through breeding and genetic engineering\ Q6. What is the difference between plant breeding and genetic engineering?\ Q7. What does the term 'transgenic' mean?\ Q8. What are potential advantages of plant biotechnology?\ Q9. What are potential risks of plant biotechnology? Concept 31.1\ Q1a. What is a hormone?\ Q1b. A hormone can have multiple effects. What are the factors that can determine the effect of\ a hormone in the plant?\ Q2. How do shoots and roots respond for phototropism?\ Q3. List each of the three scientists mentioned and briefly describe their experiment and\ discovery:\ a.\ b.\ c.\ A survey of plant hormones\ Auxin:\ Q4a. What does auxin do?\ Q4b. What is polar transport? Is it based on gravity? Something else? Explain.\ Q5a. What does auxin stimulate?\ Q5b. When the cell wall pH is lowered, what does that activate?\ Q5c. What does this new enzyme do?\ Q5d. What happens to increase cell turgor pressure?\ Q6a. What happens when there is a reduced flow of auxin from a branch?\ Q6b. What happens if an apical bud is removed?\ Cytokinins\ Q7a. What do cytokinins do? Where are they produced?\ Q7b. What influences differentiation of a callus into a shoot versus a root?\ Q7c. What two hormones work together to inhibit axillary buds from forming, thus controlling\ apical dominance? List them in order of action:\ Gibberellins\ Q8a. What are the "variety of effects" of gibberellins?\ Q8b. What triggers the release of gibberellins in embryos causing the seed to germinate?\ Abscisic Acid\ Q9a. How is the action of abscisic acid different from the gibberellins, cytokinins and auxin? Q9b. What does high levels of ABA do for a seed?\ Q9c. What does ABA to when a plant begins to wilt and how does that address water loss?\ Ethylene\ Q10a. What is the "triple response" to mechanical stress?\ Q10b.. What is senescence?\ Q10c. What causes leaf abscission?\ Q10d. Why would storing fruit in a paper sac induce ripening? Q1a. What is a photomorphogenesis?\ Q1b. What happens when light triggers de-etiolation?\ Q2a. What processes involve blue light photoreceptors?\ Q2b. Phytochromes respond to light and influence seed germination. What wavelengths\ stimulate seed germination? \... and which inhibit germination?\ Q2c. Describe the toggle-switch (back and forth) nature of phytochromes Pr and Pfr\ Q2d. How does the fact that shade trees allow more Pfr to pass through to trees below them\ drive shade avoidance?\ Q3. What is a circadian rhythm?\ Q4a. What are the 4 things controlled by photoperiodism (stages that occur at specific times of\ the year)?\ Q4b. What environmental stimulus if most often used to detect time of year?\ Q4c. Distinguish between a "short-day plant", a "long-day plant" and the concept of critical\ night length.\ Concept 31.3\ Q5. As you read through the sections on gravity and mechanical stress, define the following\ terms. Give enough information to briefly capture its importance to plant growth.\ a. gravitropism\ b. statoliths\ c. thigmomorphogenesis\ d. thigmotropism\ Q6. Besides closing stomata, what are some other ways plants respond to water deficit?\ Q7a. Why might an overwatered houseplant die?\ Q7b. What are the two ways that salt damages plants?\ Q7c. How does heat harm a plant and how do heat shock proteins help?\ Q7d. What harm does cold stress have and what are the two ways that plants can cope?\ Concept 31.4\ Q8. List the defense mechanisms against herbivore attack:\ Q8b. What do lima bean plants do when they detect the chemical signal that neighbors are\ being attacked by spider mites? Q9a. What effector-triggered immunity stimulate in the hypersensitive response?\ Q9b. What does salicylic acid do for plant defense? Q1: What does heterotrop mean?\ Q2: What is a hyphae cell wall made of?\ Q3: Can you see similarities between an arbuscule and a lung, and if yes, why would that be?\ Q4: What is the difference between 'arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi' and 'ectomycorrhizal fungi'?\ Q5: What is the difference between plasmogamy and karyogamy?\ Q6: At what stage in the life cycle of a fungus may you find a heterokaryotic mycelium?\ Concept 26.5: Plants and Fungi fundamentally changed chemical cycling and biotic interactions\ Q7: Why are fungi so important for the physical environment?\ Q8: What is a good example of a fungus-plant mutualism?\ Q9: In lichen, what is the most common symbiotic partner for the ascomycete?\ Q10: What would be good examples for parasitic fungi?\ Q11: What does the term endophyte mean?